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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on CoSO4 by Materials Project

CoSO4 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Cmcm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Co2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CoO6 octahedra that share corners with six equivalent SO4 tetrahedra and edges with two equivalent CoO6 octahedra. There are two shorter (2.02 Å) and four longer (2.19 Å) Co–O bond lengths. S6+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six equivalent CoO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 45–53°. There is two shorter (1.47 Å) and two longer (1.51 Å) S–O bond length. There are two inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two equivalent Co2+ and one S6+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Co2+ and one S6+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on CoSO4 by Materials Project

CoSO4 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pnma space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Co2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CoO6 octahedra that share corners with six equivalent SO4 tetrahedra and edges with two equivalent CoO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Co–O bond distances ranging from 2.00–2.30 Å. S6+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form SO4 tetrahedra that share corners with six equivalent CoO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 44–54°. There are a spread of S–O bond distances ranging from 1.48–1.52 Å. There are three inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Co2+ and one S6+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Co2+ and one S6+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two equivalent Co2+ and one S6+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on CoSO4 by Materials Project

Computed materials data using density functional theory calculations. These calculations determine the electronic structure of bulk materials by solving approximations to the Schrodinger equation. For more information, see https://materialsproject.org/docs/calculations

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1986

Corrosion of metals and alloys in sulfate melts at 750 C

The corrosion of Ni, Co, Ni-10Cr, Co-21Cr, and IN738 was studied at 750 C in the presence of molten sulfate mixtures (Na2SO4-Li2SO4 and Na2SO4-CoSO4) and in an atmosphere consisting of O2 + 0.12 percent SO2-SO3. The corrosion was observed to be similar for both Na2SO4-Li2SO4 and Na2SO4-CoSO4 melts. The corrosion of Ni and Co took place by the formation of a mixed oxide plus sulfide scale, very similar to the corrosion in SO2 or SO3 alone. The initial stage for the corrosion of Ni-10Cr involved the formation of a thick NiO + Ni3S2 duplex scale, and Cr sulfide was formed during the later stages. A pitting type of morphology was observed for both Co-21Cr and IN738. The pit was Cr sulfide at the beginning, and subsequently the sulfides oxidized to Cr2O3. A base-metal oxide layer was present above the pit, and this was observed to be formed very early in the corrosion process. A mechanism is proposed to explain this. In general, the formation of sulfides appears to be the primary mode of degradation in mixed sulfide melts.

Misra, A. K.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Electrodeposition of metals and metal/cermet composites in low gravity

Electrodeposition experiments were carried out on the bench and a KC-135 aircraft at 0.01 g in anticipation of microgravity flights on NASA's Space Transportation System Shuttle. Experimental results obtained by interferometry compare concentration gradients as a function of time in the vicinity of a reducing electrode (cathode) for Cu(+2) and Co(+2) electrodeposition cells. No difference was found between bench and 0.01 g produced gradients for a .1M CuSO4 cell, but a significant difference was noted between the gradients in a 1M CoSO4 cell even though the bench cells were operated in a nonconvecting shielded (cathode over anode) mode. The gradient for Co(+2) depletion produced at 0.01 g was greater and the entire layer was thicker than found on the bench. Neutral buoyancy/matched density codeposition experiments were performed on the bench in an attempt to physically duplicate the results of metal/cermet codepositions in microgravity. Polystyrene spheres with average diameter 11.8 microns and density approximately matching that of 1M CoSO4 were utilized to emulate nonsedimenting cermets in microgravity. The cells were operated in a shielded convectionless mode. Comparison with literature data on codeposition with stirred cells indicate significant improvement in volume percent neutral occluded in the depositing metal matrix. A multicell electrodeposition flight apparatus that has been designed, constructed and is undergoing testing is discussed.

Riley, Clyde↗
NASA NTRS1980

Hot corrosion of Co-Cr, Co-Cr-Al, and Ni-Cr alloys in the temperature range of 700-750 deg C

The effect of SO3 pressure in the gas phase on the Na2SO4 induced hot corrosion of Co-Cr, Ni-Cr, and Co-Cr-Al alloys was studied in the temperature range 700 to 750 C. The degradation of the Co-Cr and Ni-Cr alloys was found to be associated with the formation of liquid mixed sulfates (CoSO4-Na2SO4 or NiSO4-Na2SO4) which provided a selective dissolution of the Co or Ni and a subsequent sulfidation oxidation mode of attack which prevented the maintenance of a protective Cr2O3 film. A clear mechanism was not developed for the degradation of Co-Cr-Al alloys. A pitting corrosion morphology was induced by a number of different mechanisms.

