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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2026

Resonant scattering at the center of the galaxy cluster PKS 0745-191 with XRISM

We report evidence of the resonant scattering effect at the center of the galaxy cluster PKS 0745-191 with XRISM. We analyzed XRISM/Resolve commissioning-phase observations of the distant cluster PKS 0745-191 ($z = 0.103$) with a $54$ ks exposure. The gain drift was corrected using the onboard modulated X-ray source (MXS), and spectra were extracted from all the pixels that were well illuminated by MXS, the core region (four central pixels, $\sim$100 kpc), and the surrounding region. A single-temperature collisional ionization equilibrium (CIE) model fits the full field-of-view spectrum with $kT \approx 6$ keV and a turbulent velocity of ${\approx}120$ km s$^{-1}$. From the core ($r < 50$ kpc) spectrum, we detected a ${\approx}22\%$ suppression of the Fe xxv He$\alpha$ resonance (w) line relative to the CIE prediction. We performed a Monte Carlo simulation to calculate the resonant scattering (RS) effect using radial profiles from Chandra data. The RS-inferred turbulence agrees with that by Resolve line-broadening, demonstrating that RS provides an independent and consistent constraint on ICM turbulence. These results highlight XRISM/Resolve’s potential for turbulence studies in galaxy clusters.

Astronomy and AstroPhysics↗
DOE OSTI2015

Large enhancement of magnetic moment in L1(0) ordered FePt thin films by Nd substitutional doping

We studied L1(0) ordered Fe50Pt50-xNdx alloy films, which showed a large enhancement (similar to 18.4% at room temperature and similar to 11.7% at 10 K) of magnetic moment with 6 atomic % of Nd. Analysis of the x-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectra at the Fe L-3,L-2 edges and Nd M-5,M-4 edges in Fe50Pt44Nd6 films indicated a significant contribution of the Nd orbital moment. The origin of the large enhancement of magnetic moment was attributed to the effect of ferromagnetic coupling of the total magnetic moments between Fe and Nd. Density functional theory based first principles calculations supported the experimental observations of increasing moment due to Nd substitution of Pt.

L10 FePt↗
DOE OSTI2015

A DETAILED STUDY OF NON-THERMAL X-RAY PROPERTIES AND INTERSTELLAR GAS TOWARD THE γ-RAY SUPERNOVA REMNANT RX J1713.7–3946

We have carried out a spectral analysis of the Suzaku X-ray data in the 0.4-12 keV range toward the shell-type very high-energy γ-ray supernova remnant (SNR) RX J1713.7–3946. The aims of this analysis are to estimate detailed X-rays spectral properties at a high angular resolution up to 2 arcmin and to compare them with the interstellar gas. The X-ray spectrum is non-thermal and used to calculate absorbing column density, photon index, and absorption-corrected X-ray flux. The photon index varies significantly from 2.1 to 2.9. It is shown that the X-ray intensity is well correlated with the photon index, especially in the west region, with a correlation coefficient of 0.81. The X-ray intensity tends to increase with the averaged interstellar gas density while the dispersion is relatively large. The hardest spectra, with photon indexes of less than 2.4, are found outside of the central 10 arcmin of the SNR, from the north to the southeast (∼430 arcmin{sup 2}) and from the southwest to the northwest (∼150 arcmin{sup 2}). The former region shows low interstellar gas density, while the latter shows high interstellar gas density. We present a discussion of possible scenarios that explain the distribution of the photon index and its relationship with the interstellar gas.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Surface science insight note: A linear algebraic approach to elucidate native films on Fe 3 O 4 surface

