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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 469 records · Page 26
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

X-ray Pump-Probe Measurements using a Laser-Plasma Accelerator (Final Report)

This project funded one graduate student, Mario Balcazar, to perform experiments on high power laser facilities to study the application of X-rays generated by laser wakefield accelerated electrons for advanced radiography, in particular X-ray phase contrast imaging of hydrodynamic shocks/instabilities. The work made use of the DOE’s LaserNetUS facilities. We performed dynamic phase-contrast X-ray imaging of the shock generated by a 200 ps duration laser pulse (E = 1 J, I = 10 15 Wcm –2 ) with a 30 µm diameter liquid target, with unprecedented spatio-temporal resolution. This includes multi-shock generation within the liquid jet and plasma instability formation. Innovative electron-beam radiography was used to probe the laser-plasma interplay finding evidence of bilateral heating of the water followed by strong electric field generation. These measurements help explain some of the discrepancies between simulation and experiment and pave the way to better plasma diagnostic systems in HED and ICF physics experiments. This work was performed in collaboration with researchers from Michigan, LLNL, LBL and Sandia National Laboratories, Queen’s University Belfast and Imperial College.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

PILBCP-IL Composite Ionomers for High Current Density Performance

Wide-spread commercialization of fuel cell electric vehicles using proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) power sources requires that several existing limitations be addressed. These include: (1) a reduction in platinum (Pt) loading in the catalytic electrodes, (2) improvements in reactant and electronic mobility throughout the catalytic electrodes, (3) reduction in the reliance on materials derived from polluting “forever chemicals”, and (4) a significant improvement in the operational longevity of catalytic electrode components. In this project, a team of two universities, Drexel University and Texas A&M University, one national lab, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, and one company, General Motors, collaborated to develop a new cathode ionomer chemistry that would address these limitations and result in an improvement in performance over existing ionomer materials. The key technology developed through this collaborative project was a composite cathode ionomer encompassing an ionic liquid interlayer between Pt catalysts and a sulfonated polymerized ionic liquid block co-polymer (S-PILBCP) that possess the orthogonal properties of protonic conductivity and ionic liquid enhanced kinetics and durability (see schematic in Figure 1). The composite S-PILBCP ionomer eliminates many of the existing issues with perfluorosulfonic acid-based ionomers including active site blocking by sulfonate specific adsorption, restricted O 2 transport through ionomer films, limited humidity tolerance and active area loss for carbon pore confined catalyst particles, and use of polluting “forever chemicals”. Following successful integration of the developed composite ionic liquid into a PEMFC cathode catalyst layer, we demonstrate enhanced performance over Nafion containing cathodes with Pt/C and PtCo/C at both low and high current density. The performance with our composite S-PILBCP ionomer meets the Department of Energy (DOE) targets for light duty vehicle applications

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2024

Multi-Task with Procter and Gamble (CRADA No. NFE-10-02672)

The purpose of this Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) between UT-Battelle, LLC (the “Contractor) and Procter & Gamble Company (the “Participant”) is the development of a research partnership to create new tools, tests and analytical methods to improve the performance, safety and/or environmental quality of chemicals, advanced materials, food products and manufacturing processes. The Participant operates in three global business units: Beauty, Health and Well-Being and Household Care. Some of its worldwide products include Head and Shoulders®, Pantene®, Gillette® razors and personal care products, Crest®, Dawn®, Tide®, Bounty®, Duracell® batteries; and Iams® pet food among others. At its core, however, the Participant is a science driven company. It supports one of the most robust industrial research and development (R&D) programs in the world. The Participant uses this rich foundation of science to drive innovation across all of its product lines. But the innovation process is not confined in-house The Participant pursues an “open innovation” policy, seeking partnerships with scientists and researchers in universities and national laboratories where it can contribute its extensive knowledge assets and collaborate to advance scientific understanding. The research under this multi-task CRADA was directed under the following general task areas and, throughout the duration of this CRADA the work statement was modified to match the needs of the Parties and the direction of the research. (1) Software modeling, simulation and development; (2) Manufacturing Technologies; (3) Supply Chain Optimization, (4) Advanced Materials.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Dynamics of electrified liquid surface during plasma-liquid interaction

The research goal of this Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Fusion Energy Science (OFES) project was to investigate the electrified liquid surface dynamics using a shallow water model. The project was an extension of the Princeton Collaborative Research Facility (PCRF) project to work with Dr. Mikhail Shneider at Princeton University.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

PSU-BSEC Doppler Lidar Processed Scans

This data repository includes the processed vertically staring measurements (stare files) made by the Pennsylvania State University (PSU) Doppler Lidar as a part of the Baltimore Social-Environmental Collaborative Urban Integrated Field Laboratory (BSEC UIFL). The PSU Doppler Lidar measures aerosol backscatter intensity (m-1 sr-1), signal-to-noise ratio, and radial velocity (i.e., vertical velocity in the case of stare files, units: m/s) at approximately 1 Hz temporal resolution and 30 m spatial resolution. Future updates will include angled scans, sky cam images, example figures, and the original .hpl files. For further information, please email Nicholas Prince, nec5299@psu.edu.

