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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2019

Can synthetic lethality approach be used with DNA repair genes for primary and secondary MDS?

Cancer-specific defects in DNA repair pathways create the opportunity to employ synthetic lethality approach. Recently, GEMA (gene expression and mutation analysis) approach detected insufficient expression of BRCA or NHEJ (non-homologous end joining) to predict PARP inhibitors response. We evaluated a possible role of DNA repair pathways using gene expression of single-strand break (XPA, XPC, XPG/ERCC5, CSA/ERCC8, and CSB/ERCC6) and double-strand break (ATM, BRCA1, BRCA2, RAD51, XRCC5, XRCC6, LIG4) in 92 patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (73 de novo, 9 therapy-related (t-MDS). Therapy-related MDS (t-MDS) demonstrated a significant downregulation of axis BRCA1-BRCA2-RAD51 comparing to normal controls (p = 0.048, p = 0.001, p = 0.001). XRCC6 showed significantly low expression in de novo MDS comparing to controls (p = 0.039) and for patients who presented chromosomal abnormalities (p = 0.047). Downregulation of LIG4 was consistently associated with poor prognostic markers in de novo MDS (hemoglobin < 8 g/dL (p = 0.040), neutrophils < 800/mm{sup 3} (p < 0.001), patients with excess of blasts (p = 0.001), very high (p = 0.002)/high IPSS-R (p = 0.043) and AML transformation (p < 0.001). We also performed an evaluation of GEPIA Database in 30 cancer types and detected a typical pattern of downregulation as here presented in primary or secondary MDS. All these results suggest synthetic lethality approach can be tested with DNA repair genes (beyond that of BRCA1/2 status) for de novo and therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome and may encourage clinical trials evaluating the use of PARP1 inhibitors in MDS. Graphic Abstract: .

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Water Film Structure during Rupture as Revealed by MDS Image Analysis

The structure of thin water films during the rupture process was investigated by a new approach, which combines molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) with image processing analysis. The analysis procedure was developed to convert MDS trajectories to readable 3D images. The water films were studied at different thicknesses by MDS to determine the critical thickness at which the film ruptures. The potential energy of each specific film thickness during the simulation time was analyzed, and the results showed that the potential energy of stable films remained unchanged while the potential energy kept decreasing for films which ruptured during the simulation time. By applying the new procedure, the molecular porosity, which is defined as the void fraction between the volume of molecular pores in the water film and the total volume of the water film, was calculated. The results of molecular porosity for different film thicknesses during the simulation time suggested a critical molecular porosity as 49%. In other words, stable films have a molecular porosity of less than 49%. If a water film has a molecular porosity greater than 49%, rupture occurs during the simulation. This research was supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences.

molecular dynamics simulation, film stability, ima↗
DOE OSTI2025

Materials Data Science Ontology(MDS-Onto): Unifying Domain Knowledge in Materials and Applied Data Science

Ontologies have gained popularity in the scientific community as a way to standardize terminologies in organizations’ data. Although certain cohorts have created frameworks with rules and guidelines on creating ontologies, there exist significant variations in how Materials Science ontologies are currently developed. We seek to provide guidance in the form of a unified automated framework for developing interoperable and modular ontologies for Materials Data Science that simplifies the ontology terms matching by establishing a semantic bridge up to the Basic Formal Ontology(BFO). This framework provides key recommendations on how ontologies should be positioned within the semantic web, what knowledge representation language is recommended, and where ontologies should be published online to boost their findability and interoperability. Two fundamental components of the MDS-Onto framework are the bilingual package called FAIRmaterials for ontology creation and FAIRLinked, for FAIR data creation. To showcase the practical capabilities of FAIRmaterials, we present two exemplar domain ontologies of MDS-Onto: Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction and Photovoltaics.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2018

