Nuclear Criticality Safety [Book Chapter]

Abstract

Nuclear Criticality Safety is a field of nuclear engineering that involves worker and public safety during the handling, processing, transportation, and storage activities of fissile isotopes ( 233 U, 235 U, and 239 Pu) outside of nuclear reactors. Criticality accidents release energy as a result of accidentally producing a self-sustaining fission chain reaction. If these occur during hands-on operations the results can be lethal to worker within about 4.6 m (15 ft.) of the accident. There have been 22 process criticality accidents in the world between 1953 and 1999 resulting in physical injury, on and off-site dose, or death. Nuclear Criticality Safety involves work by qualified persons to preclude criticality accidents and their consequences by ensuring activities with fissionable materials remain subcritical, i.e., safe, during all normal and credible abnormal conditions. This article presents information about those nuclear fuel cycle steps presenting Nuclear Criticality Safety concerns that must be considered to ensure worker and public safety is assured.