Measurement of the Energy Dependence of X-ray-Induced Decomposition of Potassium Chlorate
Abstract not provided
Pravica, Michael↗
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Results for “potassium chlorate”
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Comparison of Bacillus atrophaeus spore viability following exposure to detonation of C4 and to deflagration of halogen-containing thermites
Energetic materials are being considered for the neutralization of spore-forming bacteria. In this study, the neutralization effects of a monomolecular explosive were compared to the effects of halogen-containing thermites. Bacillus atrophaeus spores were exposed to the post-detonation environment of a 100 g charge of the military explosive C-4 at a range of 50 cm. These tests were performed in the thermodynamically closed environment of a 506-l barometric calorimeter. Associated temperatures were calculated using a thermodynamic model informed by calculations with the Cheetah thermochemical code. Temperatures in the range of 2300–2800 K were calculated to persist for nearly the full 4 ms pressure observation time. After the detonation event, spores were characterized using optical microscopy and the number of viable spores was assessed. Results showed live spore survival rates in the range of 0.01%–1%. For the thermite tests, a similar, smaller-scale configuration was employed that examined the spore neutralization effects of two thermites: aluminum with iodine pentoxide and aluminum with potassium chlorate. Only the former mixture resulted in spore neutralization. These results indicate that the detonation environment produced by an explosive with no chemical biocides may provide effective spore neutralization similar to a deflagrating thermite containing iodine.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Sub-Detonative Response of a Potassium Chlorate-Sugar Mixture.
Abstract not provided.
Cooper, Marcia A.↗
Sub-detonative response of a potassium chlorate-sugar mixture.
Abstract not provided.
Cooper, Marcia A.↗
Integrated Data Collection Analysis (IDCA) Program — Bullseye ® Smokeless Powder
The Integrated Data Collection Analysis (IDCA) program is conducting a proficiency study for Small- Scale Safety and Thermal (SSST) testing of homemade explosives (HMEs). Described here are the results for impact, friction, electrostatic discharge, and differential scanning calorimetry analysis of Bullseye ® smokeless powder (Gunpowder). The participants found the Gunpowder: 1) to have a range of sensitivity to impact, from less than RDX to almost as sensitive as PETN, 2) to be moderately sensitive to BAM and ABL friction, 3) have a range for ESD, from insensitive to more sensitive than PETN, and 4) to have thermal sensitivity about the same as PETN and RDX.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Integrated Data Collection Analysis (IDCA) Program — Ammonium Nitrate
The Integrated Data Collection Analysis (IDCA) program is conducting a proficiency study for Small- Scale Safety and Thermal (SSST) testing of homemade explosives (HMEs). Described here are the results for impact, friction, electrostatic discharge, and differential scanning calorimetry analysis of ammonium nitrate (AN). AN was tested, in most cases, as both received from manufacturer and dried/sieved. The participants found the AN to be: 1) insensitive in Type 12A impact testing (although with a wide range of values), 2) completely insensitive in BAM friction testing, 3) less sensitive than the RDX standard in ABL friction testing, 4) less sensitive than RDX in ABL ESD testing, and 5) less sensitive than RDX and PETN in DSC thermal analyses.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Integrated Data Collection Analysis (IDCA) Program — RDX Standard Data Sets
The Integrated Data Collection Analysis (IDCA) program is conducting a proficiency study for Small- Scale Safety and Thermal (SSST) testing of homemade explosives (HMEs). Described here are the results for impact, friction, electrostatic discharge, and differential scanning calorimetry analysis of the RDX Type II Class 5 standard, for a third and fourth time in the Proficiency Test and averaged with the analysis results from the first and second time. The results, from averaging all four sets (1, 2, 3 and 4) of data suggest a material to have slightly more impact sensitivity, more BAM friction sensitivity, less ABL friction sensitivity, similar ESD sensitivity, and same DSC sensitivity, compared to the results from Set 1, which was used previously as the values for the RDX standard in IDCA Analysis Reports.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Integrated Data Collection Analysis (IDCA) Program - RDX Standard Data Set 2
The Integrated Data Collection Analysis (IDCA) program is conducting a proficiency study for Small- Scale Safety and Thermal (SSST) testing of homemade explosives (HMEs). Described here are the results for impact, friction, electrostatic discharge, and differential scanning calorimetry analysis of the RDX Type II Class 5 standard, from testing the second time in the Proficiency Test. This RDX testing (Set 2) compared to the first (Set 1) was found to have about the same impact sensitivity, have more BAM friction sensitivity, less ABL friction sensitivity, similar ESD sensitivity, and same DSC sensitivity.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Integrated Data Collection Analysis (IDCA) Program - NaClO 3 /Icing Sugar
The Integrated Data Collection Analysis (IDCA) program is conducting a proficiency study for Small- Scale Safety and Thermal (SSST) testing of homemade explosives (HMEs). Described here are the results for impact, friction, electrostatic discharge, and differential scanning calorimetry analysis of a mixture of NaClO 3 and icing sugar—NaClO 3 /icing sugar mixture. The mixture was found to: be more sensitive than RDX but less sensitive than PETN in impact testing (180-grit sandpaper); be more sensitive than RDX and about the same sensitivity as PETN in BAM fiction testing; be less sensitive than RDX and PETN except for one participant found the mixture more sensitive than PETN in ABL ESD testing; and to have one to three exothermic features with the lowest temperature event occurring at ~ 160°C always observed in thermal testing. Variations in testing parameters also affected the sensitivity.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Integrated Data Collection Analysis (IDCA) Program - SSST Testing Methods