FACE-MDS Phase 2: Data from Six US-Located Elevated CO2 Experiments

This dataset contains measured ecosystem data from four Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) experiments–Duke, Oak Ridge (ORNL), and Rhinelander -- and one Open Top Chamber (OTC) experiment -- Kennedy Space Center (KSCO). The sites were located in the United States and contain data from 1996-2009. These sites were the study sites of the FACE Model Data Synthesis (FACE-MDS) project phase 2. The file naming convention can be found in the file 'facemds-file-table-sitedata.xml' and information about variable naming convention can be found in the file 'facemds-standard-name-table-modvars.xml'. We followed the ALMA v3 convention for meteorological variables and developed a hierarchical naming scheme for ecosystem variables. Additional info can be found in the protocols in the accompanying meteorological dataset (Walker et al. 2018: doi:10.15485/1480328). We replaced the original naming convention mentioned in the protocol with the one described in 'facemds-standard-name-table-modvars.xml'. The outputs of the FACE-MDS phase 2 are in Walker et al (2018: doi:10.15485/1480327). The dataset contains 18 data files that are available in comma-separate (*.csv), and 18 R Data Serialization (*.rds) format. 2 XML (*.xml) companion files and additional metadata are provided: 2 data dictionaries and a file-level metadata file in comma-separate (.csv) format and a user guide in PDF (*.pdf) format. This dataset was updated on 2019-06-28 to fix daily files at Duke and ORNL were incorrectly labelled and were standard error files instead of plot level data. Now corrected and all three (plot, mean, standard error) daily data files for both sites have been added. This dataset was updated on 2026-06-08 to add a user guide, data dictionary file, and a file-level metadata file. DUKE_ax_v2.csv was added to match the no data value format of other files in this dataset. DUKE_ax.csv is maintained as a data file. No previously released data values were changed.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

FACE-MDS Phase 2: Meteorological Data and Protocols

This dataset contains meteorological data, site parameterization data, and protocols for simulation of the five Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) experiments and one Open Top Chamber (OTC) experiment that were the study sites of the FACE Model Data Synthesis (FACE-MDS) project. This dataset should contain everything necessary to simulate these six CO2 enrichment experiments -- Duke, Kennedy Space Center, NDFF, ORNL, PHACE, and Rhinelander -- following the FACE-MDS simulation protocol. Data cover 1998-2008 (1998-01-01 to 2008-12-31). File naming convention can be found in the file 'facemds-file-table-metdata.xml' and information about variable naming convention can be found in the file 'facemds-standard-name-table-metvars.xml'. Where possible, Assistance for the Land-surface Modelling Activities (ALMA) v3 convention for meteorological variables naming ontology was followed. Additional info can be found in the user guide, protocol documents, and readmes in this dataset. The original naming convention mentioned in the protocol was replaced with the one described in 'facemds-standard-name-table-modvars.xml' in the accompanying dataset (doi:10.15485/1480327). The dataset contains 21 data files that are available in comma-separate (*.csv), plain text (*.txt), and NetCDF (*.nc) format. Nine companion files and additional metadata are provided: three data dictionaries and a file-level metadata file in comma separate (.csv) format and a user guide in PDF (*.pdf) format. This dataset was updated on 2026-06-02 to add a version of the data files in comma separate (.csv) format, a user guide, data dictionary files, and a file-level metadata file. No previously released data values were changed.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2015

Phase 1 Free Air CO2 Enrichment Model-Data Synthesis (FACE-MDS): Model Output Data (2015)

These datasets comprise the model output from phase 1 of the FACE-MDS. These include simulations of the Duke and Oak Ridge experiments and also idealised long-term (300 year) simulations at both sites (please see the modelling protocol for details). Included as part of this dataset are modelling and output protocols. The model datasets are formatted according to the output protocols. Phase 1 datasets are reproduced here for posterity and reproducibility although the model output for the experimental period have been somewhat superseded by the Phase 2 datasets.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Electrokinetic comparison of CaF 2 and AgCl from a MDS perspective