Air Quality↗
DOE OSTI2024

PSU-BSEC Doppler Lidar Processed Scans

This data repository includes the processed vertically staring measurements (stare files) and the angled scans (profile files) necessary to calculate horizontal winds retrieved by the Pennsylvania State University (PSU) Doppler Lidar as a part of the Baltimore Social-Environmental Collaborative Urban Integrated Field Laboratory (BSEC UIFL). The PSU Doppler Lidar measures aerosol backscatter intensity (m-1 sr-1), signal-to-noise ratio, and radial velocity (i.e., vertical velocity in the case of stare files, units: m/s) at approximately 1 Hz temporal resolution and 30 m spatial resolution. Within the "stare_data" subdirectory there exist example figures of all retrieved data. For further information, please email Nicholas Prince, nec5299@psu.edu.

Air Quality↗
DOE OSTI2024

Energy dependence of fission product yields in the second-chance fission region

An extensive dataset of cumulative fission product yields has been generated under a joint collaboration between Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), and the Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory (TUNL). The energy dependence of the cumulative yield for a select number of high-yield fission products has been measured using quasimonoenergetic neutrons with energies between 5.5 and 11.0 MeV. This is in addition to previously published data covering 0.5–4.5 and 14.8 MeV. The absolute number of fissions was determined during the irradiation period using dual-fission ionization chambers, and the fission products were measured postactivation by whole target γ-ray spectroscopy. Here this paper presents the absolute cumulative fission product yields as a function of incident neutron energy from the neutron-induced fission of 235 U, 238 U, and 239 Pu isotopes at four incident energies in the second-chance fission region and compares them with existing literature values. Corrections relevant to this collaboration's previously published data are also discussed.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Preliminary Results from ADRIANO2 Test Beams

A novel high-granularity, dual-readout calorimetric technique (ADRIANO2) is under development as part of the research program of T1604 Collaboration. (Talk Presented at the 19th International Conference on Calorimetry in Particle Physics (CALOR 2022), University of Sussex, Sussex, UK, 16–20 May 2022). The building block of such a calorimeter consists of a pair of optically isolated, small size tiles made of scintillating plastic and lead glass. The prompt Čerenkov light from the glass can be exploited to perform high resolution timing measurements, while the high granularity provides good resolution of the spatial components of the shower. Dual-readout compensation and particle flow techniques can be applied simultaneously to the scintillation and to the Čerenkov section, providing excellent energy resolution as well as PID particle identification. These characteristics make ADRIANO2 a 6-D detector, suited for High Energy as well as High Intensity experiments. A report on the status of the ADRIANO2 project, preliminary measurements of light yield, and current and future R&D plans by T1604 Collaboration are discussed.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2025

Chlorine and potassium enrichment in the Cassiopeia A supernova remnant

The elements in the Universe are synthesized primarily in stars and supernovae, where nuclear fusion favours the production of even-Z elements. In contrast, odd-Z elements are less abundant and their yields are highly dependent on detailed stellar physics, making theoretical predictions of their cosmic abundance uncertain. In particular, the origin of odd-Z elements such as phosphorus (P), chlorine (Cl) and potassium (K), which are important for planet formation and life, is poorly understood. While the abundances of these elements in Milky Way stars are close to solar values, supernova explosion models systematically underestimate their production by up to an order of magnitude, indicating that key mechanisms for odd-Z nucleosynthesis are currently missing from theoretical models. Here we report the observation of P, Cl and K in the Cassiopeia A supernova remnant using high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy with X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission data, with the detection of K at above the 6σ level being the most significant finding. Supernova explosion models of normal massive stars cannot explain the element abundance pattern, especially the high abundances of Cl and K, while models that include stellar rotation, binary interactions or shell mergers agree closely with the observations. Our observations suggest that such stellar activity plays an important role in supplying these elements to the Universe.

