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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 163 records · Page 9
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Sandia 7uPCX Critical Experiments Exploring the Effects of Fuel-to-Water Ratio Variations

The Sandia Critical Experiments (SCX) Program provides a specialized facility for performing water moderated and reflected critical experiments with UO 2 fuel rod arrays. A history of safe reactor operations and flexibility in reactor core configuration has resulted in the completion of several benchmark critical experiment evaluations that are published in the International Criticality Safety Benchmark Evaluation Project (ICSBEP) Handbook. The LEUCOMP-THERM-078 and LEU-COMP-THERM-080 evaluations from the handbook provide similar cases for reference. The set of experiments described here were performed using the Seven Percent Critical Experiment (7uPCX) fuel to measure the effects of decreasing the fuel-to-water volume ratio on the critical array size. This was accomplished by using fuel loading patterns to effectively increase the pitch of the fuel arrays in the assembly. The fuel rod pitch variations provided assembly configurations that ranged from strongly undermoderated to slightly overmoderated.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Quantized resistance revealed at the criticality of the quantum anomalous Hall phase transitions

In multilayered magnetic topological insulator structures, magnetization reversal processes can drive topological phase transitions between quantum anomalous Hall, axion insulator, and normal insulator states. Here we report an examination of the critical behavior of two such transitions: the quantum anomalous Hall to normal insulator (QAH-NI), and quantum anomalous Hall to axion insulator (QAH-AXI) transitions. By introducing a new analysis protocol wherein temperature dependent variations in the magnetic coercivity are accounted for, the critical behavior of the QAH-NI and QAH-AXI transitions are evaluated over a wide range of temperature and magnetic field. Despite the uniqueness of these different transitions, quantized longitudinal resistance and Hall conductance are observed at criticality in both cases. Furthermore, critical exponents were extracted for QAH-AXI transitions occurring at magnetization reversals of two different magnetic layers. The observation of consistent critical exponents and resistances in each case, independent of the magnetic layer details, demonstrates critical behaviors in quantum anomalous Hall transitions to be of electronic rather than magnetic origin. Our finding offers a new avenue for studies of phase transition and criticality in QAH insulators.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2025

Equilibrium expectations for non-Gaussian fluctuations near a QCD critical point

With the highly anticipated results from the Beam Energy Scan II program at RHIC being recently revealed, an understanding of particle-number fluctuations and their significance as a potential signature of a possible QCD critical point is crucial. Early works that embarked on this endeavor sought to estimate the fluctuations due to the presence of a critical point assuming they stay in equilibrium. From these results came the proposal to focus efforts on higher, non-Gaussian, moments of the event-by-event distributions, in particular of the number of protons. These non-Gaussian moments are especially sensitive to critical fluctuations, as their magnitudes are proportional to high powers of the critical correlation length. As the equation of state provides key input for hydrodynamical simulations of heavy-ion collisions, we estimate equilibrium fluctuations from the BEST equation of state (EoS) that includes critical features from the 3D Ising Model. In particular, the proton factorial cumulants and their dependence on non-universal mapping parameters is investigated within the BEST EoS. Furthermore, the correlation length, as a central quantity for the assessment of fluctuations in the vicinity of a critical point, is also calculated in a consistent manner with the scaling equation of state. An understanding of the equilibrium estimates of proton factorial cumulants will be useful for further comparison to estimates of out-of-equilibrium fluctuations in order to determine the magnitude of the observable fluctuations to be expected in heavyion collision experiments, in which the time spent near a critical point is short.

Karthein, Jamie M. [Massachusetts Institute of Tec↗
DOE OSTI2024

Hidden quantum criticality and entanglement in quench dynamics

Entanglement exhibits universal behavior near the ground-state critical point where correlations are long ranged and the thermodynamic entropy is vanishing. On the other hand, a quantum quench imparts extensive energy and results in a build up of entropy, hence no critical behavior is expected at long times. In this work, we present a new paradigm in the quench dynamics of integrable spin chains which exhibit a ground-state order-disorder phase transition at a critical line. Specifically, we consider a quench along the critical line which displays a volume-law behavior of the entropy and exponentially decaying correlations; however, we show that quantum criticality is hidden in higher-order correlations and becomes manifest via measures such as the mutual information and logarithmic negativity. Furthermore, we showcase the scale invariance of the Rényi mutual information between disjoint regions as further evidence for genuine critical behavior. We attribute the emergent quantum criticality to the soft mode not getting excited in spite of the quench. Moreover, the results presented here are universal to models whose low-energy or long-wavelength dynamics are well described by a free-fermionic field theory. Our results are amenable to an experimental realization on different quantum simulator platforms, particularly the Rydberg simulators. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Paul, Sanku↗
DOE OSTI2024