CaF 2 has limited electrokinetic sensitivity to fluoride ions in solution and the positive CaF 2 surface charge is not reversed at high fluoride ion concentration. Similar insensitivity of surface charge to high fluoride ion concentration has been observed for other alkali and alkaline earth fluoride salts. On the contrary, chloride ions act as potential determining ions for AgCl and reverse the surface charge, as expected. FTIR-IRS results indicate that the AgCl/water interface has a water structure-breaking tendency, whereas the CaF 2 /water interface has a structure-making tendency. Here, it is speculated that the strong hydrogen bonding between fluoride ions and water prevents the accommodation of excess fluoride ions at surface lattice sites of fluorite, and therefore explains the low sensitivity of the fluorite surface charge sign and magnitude to fluoride ion concentration. However, this speculation has not been examined at the molecular level and is evaluated by molecular dynamics simulations (MDS) in the research presented in this paper. Higher hydrogen bond density at the CaF 2 mineral/water interface confirms that the water structure has stronger hydrogen bonding at both the CaF 2 mineral surface and with the F - ion in solution. In this way, the interaction of the F - ion with the CaF 2 surface is inhibited.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

FACE-MDS Phase 2: Model Output

Model output from Phase 2 of the Free Air CO2 Enrichment Model Data Synthesis (FACE-MDS) project. Results from 12 models simulating six elevated CO2 experiments using the protocols, met data, and other data supplied in the accompanying dataset: Phase 2 Free Air CO2 Enrichment Model-Data Synthesis: Meteorological Data and Protocols. File naming convention can be found in the file 'facemds-file-table-modeldata.xml' and information about variable naming convention can be found in the file 'facemds-standard-name-table-modvars.xml'. We followed the ALMA v3 convention for meteorological variables and developed a hierarchical naming scheme for ecosystem variables. Additional info can be found in the protocols in the accompanying meteorological dataset (doi:10.15485/1480328). We replaced the original naming convention mentioned in the protocol with the one described in 'facemds-standard-name-table-modvars.xml'.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2015

Phase 1 Free Air CO2 Enrichment Model-Data Synthesis (FACE-MDS): Meteorological Data

These datasets comprise the meteorological, CO2 and N deposition data used to run models for the Duke and Oak Ridge FACE experiments. Phase 1 datasets are reproduced here for posterity and reproducibility although these meteorological datasets are superseded by the Phase 2 datasets. If you would like to use the meteorological datasets to run your own model or for any other purpose please use the Phase 2 datasets.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Characteristics of Bay of Bengal Monsoon Depressions in the 21st Century

The controversy surrounding the observed trends in the frequency of South Asian Monsoon Depressions (MDs)1-4, the association of MDs with the summer season extremes5,6, and a moisture driven future precipitation response in Global Climate Models (GCMs)7,8 have elevated the importance of understanding climate change impacts on the characteristics of MDs. GCMs exhibit a significant relationship between the long-term mean occurrences of MDs and the strength of the background upper (lower) tropospheric meridional (zonal) winds and atmospheric moisture in the core genesis region of MDs. Likewise, the strength of the meridional tropospheric temperature gradient (MTG) in GCMs determines the trajectories of MDs over land. While monsoon dynamics progressively weakens in the future period, atmospheric moisture exhibits a strong increase, limiting the impact of changes in background dynamics on the frequency of MDs. Moreover, the weakening of the future MTG is many times weaker than its inherent underestimation in the GCMs. Hence the 21st century increase in radiative forcing does not significantly reduce the frequency of MDs or impact their trajectories over land in the GCMs. Although more wet extremes are expected to occur during the MD lifecycle, non-depression day extremes dominate the overall increase in extreme precipitation, which may render the monsoon extremes less predictable in the future.

Rastogi, Deeksha↗
DOE OSTI2016

Apoptosis in human myelodysplastic syndrome CD34+ cells is modulated by the upregulation of TLRs and histone H4 acetylation via a β-arrestin 1 dependent mechanism