Standard materials are often used to obtain spectra that can be compared to those from unknown samples. Spectra measured from these known substances are also used as a means of computing sensitivity factors to allow quantification by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of less well-defined materials. Spectra from known materials also provide line shapes suitable for inclusion in spectral models which, when fitted to spectra, permit the chemical state for a sample to be assessed. Both types of information depend on isolating photoemission signals from the inelastically scattered signal. In this Insight note, technical issues associated with the use of XPS of as received Fe 3 O 4 powder sample surface are discussed. The Insight note is designed to show how linear algebraic techniques applied to data collected from a sample marketed as pure Fe 3 O 4 powder are used to verify that XPS has been performed on chemistry representative of the sample. The methods described in this Insight note can further be utilized in elucidating complex XPS data obtained from thin films formed or evolved during cyclic/non-steady use of complex (electro)catalyst surfaces, especially in the presence of contaminants.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2015

Extending resonant inelastic X-ray scattering to the extreme ultraviolet

In resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS), core hole resonance modes are used to enhance coupling between photons and low energy electronic degrees of freedom. Resonating with shallow core holes accessed in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) can provide greatly improved energy resolution at standard resolving power, but has been found to often yield qualitatively different spectra than similar measurements performed with higher energy X-rays. This paper uses experimental data and multiplet-based numerical simulations for the M-edges of Co-, Ni-, and Cu-based Mott insulators to review the properties that distinguish EUV RIXS from more commonly performed higher energy measurements. Key factors such as the origin of the strong EUV elastic line and advantages of EUV spectral functions over soft X-ray RIXS for identifying intrinsic excitation line shapes are discussed.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2026

Ammonolysis with N 2 -diluted NH 3 suppresses Ta( IV ) defects in BaTaO 2 N and enhances photocatalytic water oxidation

BaTaO 2 N stands out among oxynitride photocatalysts because of its ability to capture visible light and to drive the photoelectrochemical water oxidation reaction. However, its solar energy conversion performance is limited by electron–hole recombination at Ta( IV ) defects in the material. These defects are formed by overreduction of the Ta(v) oxide precursor by excess ammonia under the high temperature conditions during ammonolysis. Here we show for the first time that Ta( IV ) defect concentrations can be lowered by conducting the ammonolysis reaction in mixed NH 3 /N 2 gas. The obtained BaTaO 2 N samples crystallize in the cubic CaTiO 3 structure type and form 200–300 nm faceted nanocrystals, based on X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and HRTEM. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectra observe the Ta( IV ) defects at g = 1.999 and confirm an 11-fold reduction for the product synthesized in mixed (0.13 : 1.0 vol) NH 3 /N 2 gas, equivalent to 1.14 × 10 16 cm −3 Ta( IV ) ions. This optimized BaTaO 2 N has nearly twice the photocatalytic oxygen evolution activity (AQE of 6.78% at 400 nm) of a reference material made with 1.0 atm ammonia and 78% higher photoelectrochemical water oxidation photocurrent (0.9 mA cm −2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE) under simulated sunlight. According to X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, remaining Ta( IV ) defects are concentrated in the surface region of the BaTaO 2 N particles, where >50% of all Ta ions are found in the +4 oxidation state. This surface Ta( IV ) population can be directly observed in Vibrating Kelvin Probe Surface Photovoltage Spectra (VK-SPV) via its 1.2–1.4 eV photovoltage onset. Here, it suggests that the surface Ta( IV ) ions contribute empty d-states 0.5–0.7 eV below the BaTaO 2 N conduction band edge. These findings highlight how the energetics and concentrations of Ta( IV ) defects influence the photoelectrochemical water oxidation ability of BaTaO 2 N. Additionally, the work establishes ammonolysis with diluted NH 3 as a new tool to minimize defects in BaTaO 2 N and to raise its solar energy conversion efficiency toward its theoretical limit. Because of its simplicity, the reduced ammonia pressure strategy will likely be applicable to other oxynitrides, which generally suffer from overreduction problems during ammonolysis.