Quantum Criticality Under Imperfect Teleportation

Entanglement, measurement, and classical communication together enable teleportation of quantum states between distant parties, in principle, with perfect fidelity. To what extent do correlations and entanglement of a many-body wave function transfer under teleportation protocols? We address this question for the case of an imperfectly teleported quantum critical wave function, focusing on the ground state of a critical Ising chain. We demonstrate that imperfections, e.g., in the entangling gate adopted for a given protocol, effectively manifest as weak measurements acting on the otherwise pristinely teleported critical state. Armed with this perspective, we leverage and further develop the theory of measurement-altered quantum criticality to quantify the resilience of critical-state teleportation. We identify classes of teleportation protocols for which imperfection (i) preserves both the universal long-range entanglement and correlations of the original quantum critical state, (ii) weakly modifies these quantities away from their universal values, and (iii) obliterates long-range entanglement altogether while preserving power-law correlations, albeit with a new set of exponents. We also show that mixed states describing the average over a series of sequential imperfect teleportation events retain pristine power-law correlations due to a “built-in” decoding algorithm, though their entanglement structure measured by the negativity depends on errors similarly to individual protocol runs. These results may allow one to design teleportation protocols that optimize against errors—highlighting a potential practical application of measurement-altered criticality. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Physics↗
DOE OSTI2024

Critical Shear Stresses for Erosion from Yield Stresses

The critical shear stress for erosion is important in many fields of engineering and science that involve suspension of particles from settled particle beds. However, determining the critical shear stress for erosion remains intricate, particularly where interparticle forces play a key role. Because these forces vary widely (Pease, et al., 2019), a more convenient means of estimating the critical shear stress for erosion would be advantageous. Here we evaluate the assertion that critical shear stresses for erosion may be derived from yield stresses for nominally cohesive particle beds across the full range of particle Reynolds numbers. The critical shear stress for erosion for non-cohesive particle beds may be estimated from the Shields diagrams or the analytical expressions from conservation of force about a particle at the interface. However, equivalent diagrams for cohesive particle beds have remained elusive. In 1992, pioneering analysis by Dade included the influence of the van der Waals force in particle forces balances to show that the critical shear stresses for erosion may be related to yield stresses subject to the limitations of small particle Reynolds numbers, flat particle beds, uniform particle diameters, and negligible electrostatic forces. Here we relax these restrictions. We find that the critical shear stress for erosion does relate to the yield stresses in a linear fashion for sufficiently large yield stresses. A criterion is developed to determine when the yield stresses may be important. Pease LF, AJ Fuher, JA Bamberger, and MJ Minette. 2024. Shields Diagrams for Cohesive Particle Beds. Manuscript. Dade WB, ARM Nowell and PA Jumars. 1992. “Predicting erosion resistance of muds.” Marine Geology, 105 (1992) 285-297.

shear stress, erosion, yield stress, slurry, settl↗
DOE OSTI2021

Nematic quantum criticality in an Fe-based superconductor revealed by strain-tuning

Quantum criticality may be essential to understanding a wide range of exotic electronic behavior; however, conclusive evidence of quantum critical fluctuations has been elusive in many materials of current interest. An expected characteristic feature of quantum criticality is power-law behavior of thermodynamic quantities as a function of a nonthermal tuning parameter close to the quantum critical point (QCP). Here, we observed power-law behavior of the critical temperature of the coupled nematic/structural phase transition as a function of uniaxial stress in a representative family of iron-based superconductors, providing direct evidence of quantum critical nematic fluctuations in this material. These quantum critical fluctuations are not confined within a narrow regime around the QCP but rather extend over a wide range of temperatures and compositions.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2020