Excessive apoptosis of hematopoietic precursors in the bone marrow underlies the ineffective hematopoiesis characteristic of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling is abnormally activated in MDS and may be involved in excessive programmed cell death in the pathogenesis of MDS. TLRs expression and global histone H3/H4 acetylation were analyzed in bone marrow (BM) CD34+ cells from 20 lower-risk and 20 higher-risk MDS patients and 10 healthy controls. Apoptosis of BM CD34+ cells was examined by flow cytometry, and its correlation to histone acetylation and the expression of TLR2 and β-arrestin1 (β-arr1), measured by enzyme-linkedimmunosorbent assay and qRT-PCR, was assessed. TLR1, TLR2 and TLR6 expression and H4 acetylation levels were higher in lower-risk MDS patients than in higher-risk MDS patients or controls, and TLR2 expression and H4 acetylation levels were positively correlated with an increased rate of apoptosis. Lower-risk MDS was associated with increased β-arr1 expression and histone acetyltransferase p300 activity. In in vitro-cultured primary normal and lower-risk MDS CD34+ cells, TLR2 activation-induced apoptosis was mediated by the upregulation of β-arr1 leading to the recruitment of p300 and increased histone H4 acetylation. The nuclear accumulation of βarr1 following TLR2 activation promote H4 acetylation at specific target gene promoters and may thus affect transcription of target genes in BM CD34+ cells. The mechanisms underlying the deregulation of TLR2 and increased apoptosis in MDS may involve the β-arr1 mediated recruitment of p300 leading to increased levels of histone H4 acetylation. - Highlights: • TLR2 is upregulated in lower-risk MDS patients. • TLR2 expression and H4 acetylation correlated with increased CD34+ cell apoptosis. • TLR2-induced apoptosis was mediated by β-arr1 upregulation in normal CD34+ cells. • β-arr1 mediated recruitment of p300 lead to increased histone H4 acetylation levels.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Characteristics of macrophages from myelodysplastic syndrome microenvironment

Highlights: • MDS macrophages exhibited more M2-related characteristics. • Ferric chloride polarized MDS macrophages to exhibit more M1-related characteristics. • DFO partially reversed the M1-related characteristics induced by ferric chloride. Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a heterogeneous group of clonal hematopoietic neoplasms. The progression of malignancy is closely associated with immune regulation. Macrophages are indispensable tissue components and have been proposed to play a role in the pathophysiology of hematopoietic malignancies. However, the specific role of macrophages in the development of MDS remains unclear. Here, we investigated the characteristics and phenotypic evolution of macrophages from patients with MDS. Macrophages from patients with MDS expressed CD68, CD86 and CD163. Furthermore, MDS macrophages exhibited more M2-related characteristics. Moreover, a number of phenotype-associated genes in MDS macrophages exhibited diverse responses to iron overload or iron chelation upon stimulation by ferric chloride or deferoxamine (DFO, an iron chelator). Ferric chloride polarized MDS macrophages to exhibit more M1-related characteristics, a phenomenon that could be partially reversed by DFO. Therefore, this study reveals the characteristics and phenotypic evolution of MDS macrophages and broadens the knowledge of macrophage plasticity in hematopoietic malignancies.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2019

Formation of surface ionization waves in a plasma enhanced packed bed reactor for catalysis applications

Plasma enhanced packed bed reactors (PE-PBRs) intrinsically have complex geometries which makes it difficult to apply conventional scaling laws. For example, controlling the manner of discharge propagation between the micro-discharges (MDs) that occur between dielectrics in PE-PBRs and surface ionization waves (SIWs) that propagate along the dielectrics would aid in selectivity during plasma catalysis. An important parameter in that optimization is the pulse power format. In this work, we investigated the role of applied voltage amplitude and polarity on time resolved dynamics in an atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) operating in helium having surface topology resembling PE-PBRs using phase and space resolved optical emission spectroscopy (PROES). To enable systematic studies, the DBD uses an array of dielectric semi-spheres imaged through a top transparent electrode and imaged between the two electrodes from the side. The results were compared with 2-dimensional modeling. We identified three discharge mechanisms: filamentary micro-discharges (F-MDs) in the volume (the space between the surface of the dielectrics and the counter electrode), surface micro-discharges (S-MDs) between the dielectric semi-spheres near their contact points, and SIWs over the curved or flat dielectric surfaces. At the lowest voltages, only F-MDs are generated, once in each half cycle. At intermediate voltages, SIWs also appear which transform into S-MDs at the contact points. When voltage is further increased, several additional pulses are observed, which generate S-MDs at the contact points or a combination F-MDs and S-MDs. The voltage amplitude determines the frequency of these pulses. Modeling results show variations in plasma density and electron temperature for each of the three mechanisms which, in turn, impact production of reactive species.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2026