Salmanion, Mahya [University of California, Davis,↗
DOE OSTI2015

Ionic conductivity and dielectric permittivity of PEO-LiClO{sub 4} solid polymer electrolyte plasticized with propylene carbonate

We have studied ionic conductivity and dielectric permittivity of PEO-LiClO{sub 4} solid polymer electrolyte plasticized with propylene carbonate. Differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction studies confirm minimum volume fraction of crystalline phase for the polymer electrolyte with 40 wt. % propylene carbonate. The ionic conductivity exhibits a maximum for the same composition. The temperature dependence of the ionic conductivity has been well interpreted using Vogel-Tamman-Fulcher equation. Ion-ion interactions in the polymer electrolytes have been studied using Raman spectra and the concentrations of free ions, ion-pairs and ion-aggregates have been determined. The ionic conductivity increases due to the increase of free ions with the increase of propylene carbonate content. But for higher content of propylene carbonate, the ionic conductivity decreases due to the increase of concentrations of ion-pairs and ion-aggregates. To get further insights into the ion dynamics, the experimental data for the complex dielectric permittivity have been studied using Havriliak–Negami function. The variation of relaxation time with temperature obtained from this formalism follows Vogel-Tamman-Fulcher equation similar to the ionic conductivity.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Nonlinear reversal of photoexcitation on the attosecond time scale improves ultrafast X-ray diffraction images

The complex refractive index of a material governs its light-matter interactions, with intense light fields enabling tailored nonlinear optical responses. In the X-ray regime, rapid photoionization limits the potential of nonlinear techniques by inducing irreversible electronic damage. Here we demonstrate that intense, sub-femtosecond X-ray pulses, shorter than typical Auger decay times, can partially reverse photoexcitation via stimulated emission near atomic resonances. By analyzing thousands of coherent diffraction patterns and ion spectra from neon nanoparticles exposed to sub-fs and 15-fs pulses, we observe enhanced X-ray diffraction alongside reduced energy absorption for sub-fs pulses. Theoretical modeling attributes this to dynamics akin to Rabi flopping that prolong the lifetime of resonant states and suppress electronic bleaching. These findings suggest that ultrashort, intense X-ray pulses enable active control of X-ray refractive index and damage pathways, opening avenues for improved high-resolution imaging and nonlinear spectroscopy in complex nanoscale systems.

Ulmer, Anatoli [Universität Hamburg (Germany)] (OR↗
DOE OSTI2026

Visualization of the surface distribution of photocatalytic activity at the anatase/rutile TiO2 interface using X-ray photoelectron emission microscopy

We applied X-ray photoelectron emission microscopy (XPEEM) to visualize the surface distribution of photocatalytic activity at the anatase/rutile (A/R) interface of titanium dioxide. Acetic acid was adsorbed on the surface, and its decomposition and desorption reactions under ultraviolet light irradiation were monitored by observing C 1s spectra, enabling direct observation of the spatial distribution of photocatalytic activity. Complementary crystal structure information was obtained using spatially resolved low-energy electron diffraction, low-energy electron microscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and micro-focused Raman spectroscopy. Comparison with these structural data allowed for the evaluation of the photocatalytic activity as a function of the distance from the A/R interface. The activity is enhanced in the vicinity of the interface and gradually decreases toward both the anatase and rutile regions. These results demonstrate that XPEEM is an effective technique for spatially resolved mapping of photocatalytic activity, which has\\r\\npreviously been inaccessible using conventional characterization techniques.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Fabrication of polylactide nanocomposite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications

Highly porous three-dimensional polylactide (PLA) scaffolds were obtained from PLA incorporated with different amounts of chitosan-modified montmorillonite (CS-MMT), through solvent casting and particulate leaching method. The processed scaffolds were tested in vitro for their possible application in bone tissue engineering. Scaffolds were characterized by Focused Ion Beam Scanning Electron Microscopy (FIB SEM), Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) to study their structure and intermolecular interactions. Bioresorbability tests in simulated body fluid (pH 7.4) were conducted to assess the response of the scaffolds in a simulated physiological condition. The FIB SEM images of the scaffolds showed a porous architecture with gradual change in morphology with increasing CS-MMT concentration. FTIR analysis revealed the presence of both PLA and CS-MMT particles on the surface of the scaffolds. XRD showed that the crystalline unit cell type was the same for all the scaffolds, and crystallinity decreased with an increase in CS-MMT concentration. The scaffolds were found to be bioresorbable, with rapid bioresorbability on the scaffolds with a high CS-MMT concentration.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2015