Chiang, K. T.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Optical measurements and tests performed in a low-gravity environment

Shadowgraph and schlieren techniques have been used on board the NASA KC-135 low-gravity simulation aircraft to measure gravity-related fluid flow occurring in various experimental configurations. These configurations included cooled and solidified ammonium chloride and water, electrodeposited cobalt in CoSO4 solution, and immiscible and crystal melt solutions. Hardware tests have also been performed for such critical optical system components as lasers and spatial filters to determine their performance and operation under low-gravity conditions. These test results will be used in the design of the various future Shuttle experiments which will utilize advanced optical measurement techniques. The design and configuration of the optical systems used to make these measurements and tests are presented, and the performance and operation of these systems and their components under low-gravity conditions are discussed. Some preliminary results are included.

Owen, R. B.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Electrodeposition in microgravity: Ground-based experiments

Electrodeposition was studied at one-hundreth g and compared with bench studies at 1 g. The low gravity was achieved during KC-135 aircraft parobolic flights. Flow in a simple cobalt cell (1 M CoSO4) operating under typical commercial conditions (10 to 20 mA/sq cm and 1 V) was monitored with a Schlieren optical system. Natural convection was absent at one-hundreth g. Quantitative comparisons on a cobalt cell with shielded electrodes using interferometry were carried out. Fringe shift differences indicate greater semi-infinite linear diffusion at 1 g than at one-hundreth g for cobalt. Since a shielded electrode operates under diffusion controlled conditions, no differences between 1 g and one-hundreth g would be expected. Similar comparisons on a shielded electrode copper cell were inconclusive. Bench codeposition experiments using polystyrene neutral buoyancy particles coupled with a shielded electrode cobalt cell were begun. Tracking of 12 micron particles showed no measurable difference between thermal/Brownian motion when the cell was operational or nonoperational. Initial experiments on codeposition quality showed a strong dependence upon cathode surface preparation in a shielded electrode configuration.

Riley, C.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Low temperature hot corrosion

The reaction of Co-Cr, Ni-Cr, Co-Cr-Al, and Ni-Cr-Al alloys with Na2SO4 in the presence of SO3 at temperatures between 700 and 750 C leads to the formation of liquid CoSO4-Na2SO4 or NiSO4-Na2SO4 deposits on the alloy surface. The formation of Cr2O3 and/or Al2O3 below this deposit results in a locally low P(O2) and a higher P(S2) and P(SO2). It is noted that these conditions can prevent protective oxide formation either by sulfide formation in the alloy, which localizes the Cr and/or Al in discrete particles, or by acid fluxing involving a reaction between Al2O3 or Cr2O3 and SO2 to form a salt-soluble species and subsequent reprecipitation as porous oxides in regions of higher P(O2). These processes may occur simultaneously, although a given alloy generally exhibits features of predominantly one type. Here, the Ni-Cr and Ni-Cr-Al alloys, and to some extent the Co-Cr alloys, exhibit features indicative of the sulfidation mechanism, whereas the morphology for the Co-Cr-Al alloy is more consistent with a predominant acid fluxing mechanism.

Chiang, K. T.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Electrodeposition and codeposition under low gravity/nonconvecting conditions

An experimental electrodeposition system was developed for modeling the behavior of inert particles codepositing in an electroplating matrix under low-gravity conditions. The device consists of a Co-electrodeposition cell operating in a convectionless mode (cathode over anode) and containing polystyrene particles with density approximating that of the electroplating solution. Data were obtained in shielded cells at 1 g, and the experiment was duplicated at 0.01 g on a KC-135 flight. No difference was found between convection-free bench experiments and the 0.01 g KC-135 experiments with 0.0900 M CuSO4. Codeposition experiments using 11.8-micron matched-density polystyrene spheres in 1 M CoSO4 have revealed that a noticeable particle gradient is created as the solution density mismatches in the vicinity of the cathode; gentle stirring was required to maintain a homogeneous particle suspension. Cr3C2 dust, which readily disperses at 1 g, tended to coagulate into spherical globules at 0.01 g, when stirred.

Riley, Clyde↗