Multidimensional scaling informed by F -statistic: Visualizing grouped microbiome data with inference

Multidimensional scaling (MDS) is a widely used dimensionality reduction technique in microbial ecology data analysis that captures the multivariate structure of the data while preserving pairwise distances between samples. While improvements in MDS have enhanced the ability to reveal group-specific data patterns, these MDS-based methods require prior assumptions for inference, limiting their application in general microbiome analysis. Here, in this study, we introduce a new MDS-based ordination method, “F-informed MDS,” which configures the data distribution based on the F-statistic, the ratio of dispersion between groups sharing common and different characteristics. Using semisynthetic datasets, we demonstrate that the proposed method is robust to hyperparameter selection while maintaining statistical significance throughout the ordination process. Various quality metrics for evaluating dimensionality reduction confirm that F-informed MDS is comparable to state-of-the-art methods in preserving both local and global data structures. Its application to a diatom-associated bacterial community suggests the role of this new method in interpreting the community’s response to the host. Our approach offers a well-founded refinement of MDS that aligns with statistical test results, which can be beneficial for broader multidimensional data analyses in microbiology and ecology. This new visualization tool can be incorporated into standard microbiome data analyses.

Biological and medical sciences↗
DOE OSTI2015

Magnetic microparticle-based multimer detection system for the detection of prion oligomers in sheep

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are zoonotic fatal neurodegenerative diseases in animals and humans. TSEs are commonly known as bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle, scrapie in sheep and goats, chronic wasting disease in cervids, and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease in humans. The putative transmissible agents are infectious prion proteins (PrPSc), which are formed by the conversion of the normal prion protein on the glycoprotein cell surface in the presence of other PrPSc. Reports of the transmission of TSEs through blood raised considerable concern about the safety of blood and blood products. To address this issue, many laboratories attempted to develop a sensitive and accurate blood diagnostic test to detect PrPSc. Previously, we reported that, compared to normal controls, the multimer detection system (MDS) was more efficient in detecting PrPSc in infected hamster brain homogenate, mouse plasma spiked with purified PrPSc from scrapie mouse brain, and scrapie-infected hamster plasmas. MDS differentiates prion multimers from the cellular monomer through the multimeric expression of epitopes on prion multimers, in contrast to the monomeric form. In this study, MDS detected PrPSc in plasma samples from scrapie-infected sheep expressing clinical symptoms, demonstrating 100% sensitivity and specificity in these samples. Plasma samples from asymptomatic lambs at the preclinical stage (8-month-old naturally infected offspring of scrapie-infected parents expressing a highly susceptible genotype) tested positive with 50% sensitivity and 100% specificity. In the first of two coded analyses using clinical scrapie-infected sheep and normal healthy samples, MDS successfully identified all but one of the clinical samples with 92% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Similar results were obtained in the second coded analysis using preclinical samples. MDS again successfully identified all but one of the samples with 87% sensitivity and 100% specificity. The false-negative sample was subjected to a protease pretreatment. In conclusion, MDS could accurately detect scrapie in plasma samples at both preclinical and clinical stages. From these studies, we conclude that MDS could be a promising tool for the early diagnosis of TSEs from blood samples.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

The orphan nuclear receptor EAR-2 (NR2F6) inhibits hematopoietic cell differentiation and induces myeloid dysplasia in vivo