Surface plasmon resonance induced Er{sup 3+} photoluminescence enhancement in tellurite glass

The melt quenching method is used to prepare tellurite glasses co-activated with erbium ions and silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). The glass samples are characterized by x-ray diffraction, UV-vis-NIR absorption, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The XRD pattern shows no sharp peak indicating an amorphous nature of the glasses. The presence of Ag NPs is confirmed from TEM micrograph. The absorption spectra reveal not only the peaks due to Er{sup 3+} ions, but also the surface plasmon resonance band of silver NPs in the 510–535 nm range. The J-O model has been applied to the room temperature absorption intensities of Er{sup 3+} (4f{sup 11}) transitions to establish the so-called J-O intensity parameters: Ω{sub 2}, Ω{sub 4}, and Ω{sub 6}. The intensity parameters are used to determine the radiative decay rates (emission probabilities of transitions) and branching ratios of the Er{sup 3+} transitions from the excited state J manifolds to the lower-lying J' manifolds. Intensified of 1.53 μm band is obtained for the sample containing 0.5 mol. % of AgNO{sub 3} (Ag0.5 glass) using for excitation a laser operating at 980 nm. The simultaneous influence of the Ag NPs → Er{sup 3+} energy transfer and the contribution of the intensified local field effect due to the silver NPs give origin to the enhancement of both the Photoluminescence (PL) intensity and the PL lifetime relative to the {sup 4}I{sub 13/2} → {sup 4}I{sub 15/2} transition, whereas the quenching is ascribed to the energy transfer from Er{sup 3+} ions to silver NPs. Based on the analysis of the temperature dependence of the PL intensity and decay time, we identified a weak back transfer process from Er to the glass host that makes the quenching of the PL intensity weak. Large magnitudes of calculated emission cross-section (σ{sub e}), effective bandwidth (Δλ{sub eff}), and bandwidth quality factor (FWHM × σ{sub e}) relatives to {sup 4}I{sub 13/2} → {sup 4}I{sub 15/2} transition in Er doped Ag0.5 glass have been shown. They indicate that this glass sample has good prospect as a gain medium applied for 1.53 μm band broad and high-gain erbium-doped fiber amplifiers.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2026

Aliovalent gallium dopants remove Ti 3+ defects and improve photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical water oxidation properties of LaTiO 2 N

LaTiO 2 N is a promising semiconductor for the water splitting reaction due to its 2.1 eV band gap and stability against corrosion. However, its solar energy conversion is limited by Ti 3+ recombination defects introduced during ammonolysis. Here we show for the first time that Ti 3+ defects in LaTiO 2 N can be suppressed with incorporation of 2, 5, and 10% aliovalent gallium (Ga 3+ ) dopants during synthesis via the layered La 2 Ti 2 O 7 intermediate. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy on the solid powders confirms a reduction in the Ti 3+ donor density from 2.97 × 10 17 cm −3 for the non-doped material to ∼6.24 × 10 16 cm −3 for 5% Ga-doped LaTiO 2 N. The remaining Ti 3+ defects are concentrated near the LaTiO 2 N surface, according to X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The defect reduction shifts the optical absorption edge from 2.02 to 2.09 eV and eliminates a broad absorption band at 1050 nm from the optical absorption spectra. It also removes a 1.0–1.7 eV sub-band gap photovoltage signal from surface photovoltage spectra. This suggests that empty Ti 3+ d-orbitals are located 1.0–1.7 eV above the LaTiO 2 N valence band edge. Removing these recombination states with increasing Ga 3+ content enhances the photoconversion efficiency of LaTiO 2 N during water oxidation. The optimized 2 wt% CoO x -loaded 5% Ga-doped LaTi O2 N material has a 16% AQE (400 nm) for O 2 production from aqueous silver nitrate solution and a ∼2.1 mA cm −2 water oxidation photocurrent at 1.23 V under 100 mW cm −2 Xe arc lamp illumination. The water oxidation photocurrent is stable during a 50 min test, and the Faraday efficiency for O 2 generation is 97%, confirming short-term corrosion stability of LaTiO 2 N. Altogether, these results provide a better understanding of the distribution, concentration, and impact of Ti 3+ defects on the optical, photovoltage, and photoelectrochemical properties of LaTiO 2 N. In combination with other defect control strategies, aliovalent Ga 3+ doping can help bring the solar energy conversion efficiency of LaTiO 2 N closer to the theoretical limit.