Features Events and Processes Relevant to DPC Disposal Criticality Analysis

The Department of Energy is evaluating the technical feasibility of disposal of spent nuclear fuel in dual-purpose canisters in various geologies. As part of ongoing research and development, the effect of potential post-closure criticality events on repository performance is being studied. Many different features, events, and processes (FEPs) could affect the potential for criticality or the extent of a criticality event. Additionally, a criticality event could affect other FEPs. This report uses existing lists of FEPs as a starting point to evaluate the FEPs that could affect or be affected by an in- package criticality event. The evaluation indicates that most of the FEPs associated with the waste form, the waste, or the EBS have some effect on post-closure criticality and/or are affected by the consequences of post-closure criticality. In addition, FEPs not previously considered are identified for further development.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2021

Critical and Subcritical Californium Source Driven Noise Analysis Experiments with Fresh PWR Fuels Pins

These experiments were performed in 1983 between August 1 and September 16 and used 35 operational days of critical facility time at the Babcock & Wilcox critical facility in Lynchburg, Va. These measurements were to assess the capability of the Cf source driven noise analysis method to measure the subcriticality of light water reactor fresh fuel configurations. This report documents the experiments of 1983 that were not reported at that time. These measurement with 2.459 wt. % 235 U enriched uranium oxide fresh fuel pins started at the delayed critical configuration of the fully assembled pressurized water reactor (PWR) core configuration with 1511 parts per million (ppm) natural boron (19.8 wt. % 10 B) in the water. This was a cylindrical configuration of 4961 fuel pins. After the initial measurements at delayed criticality, subcritical measurements by the Cf source driven noise analysis method were performed in which the number of detectors and Cf source locations were varied. Additional boron was added to the water moderator and reflector to reduce the neutron multiplication factor, with resulting boron concentrations of 1561, 1613, 1765, 1880, 2104, 2384, 2975, 3606, and 4303 ppm. After the completion of these measurements the increased, the boron concentration was returned to that at delayed critical (1511 ppm) and the reactivity was decreased by reducing the number of fuel pins in steps to 3713, 2553, 1281, 749, and 333 fuel pins and then to that (289) of a s ingle square 17 x 17 pin array, corresponding to a single PW fuel element. For all measurement that started at delayed criticality and then reduced the neutron multiplication factor to various subcritical states, inverse kinetics rod drop measurements at the higher reactivities were also performed but not reported here. At all subcritical states the break frequency noise analysis data was fitted to obtain the prompt neutron decay constant. Some data presented in this report are from notes not in the logbook. The purpose of this report is to document the experimental information for the measurements performed so that a later date someone could perform the required uncertainty and calculational analyses and documentation to use these data for an International Nuclear Criticality Safety Benchmark Program (INCSBEP) or Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) benchmark. The data from these measurements is available from the Laboratory Records Department of Oak Ridge National Laboratory and the logbook is available from INCSBEP at Idaho National Laboratory.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Volume 9: Critical Facility with Add-On Ion Beam

Completion of the originally planned critical facility has been considered as part of the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) Sustaining and Enhancing Neutron Science Initiative at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). A working group of ORNL staff members was formed to develop the idea and to recommend one or more configurations to best support future HFIR operations and scientific capacities. HFIR was designed with a critical pool in the reactor bay that was projected to be outfitted as a critical facility. The primary purpose of the planned critical facility was to measure the subcritical worth of fresh fuel elements to support startup requirements. However, the Y-12 National Security Complex already housed a critical facility that was used for this purpose. This report presents the working group’s efforts, including determination of the proposed critical facility’s high-impact benefits. A generic low-power critical facility would be employed for reactor physics measurements, code and data validation, reactor operator and staff training, and education. This facility would be instrumental in supporting current HFIR operations, conversion of HFIR to low-enriched uranium, existing light water reactor operations, and advanced reactor development and deployment.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2023

UNrealized Critical Lanthanide Extraction from Sea Algae Mining (UNCLE SAM)

