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Cell performance and thermal regeneration of a thermally regenerative cell uses lithium and tin and a fused-salt electrolyte. The emf of the Li-Sn cell, as a function of cathode-alloy composition, is shown to resemble that of the Na-Bi cell.
LiSn crystallizes in the tetragonal I4_1/amd space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Li sites. In the first Li site, Li is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to eight Sn atoms. There are a spread of Li–Sn bond distances ranging from 3.11–3.17 Å. In the second Li site, Li is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to eight Sn atoms. There are four shorter (3.05 Å) and four longer (3.14 Å) Li–Sn bond lengths. There are three inequivalent Sn sites. In the first Sn site, Sn is bonded to eight Li and four equivalent Sn atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner and face-sharing SnLi8Sn4 cuboctahedra. All Sn–Sn bond lengths are 3.05 Å. In the second Sn site, Sn is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to eight Li and two equivalent Sn atoms. In the third Sn site, Sn is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to eight Li and two equivalent Sn atoms. There are a spread of Sn–Li bond distances ranging from 3.05–3.15 Å. Both Sn–Sn bond lengths are 3.05 Å.
Li5Sn2 crystallizes in the trigonal R-3m space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of three Li5Sn2 sheets oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. there are three inequivalent Li sites. In the first Li site, Li is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight Li and six equivalent Sn atoms. There are six shorter (2.88 Å) and two longer (2.90 Å) Li–Li bond lengths. All Li–Sn bond lengths are 3.29 Å. In the second Li site, Li is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to one Li and three equivalent Sn atoms. All Li–Sn bond lengths are 2.92 Å. In the third Li site, Li is bonded to three equivalent Li and four equivalent Sn atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge, face, and corner-sharing LiLi3Sn4 tetrahedra. There are one shorter (2.77 Å) and three longer (2.87 Å) Li–Sn bond lengths. Sn is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to ten Li atoms.
Li7Sn2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Cmmm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are six inequivalent Li sites. In the first Li site, Li is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to four equivalent Li and four equivalent Sn atoms. All Li–Li bond lengths are 2.84 Å. All Li–Sn bond lengths are 2.86 Å. In the second Li site, Li is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to eight Li and two equivalent Sn atoms. There are four shorter (2.72 Å) and four longer (2.79 Å) Li–Li bond lengths. Both Li–Sn bond lengths are 3.29 Å. In the third Li site, Li is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four Li and four Sn atoms. Both Li–Li bond lengths are 2.68 Å. There are two shorter (2.93 Å) and two longer (2.96 Å) Li–Sn bond lengths. In the fourth Li site, Li is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to six Li and four Sn atoms. There are two shorter (2.77 Å) and four longer (2.99 Å) Li–Li bond lengths. There are two shorter (2.88 Å) and two longer (3.09 Å) Li–Sn bond lengths. In the fifth Li site, Li is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to seven Li and four Sn atoms. There are two shorter (2.80 Å) and one longer (2.85 Å) Li–Li bond lengths. There are a spread of Li–Sn bond distances ranging from 2.87–3.21 Å. In the sixth Li site, Li is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to four Li and three Sn atoms. All Li–Sn bond lengths are 2.83 Å. There are two inequivalent Sn sites. In the first Sn site, Sn is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to thirteen Li atoms. In the second Sn site, Sn is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to twelve Li atoms.