Astronomy and AstroPhysics↗
DOE OSTI2020

Facilitating International Collaboration on Climate Change Research

The Chinese American Oceanic and Atmospheric Association (COAA) organized the 8th COAA International Conference on Atmosphere, Ocean, and Climate Change (ICAOCC), which was held at the Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST) campus in Nanjing, China during July 10-12, 2019. The conference was locally hosted by NUIST and co-sponsored by Nanjing University. This international conference provided a platform for weather and climate experts in the international oceanic and atmospheric sciences community to communicate their research, share ideas and experiences, inspire new research strategies and identify opportunities for future collaborations. It also provided a great opportunity for students and young scholars to forge professional relationships and be more aware of cutting-edge research areas through their interactions with experts and senior professionals.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Measurements of W + W − production cross-sections in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector

Measurements of W + W − → e ± νμ ∓ ν production cross-sections are presented, providing a test of the predictions of perturbative quantum chromodynamics and the electroweak theory. The measurements are based on data from pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV recorded by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider in 2015–2018, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 140 fb −1 . The number of events due to top-quark pair production, the largest background, is reduced by rejecting events containing jets with b-hadron decays. An improved methodology for estimating the remaining top-quark background enables a precise measurement of W + W − cross-sections with no additional requirements on jets. The fiducial W + W − cross-section is determined in a maximum-likelihood fit with an uncertainty of 3.1%. The measurement is extrapolated to the full phase space, resulting in a total W + W − cross-section of 127 ± 4 pb. Differential cross-sections are measured as a function of twelve observables that comprehensively describe the kinematics of W + W − events. The measurements are compared with state-of-the-art theory calculations and excellent agreement with predictions is observed. A charge asymmetry in the lepton rapidity is observed as a function of the dilepton invariant mass, in agreement with the Standard Model expectation. A CP-odd observable is measured to be consistent with no CP violation. Limits on Standard Model effective field theory Wilson coefficients in the Warsaw basis are obtained from the differential cross-sections.

Accelerator Physics↗
DOE OSTI2025

A search for dark matter produced in association with a dark Higgs boson decaying into a Higgs boson pair in 3b or 4b final states using pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV with the ATLAS detector

A search is performed for dark matter particles produced in association with a resonant pair of Higgs bosons using 140 fb −1 of proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV recorded by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. This signature is expected in some extensions of the Standard Model predicting the production of dark matter particles, and is interpreted in terms of a dark Higgs model containing a Z′ mediator in which the dark Higgs boson s decays into a pair of Higgs bosons. The dark Higgs boson is reconstructed through final states with at least three b-tagged jets, produced by the pair of Higgs boson decays, in events with significant missing transverse momentum consistent with the presence of dark matter. The observed data are found to be in good agreement with Standard Model predictions, constraining scenarios with dark Higgs boson masses within the range of 250 to 400 GeV and Z′ mediators up to 2.3 TeV.

Dark Energy and Dark Matter↗
DOE OSTI2026

Beam-energy dependence of correlations between mean transverse momentum and anisotropic flow of charged particles in Au+Au collisions at RHIC

The correlation between the mean transverse momentum, [ p T ], and the squared anisotropic flow, $v^2_n$, on an event-by-event basis has been suggested to be influenced by the initial conditions in heavy-ion collisions. We present measurements of the variances and covariance of [ p T ] and $v^2_n$, along with their dimensionless ratio, for Au+Au collisions at various beam energies: $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 14.6, 19.6, 27, 54.4, and 200 GeV. Our measurements reveal a distinct energy-dependent behavior in the variances and covariances. In addition, the dimensionless ratio displays a similar behavior across different beam energies. We compare our measurements with hydrodynamic models and similar measurements from Pb+Pb collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). These findings provide valuable insights into the beam energy dependence of the specific shear viscosity ( η/s ) and initial-state effects, allowing for differentiating between different initial-state models.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Extensive analysis of reconstruction algorithms for DESI 2024 baryon acoustic oscillations