The Integrated Data Collection Analysis (IDCA) program is conducting a proficiency study for Small- Scale Safety and Thermal (SSST) testing of homemade explosives (HMEs). Described here are the methods used for impact, friction, electrostatic discharge, and differential scanning calorimetry analysis during the IDCA program. These methods changed throughout the Proficiency Test and the reasons for these changes are documented in this report. The most significant modifications in standard testing methods are: 1) including one specified sandpaper in impact testing among all the participants, 2) diversifying liquid test methods for selected participants, and 3) including sealed sample holders for thermal testing by at least one participant. This effort, funded by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), is putting the issues of safe handling of these materials in perspective with standard military explosives. The study is adding SSST testing results for a broad suite of different HMEs to the literature. Ultimately the study will suggest new guidelines and methods and possibly establish the SSST testing accuracies needed to develop safe handling practices for HMEs. Each participating testing laboratory uses identical test materials and preparation methods wherever possible. The testing performers involved are Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Indian Head Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center, (NSWC IHD), Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), and Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL/RXQL). These tests are conducted as a proficiency study in order to establish some consistency in test protocols, procedures, and experiments and to compare results when these testing variables cannot be made consistent.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Materials Data on CeBO3 by Materials Project
CeBO3 is Potassium chlorate structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Ce3+ is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ce–O bond distances ranging from 2.36–2.80 Å. B3+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O2- atoms. All B–O bond lengths are 1.38 Å. There are two inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Ce3+ and one B3+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three equivalent Ce3+ and one B3+ atom.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Materials Data on PbSeO3 by Materials Project
PbSeO3 is Potassium chlorate structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Pb2+ is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine O2- atoms. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.54–3.13 Å. Se4+ is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.71 Å) and two longer (1.75 Å) Se–O bond length. There are two inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three equivalent Pb2+ and one Se4+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Pb2+ and one Se4+ atom.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Materials Data on PbSO3 by Materials Project
PbSO3 is Potassium chlorate structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Pb2+ is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine O2- atoms. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.60–2.94 Å. S4+ is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.54 Å) and two longer (1.56 Å) S–O bond length. There are two inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three equivalent Pb2+ and one S4+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three equivalent Pb2+ and one S4+ atom.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Materials Data on KClO3 by Materials Project
KClO3 is Potassium chlorate structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. K is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine O atoms. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.86–3.18 Å. There are two inequivalent O sites. In the first O site, O is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three equivalent K and one Cl atom. The O–Cl bond length is 1.51 Å. In the second O site, O is bonded to three equivalent K and one Cl atom to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing OK3Cl tetrahedra. The O–Cl bond length is 1.51 Å. Cl is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three O atoms.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Materials Data on CsBeH3 by Materials Project
CsBeH3 is Potassium chlorate structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Cs1+ is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine H1- atoms. There are a spread of Cs–H bond distances ranging from 3.08–3.32 Å. Be2+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three H1- atoms. All Be–H bond lengths are 1.40 Å. There are two inequivalent H1- sites. In the first H1- site, H1- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three equivalent Cs1+ and one Be2+ atom. In the second H1- site, H1- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three equivalent Cs1+ and one Be2+ atom.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Materials Data on RbGeCl3 by Materials Project
RbGeCl3 is Potassium chlorate structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Rb1+ is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine Cl1- atoms. There are a spread of Rb–Cl bond distances ranging from 3.46–3.90 Å. Ge2+ is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to three Cl1- atoms. There are two shorter (2.35 Å) and one longer (2.36 Å) Ge–Cl bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Cl1- sites. In the first Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Rb1+ and one Ge2+ atom. In the second Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded to three equivalent Rb1+ and one Ge2+ atom to form a mixture of distorted corner and edge-sharing ClRb3Ge tetrahedra.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Materials Data on ZrNiH3 by Materials Project
ZrNiH3 is Potassium chlorate structured and crystallizes in the orthorhombic Cmcm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Zr2+ is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine H1- atoms. There are a spread of Zr–H bond distances ranging from 2.11–2.29 Å. Ni1+ is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four H1- atoms. There is two shorter (1.66 Å) and two longer (1.76 Å) Ni–H bond length. There are two inequivalent H1- sites. In the first H1- site, H1- is bonded to three equivalent Zr2+ and two equivalent Ni1+ atoms to form HZr3Ni2 trigonal bipyramids that share corners with fourteen equivalent HZr3Ni tetrahedra, corners with four equivalent HZr3Ni2 trigonal bipyramids, edges with four equivalent HZr3Ni tetrahedra, and edges with two equivalent HZr3Ni2 trigonal bipyramids. In the second H1- site, H1- is bonded to three equivalent Zr2+ and one Ni1+ atom to form distorted HZr3Ni tetrahedra that share corners with eight equivalent HZr3Ni tetrahedra, corners with seven equivalent HZr3Ni2 trigonal bipyramids, edges with four equivalent HZr3Ni tetrahedra, and edges with two equivalent HZr3Ni2 trigonal bipyramids.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Materials Data on SrSeO3 by Materials Project
SrSeO3 is Potassium chlorate structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Sr2+ is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine O2- atoms. There are a spread of Sr–O bond distances ranging from 2.66–3.12 Å. Se4+ is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.72 Å) and two longer (1.74 Å) Se–O bond length. There are two inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Sr2+ and one Se4+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded to three equivalent Sr2+ and one Se4+ atom to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing OSr3Se tetrahedra.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