Li7Sn3 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/m space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of one Li7Sn3 sheet oriented in the (1, 0, 0) direction. there are seven inequivalent Li sites. In the first Li site, Li is bonded to two equivalent Li and four Sn atoms to form distorted LiLi2Sn4 tetrahedra that share corners with four LiLiSn4 tetrahedra, edges with six LiLi2Sn4 tetrahedra, and a faceface with one LiLi3Sn4 tetrahedra. Both Li–Li bond lengths are 2.87 Å. There are a spread of Li–Sn bond distances ranging from 2.81–2.88 Å. In the second Li site, Li is bonded to one Li and four Sn atoms to form distorted LiLiSn4 tetrahedra that share corners with five LiLi2Sn4 tetrahedra, edges with five LiLi2Sn4 tetrahedra, and faces with two equivalent LiLi3Sn4 tetrahedra. The Li–Li bond length is 2.85 Å. There are three shorter (2.89 Å) and one longer (2.90 Å) Li–Sn bond lengths. In the third Li site, Li is bonded to three equivalent Li and four Sn atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner, edge, and face-sharing LiLi3Sn4 tetrahedra. There are one shorter (2.88 Å) and two longer (2.91 Å) Li–Li bond lengths. There are a spread of Li–Sn bond distances ranging from 2.81–2.84 Å. In the fourth Li site, Li is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to eight Li and six Sn atoms. There are one shorter (2.90 Å) and one longer (3.00 Å) Li–Li bond lengths. There are a spread of Li–Sn bond distances ranging from 3.25–3.34 Å. In the fifth Li site, Li is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Sn atoms. Both Li–Sn bond lengths are 2.96 Å. In the sixth Li site, Li is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to one Li and three Sn atoms. There are two shorter (2.90 Å) and one longer (2.94 Å) Li–Sn bond lengths. In the seventh Li site, Li is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to one Li and three Sn atoms. There are two shorter (2.91 Å) and one longer (2.94 Å) Li–Sn bond lengths. There are three inequivalent Sn sites. In the first Sn site, Sn is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to seven Li atoms. In the second Sn site, Sn is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to nine Li atoms. In the third Sn site, Sn is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to ten Li atoms.
Li13Sn5 crystallizes in the trigonal P-3m1 space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of one Li5Sn2 sheet oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction and one Li8Sn3 sheet oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. In the Li5Sn2 sheet, there are three inequivalent Li sites. In the first Li site, Li is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight Li and six equivalent Sn atoms. There are six shorter (2.86 Å) and two longer (2.93 Å) Li–Li bond lengths. All Li–Sn bond lengths are 3.28 Å. In the second Li site, Li is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to one Li and three equivalent Sn atoms. All Li–Sn bond lengths are 2.92 Å. In the third Li site, Li is bonded to three equivalent Li and four equivalent Sn atoms to form a mixture of distorted face, edge, and corner-sharing LiLi3Sn4 tetrahedra. There are one shorter (2.77 Å) and three longer (2.86 Å) Li–Sn bond lengths. Sn is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to ten Li atoms. In the Li8Sn3 sheet, there are four inequivalent Li sites. In the first Li site, Li is bonded to three equivalent Li and four Sn atoms to form distorted LiLi3Sn4 tetrahedra that share corners with four LiLi3Sn4 tetrahedra, edges with nine LiLi3Sn4 tetrahedra, and faces with three equivalent LiLi4Sn4 tetrahedra. All Li–Li bond lengths are 2.85 Å. There are one shorter (2.79 Å) and three longer (2.89 Å) Li–Sn bond lengths. In the second Li site, Li is bonded to four equivalent Li and four Sn atoms to form a mixture of distorted face, edge, and corner-sharing LiLi4Sn4 tetrahedra. There are one shorter (2.83 Å) and three longer (2.89 Å) Li–Li bond lengths. There are three shorter (2.86 Å) and one longer (2.88 Å) Li–Sn bond lengths. In the third Li site, Li is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to one Li and three equivalent Sn atoms. The Li–Li bond length is 2.93 Å. All Li–Sn bond lengths are 2.91 Å. In the fourth Li site, Li is bonded in a 11-coordinate geometry to eight Li and six Sn atoms. There are three shorter (3.29 Å) and three longer (3.32 Å) Li–Sn bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Sn sites. In the first Sn site, Sn is bonded in a body-centered cubic geometry to fourteen Li atoms. In the second Sn site, Sn is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to ten Li atoms.
LiSn is beta-prime cadmium gold-like structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic P2/m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Li sites. In the first Li site, Li is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight Sn atoms. There are a spread of Li–Sn bond distances ranging from 3.00–3.10 Å. In the second Li site, Li is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to eight Sn atoms. There are four shorter (3.05 Å) and four longer (3.07 Å) Li–Sn bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Sn sites. In the first Sn site, Sn is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to eight Li atoms. In the second Sn site, Sn is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to eight Li atoms.
Li2Sn5 crystallizes in the tetragonal P4/mbm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Li is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to ten Sn atoms. There are a spread of Li–Sn bond distances ranging from 3.01–3.22 Å. There are two inequivalent Sn sites. In the first Sn site, Sn is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Li atoms. In the second Sn site, Sn is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Li atoms.