Reconstruction of the baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) signal has been a standard procedure in BAO analyses over the past decade and has helped to improve the BAO parameter precision by a factor of ∼2 on average. The Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) BAO analysis for the first year (DR1) data uses the “standard” reconstruction framework, in which the displacement field is estimated from the observed density field by solving the linearized continuity equation in redshift space, and galaxy and random positions are shifted in order to partially remove non-linearities. There are several approaches to solving for the displacement field in real survey data, including the multigrid (MG), iterative Fast Fourier Transform (iFFT), and iterative Fast Fourier Transform particle (iFFTP) algorithms. In this work, we analyze these algorithms and compare them with various metrics including two-point statistics and the displacement itself using realistic DESI mocks. We focus on three representative DESI samples, the emission line galaxies (ELG), quasars (QSO), and the bright galaxy sample (BGS), which cover the extreme redshifts and number densities, and potential wide-angle effects. We conclude that the MG and iFFT algorithms agree within 0.4% in post-reconstruction power spectrum on BAO scales with the RecSym convention, which does not remove large-scale redshift space distortions (RSDs), in all three tracers. The RecSym convention appears to be less sensitive to displacement errors than the RecIso convention, which attempts to remove large-scale RSDs. However, iFFTP deviates from the first two; thus, we recommend against using iFFTP without further development. In addition, we provide the optimal settings for reconstruction for five years of DESI observation. The analyses presented in this work pave the way for DESI DR1 analysis as well as future BAO analyses.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission

The X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission (XRISM) is a joint mission between the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in collaboration with the European Space Agency (ESA). In addition to the three space agencies, universities and research institutes from Japan, North America, and Europe have joined to contribute to developing satellite and onboard instruments, data-processing software, and the scientific observation program. XRISM is the successor to the ASTRO-H (Hitomi) mission, which ended prematurely in 2016. Its primary science goal is to examine astrophysical problems with precise, high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy. XRISM promises to discover new horizons in X-ray astronomy. It carries a 6 × 6 pixelized X-ray microcalorimeter on the focal plane of an X-ray mirror assembly (Resolve) and a co-aligned X-ray CCD camera (Xtend) that covers the same energy band over a large field of view. XRISM utilizes the Hitomi heritage, but all designs were reviewed. The attitude and orbit control system was improved in hardware and software. The spacecraft was launched from the JAXA Tanegashima Space Center on 2023 September 6 (UTC). During the in-orbit commissioning phase, the onboard components were activated. Although the gate valve protecting the Resolve sensor with a thin beryllium X-ray entrance window was not yet opened, scientific observation started in 2024 February with the planned performance verification observation program. The nominal observation program commenced with the following guest observation program beginning in 2024 September.

Astronomy and AstroPhysics↗
DOE OSTI2026

Transport-based initial conditions for heavy-ion collisions at finite densities

Here, we employ the SMASH transport model to provide event-by-event initial conditions for the energy-momentum tensor and conserved charge currents in hydrodynamic simulations of relativistic heavy-ion collisions. We study the fluctuations and dynamical evolution of three conserved charge currents (net baryon, net electric charges, and net strangeness) with a four-dimensional lattice-QCD-based equation of state, NEOS-4D, in the hydrodynamic phase. Out-of-equilibrium corrections at the particlization are generalized to finite densities to ensure the conservation of energy, momentum, and the three types of charges. These theoretical developments are integrated within the X-SCAPE code as a unified framework for studying the nuclear matter properties in the Beam Energy Scan program.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Search for displaced leptons in $\sqrt{𝑠}$ =13 TeV and 13.6 TeV 𝑝⁢𝑝 collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for leptons displaced from the primary vertex is performed with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The search includes the full proton-proton collision dataset collected during Run 2 at $\sqrt{𝑠}$ = 13 TeV and a partial dataset collected during Run 3 in 2022–2023 at $\sqrt{𝑠}$ = 13.6 TeV, corresponding to integrated luminosities of 140 fb −1 and 56.3 fb −1 , respectively. Final states with displaced electrons or muons are considered, and novel triggers introduced in Run 3 are employed that use large impact parameter tracking to reconstruct displaced tracks with low momentum. In addition, photon reconstruction and multivariate techniques are employed to broaden the sensitivity to channels with large background rates or highly displaced electrons, respectively. The results are consistent with the Standard Model background expectations and are used to set model-independent limits on the production of displaced electrons and muons. The analysis is also interpreted in the context of a gauge-mediated supersymmetry breaking model with pair-produced long-lived sleptons and a dark sector model with pair-produced chargino-like states. The results include 95% confidence level exclusions of selectrons with lifetimes from 4 ps to 60 ns and a mass of 150 GeV, and exclusions of selectrons, smuons, and staus with a lifetime of 0.3 ns for masses up to 740, 830, and 440 GeV, respectively. Dark charginos with masses up to 380 GeV are excluded for a mass difference with the neutral state of 40 GeV, and mass differences down to 17 GeV are excluded for dark charginos with a 100 GeV mass.

supersymmetric models↗