Wang, Li [University of California, Davis, CA (Uni↗
DOE OSTI2015

Local electronic states of Fe{sub 4}N films revealed by x-ray absorption spectroscopy and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism

We performed x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) measurements at Fe L{sub 2,3} and N K-edges for Fe{sub 4}N epitaxial films grown by molecular beam epitaxy. In order to clarify the element specific local electronic structure of Fe{sub 4}N, we compared experimentally obtained XAS and XMCD spectra with those simulated by a combination of a first-principles calculation and Fermi's golden rule. We revealed that the shoulders observed at Fe L{sub 2,3}-edges in the XAS and XMCD spectra were due to the electric dipole transition from the Fe 2p core-level to the hybridization state generated by σ* anti-bonding between the orbitals of N 2p at the body-centered site and Fe 3d on the face-centered (II) sites. Thus, the observed shoulders were attributed to the local electronic structure of Fe atoms at II sites. As to the N K-edge, the line shape of the obtained spectra was explained by the dipole transition from the N 1s core-level to the hybridization state formed by π* and σ* anti-bondings between the Fe 3d and N 2p orbitals. This hybridization plays an important role in featuring the electronic structures and physical properties of Fe{sub 4}N.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2026

Electron-Deficient Phenazines: Synthesis, Structures, Redox, and Optoelectronic Properties in the Gas Phase, in Solution, and in the Solid State

High-temperature gas-phase reactions of 1,4-C4F8I2 with phenazine (PHNZ) afforded new thermally- and air-stable derivatives with cyclo-C4F8 substituents, viz. 1,2-PHNZ(C4F8), 2,3-PHNZ(C4F8), 1,2:6,7-PHNZ(C4F8)2, 1,2:7,8-PHNZ(C4F8)2, and 1,2:8,9-PHNZ(C4F8)2. Reactions in the presence of Cu powder resulted in reductive-defluorination/aromatization of some of the cyclo-C4F8 substituents to produce 2,3-PHNZ(C4F4), 2,3-PHNZ(C4HF3), and 1,2:6,7-PHNZ(C4F8)(C4F4), which are formally tri- or tetrafluoro derivatives of benzo[a]phenazine. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction structures of these compounds demonstrate the planarity of 2,3-PHNZ(C4F4) and 2,3-PHNZ(C4HF3) and ordered p-stacking in 1,2-PHNZ(C4HF3), 1,2-PHNZ(C4F4), 1,2-PHNZ(C4F8), and 2,3-PHNZ(C4F8). Low-temperature gas-phase photoelectron spectra of the PHNZ(C4F8)1,2 compounds show that they are strong electron acceptors, with the three PHNZ(C4F8)2 isomers having electron affinities exceeding that of C60. Cyclic voltammetry in acetonitrile show that the five PHNZ(C4F8)1,2 compounds exhibit reversible one-electron reductions with large positive shifts in their reduction potentials relative to unsubstituted PHNZ. Spectroelectrochemical absorption and EPR spectra of PHNZ(C4F8)1,2- • anion radicals and extensive DFT calculations revealed the significant role that the different substitution patterns have on determining the optoelectronic properties of the PHNZ(C4F8)1,2 derivatives and PHNZ(C4F8)1,2- • anion radicals. Time-resolved microwave conductivity measurements and photoluminescence spectra of blends of the PHNZ(C4F8)1,2 derivatives with the donor poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) were recorded to assess the possible use of the new compounds in optoelectronic devices.