Background: In patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), bone marrow cells have an increased predisposition to apoptosis, yet MDS cells outcompete normal bone marrow (BM)–suggesting that factors regulating growth potential may be important in MDS. We previously identified v-Erb A related-2 (EAR-2, NR2F6) as a gene involved in control of growth ability. Methods: Bone marrow obtained from C57BL/6 mice was transfected with a retrovirus containing EAR-2-IRES-GFP. Ex vivo transduced cells were flow sorted. In some experiments cells were cultured in vitro, in other experiments cells were injected into lethally irradiated recipients, along with non-transduced bone marrow cells. Short-hairpin RNA silencing EAR-2 was also introduced into bone marrow cells cultured ex vivo. Results: Here, we show that EAR-2 inhibits maturation of normal BM in vitro and in vivo and that EAR-2 transplant chimeras demonstrate key features of MDS. Competitive repopulation of lethally irradiated murine hosts with EAR2-transduced BM cells resulted in increased engraftment and increased colony formation in serial replating experiments. Recipients of EAR-2-transduced grafts had hypercellular BM, erythroid dysplasia, abnormal localization of immature precursors and increased blasts; secondary transplantation resulted in acute leukemia. Animals were cytopenic, having reduced numbers of erythrocytes, monocytes and granulocytes. Suspension culture confirmed that EAR-2 inhibits granulocytic and monocytic differentiation, while knockdown induced granulocytic differentiation. We observed a reduction in the number of BFU-E and CFU-GM colonies and the size of erythroid and myeloid colonies. Serial replating of transduced hematopoietic colonies revealed extended replating potential in EAR-2-overexpressing BM, while knockdown reduced re-plating ability. EAR-2 functions by recruitment of histone deacetylases, and inhibition of differentiation in 32D cells is dependent on the DNA binding domain. Conclusions: This data suggest that NR2F6 inhibits maturation of normal BM in vitro and in vivo and that the NR2F6 transplant chimera system demonstrates key features of MDS, and could provide a mouse model for MDS.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2015

Water contact angles on quartz surfaces under supercritical CO 2 sequestration conditions: Experimental and molecular dynamics simulation studies

The ambiguity of contact angle experimental measurements due to surface chemistry changes resulted from sample contamination and/or the degrees of reaction with supercritical CO 2 has resulted in great difficulties to precisely understand the wetting behavior of CO 2 under the geological carbon sequestration (GCS) conditions. Water contact angles on quartz surface under GCS conditions were investigated through the combined experimental and molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) methods. The experimental results show that water contact angles increases as ionic strength increases. The effects of pressure and temperature are very weak. The dependence of ionic strength, pressure and temperature is same for monovalent and divalent ions solutions. In the MDS, a hydroxylated quartz surface was used as the base point. A good agreement between the MDS and experimental results were obtained. Using the MDS method, a clean mineral surface with a desired surface chemistry can be constructed, which is difficult in experiments. So by comparing MDS and experimental results, the mechanisms of the reservoir wettability can be better understood. Further investigation can be made on quartz surface with different functional groups to better understand wettability alteration caused by contamination and/or CO 2 reaction.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2014

Evaluation of magnetic flux distribution from magnetic domains in [Co/Pd] nanowires by magnetic domain scope method using contact-scanning of tunneling magnetoresistive sensor

Current-driven magnetic domain wall motions in magnetic nanowires have attracted great interests for physical studies and engineering applications. The magnetic force microscope (MFM) is widely used for indirect verification of domain locations in nanowires, where relative magnetic force between the local domains and the MFM probe is used for detection. However, there is an occasional problem that the magnetic moments of MFM probe influenced and/or rotated the magnetic states in the low-moment nanowires. To solve this issue, the “magnetic domain scope for wide area with nano-order resolution (nano-MDS)” method has been proposed recently that could detect the magnetic flux distribution from the specimen directly by scanning of tunneling magnetoresistive field sensor. In this study, magnetic domain structure in nanowires was investigated by both MFM and nano-MDS, and the leakage magnetic flux density from the nanowires was measured quantitatively by nano-MDS. Specimen nanowires consisted from [Co (0.3)/Pd (1.2)]{sub 21}/Ru(3) films (units in nm) with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy were fabricated onto Si substrates by dual ion beam sputtering and e-beam lithography. The length and the width of the fabricated nanowires are 20 μm and 150 nm. We have succeeded to obtain not only the remanent domain images with the detection of up and down magnetizations as similar as those by MFM but also magnetic flux density distribution from nanowires directly by nano-MDS. The obtained value of maximum leakage magnetic flux by nano-MDS is in good agreement with that of coercivity by magneto-optical Kerr effect microscopy. By changing the protective diamond-like-carbon film thickness on tunneling magnetoresistive sensor, the three-dimensional spatial distribution of leakage magnetic flux could be evaluated.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