The UNCLE-SAM project, under the Biotechnologies to Ensure a Robust Supply of Critical Materials for Clean Energy program, examined the biomining applications of seaweeds for sustainable, domestic production of critical mineral feedstocks. The ocean is a vast reserve of mineralogical wealth including rare earth elements (REEs) and platinum group metal (PGMs). These elements, categorized as “critical minerals”, are used in telecommunication devices, lasers, LED lighting, turbine generators, electric car motors, jet engine alloys, and many other applications. These critical elements are increasingly vital to a thriving, efficient and sustainable society. However, only a few countries in the global market currently produce and export REEs, leading to potential geopolitical supply disruptions. Marine macroalgae, often referred to as seaweeds, bioconcentrate critical minerals from seawater, including REEs and PGMs. Marine algae cultivation can generate a significant amount of biomass with minimal freshwater, fertilizer, and land requirements. In summary, the UNCLE-SAM project successfully evaluated the technological feasibility for marine macroalgal cultivation as a feedstock for critical minerals, explored the biological capacity of different seaweeds to provide economically relevant domestic mineral production, assessed processing techniques for thermal co-conversion of seaweeds into renewable fuel and mineral feedstocks, and executed techno-economic and lifecycle assessments for identifying the most critical gaps in our current understanding to move the technology into commercially relevant deployment. Further development of this technology could transform the bioproduct and REE mining industries and catalyze the development of a more sustainable future.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Proposed Critical Thinking Metrics for Power Grid Trainees

The TRS Intro to Critical Thinking for Operational Decision-Making course for power grid operators seeks to help trainees improve their use of critical thinking skills in operation environments. To determine the effectiveness of this training, we have identified 3 categories of evaluation measures: critical thinking metrics, situation awareness (SA) evaluations, and behavioral observations. Critical thinking metrics seek to directly measure trainee’s ability to use critical thinking skills through their verbalized responses to different questions or scenarios. SA will be evaluated during various points throughout simulated exercises completed during the training. SA evaluations aim to determine the level of a trainee’s ability to perceive, comprehend and anticipate events in the operational environment. This construct will be assessed through verbalized responses to questions informed by the Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT). Behavioral observations capture how trainees use the system, including which simulator displays or windows they use or actions they perform and in what order. These observations help us understand how the critical thinking training may inform operator action. We hypothesize that while these measures are correlated with each other, they provide different perspectives on each trainee’s ability to gain SA and use critical thinking skills in operation environments. By comparing these measures in a pre-assessment and a post-assessment, we can determine how much improvement a trainee gains through the training. These measures may also be used during the training as appropriate. This document specifies these 3 categories of measures, which components of these measures currently seem to be the best candidates to use in the training course, and which parts of the training course is related to each component.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
NASA NTRS1973

Choked flow of fluid nitrogen with emphasis on the thermodynamic critical region

A critical flow experiment was performed with fluid nitrogen in a converging-diverging nozzle at stagnation conditions from 87.5 to 234 K and pressures to 9.3 MN/sq m, with particular emphasis on the thermodynamic critical region. The nozzle throat conditions ranged from two-phase to near critical to gaseous. Proximity of the fluid in the nozzle to the critical point has a significant influence on the critical flow rate and pressure ratio curves. The flow rate exhibits an inflection and the pressure ratio shows a sharp peak when stagnation conditions are near the transposed critical point. The critical flow data are compared with equilibrium and nonequilibrium theories, and conditions are defined for which various methods of prediction remain valid.

Hendricks, R. C.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Concepts and methods for describing critical phenomena in fluids

The predictions of theoretical models for a critical-point phase transistion in fluids, namely the classical equation with third-degree critical isotherm, that with fifth-degree critical isotherm, and the lattice gas, are reviewed. The renormalization group theory of critical phenomena and the hypothesis of universality of critical behavior supported by this theory are discussed as well as the nature of gravity effects and how they affect cricital-region experimentation in fluids. The behavior of the thermodynamic properties and the correlation function is formulated in terms of scaling laws. The predictions of these scaling laws and of the hypothesis of universality of critical behavior are compared with experimental data for one-component fluids and it is indicated how the methods can be extended to describe critical phenomena in fluid mixtures.