Balser, Sebastian↗
DOE OSTI2026

Optimizing Porous Transport Layer Porosity for Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis

An empirical model is presented that describes anode-side losses related to porous transport layer (PTL) morphology in proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE). The model is based on an advanced voltage breakdown analysis that links various overpotentials to PTL morphology. Custom Ti PTLs, spanning uncommonly low porosities (22 - 31%), were fabricated and analyzed with X-ray CT to obtain pore and particle size distributions. Particle size distributions were consistent across samples with an average particle diameter of 12.0?..mu..m, whereas average pore diameters ranged from 6.0 to 7.0?..mu..m. The PTLs were tested in standard PEMWE cell assemblies with anode catalyst loadings of 0.1 mgIr cm-2 to obtain polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectra, and augmented Tafel analysis. The PTL-dependent anode side losses were deconvoluted and assigned to excess utilization, concentration, ion transport resistance, and electrical contact resistance overpotentials. The data and model reveal an optimal 20 - 28% PTL porosity region where utilization and contact resistance overpotentials are minimized without triggering concentration and ion transport losses related to water deprivation. The optimal PTL porosity depends on the operating current density and is demonstrated at realistic PEMWE water flow rates to establish PTL design guidance for operation at scale.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2024

Lanthanum-Promoted Electrocatalyst for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction: Unique Catalyst or Oxide Deconstruction?

A conventional performance metric for electrocatalysts that promote the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is the current density at a given overpotential. However, the assumption that increased current density at lower overpotentials indicates superior catalyst design is precarious for OER catalysts in the working environment, as the crystalline lattice is prone to deconstruction and amorphization, thus greatly increasing the concentration of catalytic active sites. We show this to be the case for La 3+ incorporation into Co 3 O 4 . Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Raman spectroscopy and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) reveal smaller domain sizes with decreased long-range order and increased amorphization for La-modified Co 3 O 4 . This lattice deconstruction is exacerbated under the conditions of OER as indicated by operando spectroscopies. The overpotential for OER decreases with increasing La 3+ concentration, with maximum activity achieved at 17% La incorporation. HRTEM images and electron diffraction patterns clearly show the formation of an amorphous overlayer during OER catalysis that is accelerated with La 3+ addition. O 1s XPS spectra after OER show the loss of lattice-oxide and an increase in peak intensities associated with hydroxylated or defective O-atom environments, consistent with Co(O) x (OH) y species in an amorphous overlayer. Furthermore, our results suggest that improved catalytic activity of oxides incorporated with La 3+ ions (and likely other metal ions) is due to an increase in the number of terminal octahedral Co(O) x (OH) y edge sites upon Co 3 O 4 lattice deconstruction, rather than enhanced intrinsic catalysis.

Catalysts↗
DOE OSTI2015

Supernova remnant KESTEVEN 27: Interaction with a neighbor Hi cloud viewed by Fermi

We report on the likely detection of γ-ray emission from the supernova remnant (SNR) Kesteven 27 (Kes 27). We analyze 5.7 yr Fermi Large Area Telescope data of the SNR region and find an unresolved source at a position consistent with the radio brightness peak and the X-ray knot of Kes 27, which is located in the eastern region of the SNR and caused by its interaction with a nearby Hi cloud. The source’s emission is best fit with a power-law spectrum with a photon index of 2.5 ± 0.1 and a >0.2 GeV luminosity of 5.8×10{sup 34} erg s{sup −1} assuming a distance of 4.3 kpc, as derived from radio observations of the nearby Hi cloud. Comparing the properties of the source with that of other SNRs that are known to be interacting with nearby high-density clouds, we discuss the origin of the source’s emission. The spectral energy distribution of the source can be described by a hadronic model that considers the interaction of energetic protons escaping from the shock front of Kes 27 with a high-density cloud.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