Sengers, J. V.↗
NASA NTRS2005

The Integrated Safety-Critical Advanced Avionics Communication and Control (ISAACC) System Concept: Infrastructure for ISHM

Integrated System Health Management (ISHM) architectures for spacecraft will include hard real-time, critical subsystems and soft real-time monitoring subsystems. Interaction between these subsystems will be necessary and an architecture supporting multiple criticality levels will be required. Demonstration hardware for the Integrated Safety-Critical Advanced Avionics Communication & Control (ISAACC) system has been developed at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. It is a modular system using a commercially available time-triggered protocol, ?Tp/C, that supports hard real-time distributed control systems independent of the data transmission medium. The protocol is implemented in hardware and provides guaranteed low-latency messaging with inherent fault-tolerance and fault-containment. Interoperability between modules and systems of modules using the TTP/C is guaranteed through definition of messages and the precise message schedule implemented by the master-less Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) communications protocol. "Plug-and-play" capability for sensors and actuators provides automatically configurable modules supporting sensor recalibration and control algorithm re-tuning without software modification. Modular components of controlled physical system(s) critical to control algorithm tuning, such as pumps or valve components in an engine, can be replaced or upgraded as "plug and play" components without modification to the ISAACC module hardware or software. ISAACC modules can communicate with other vehicle subsystems through time-triggered protocols or other communications protocols implemented over Ethernet, MIL-STD- 1553 and RS-485/422. Other communication bus physical layers and protocols can be included as required. In this way, the ISAACC modules can be part of a system-of-systems in a vehicle with multi-tier subsystems of varying criticality. The goal of the ISAACC architecture development is control and monitoring of safety critical systems of a manned spacecraft. These systems include spacecraft navigation and attitude control, propulsion, automated docking, vehicle health management and life support. ISAACC can integrate local critical subsystem health management with subsystems performing long term health monitoring. The ISAACC system and its relationship to ISHM will be presented.

Gwaltney, David A.↗
DOE OSTI2021

Nuclear Criticality Safety [Book Chapter]

Nuclear Criticality Safety is a field of nuclear engineering that involves worker and public safety during the handling, processing, transportation, and storage activities of fissile isotopes ( 233 U, 235 U, and 239 Pu) outside of nuclear reactors. Criticality accidents release energy as a result of accidentally producing a self-sustaining fission chain reaction. If these occur during hands-on operations the results can be lethal to worker within about 4.6 m (15 ft.) of the accident. There have been 22 process criticality accidents in the world between 1953 and 1999 resulting in physical injury, on and off-site dose, or death. Nuclear Criticality Safety involves work by qualified persons to preclude criticality accidents and their consequences by ensuring activities with fissionable materials remain subcritical, i.e., safe, during all normal and credible abnormal conditions. This article presents information about those nuclear fuel cycle steps presenting Nuclear Criticality Safety concerns that must be considered to ensure worker and public safety is assured.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Update of the Nuclear Criticality Slide Rule: Review of the Estimation of the Number of Fissions

IRSN (France), LLNL (USA) and ORNL (USA) began a long-term collaboration effort in 2015 to update the nuclear criticality Slide Rule (https://ncsp.llnl.gov/analytical-methods/criticality-sliderule) for the emergency response to a nuclear criticality accident. The Slide Rule permits the estimation of neutron and gamma dose rates and integrated doses based upon estimated fission yields, as a function of distance from the fission source, and time after criticality accidents for different critical systems. This paper presents the review of the section “estimation of the number of fissions”, named “fission yield” in the Slide Rule document. This estimation is important because the other information provided by the Slide Rule is directly proportional to the number of fissions. The previous models, based on Hansen and Barbry formulae, will be presented with their associated assumptions and limitations. Then, new proposals will be presented with a comparison to past criticality accidents and experimental data. The new formulae, based on the heat energy equation, cover many types of criticality accidents (solution, dry or low-moderated powder, rods/assemblies in water and dry metal) and require limited information in an emergency situation.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Criticality Analysis of Wind Turbine Components - Intern Poster [Poster]

Wind turbines are an important part of critical energy infrastructure, with wind farms generating more than 10% of US energy in 2023. The goal of this project is to identify and analyze major, common components of wind turbines to reach a preliminary understanding of which should be considered most critical in terms of turbine operation and attack surface. At the time of this project, minimal data was available regarding component costs and lead times, so a qualitative risk assessment approach was used. Components were given a score of 1-5 in four categories– cost to repair, operational downtime, ease of physical attack, and ease of cyber attack. An overall component criticality score was assigned based on the sum of those scores, with a higher score indicating higher criticality. The turbine control system was identified as the most critical component, closely followed by the blades, structural components, and gearbox. This is ongoing project, and further research on the supply chain for wind turbine components will allow for a deeper and more concrete understanding of component criticality.

17 WIND ENERGY↗