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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 1,603 records · Page 89
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2019

Generation of spiraling Bessel beams from dark/antidark Gaussian beams diffracted by a curved fork-shaped hologram

In this paper, we present a theoretical study on the generation of spiraling Bessel beams by illuminating a curved fork-shaped hologram (CFH) by spatially coherent dark/antidark Gaussian beams. The amplitude expression of the generated spiraling Bessel beam is obtained by using the framework of the Fresnel diffraction approach and by means of the stationary phase method. Numerical calculations show that upon propagating, the longitudinal intensity of the generated field reaches a threshold maximum value at a distance z{sub max}. It is demonstrated that z{sub max} increases with the increasing of the topological charge p and the order m. The result corresponding to the incident Gaussian beam diffracted by CFH is obtained as a particular case of this study.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2018

A Multi-scale Mathematical Model of Growth and Coalescence of Bubbles Beneath the Anode in an Aluminum Reduction Cell

Modeling of bubble shapes is challenging because of the wide range of length scales in aluminum reduction cells. A 3D multi-scale mathematical model was developed to understand the nucleation, growth and coalescence of bubbles beneath the anode and to investigate the transition of bubbles from the micro- to macro level. The motion of micro-bubbles is examined using the discrete bubble model (DBM) within a Lagrangian reference. An algorithm for the transition from discrete micro-bubbles to large bubbles, which are fully resolved by the volume of fluid (VOF) approach, is achieved using a user-defined function. The two-way coupling between discrete bubbles and continuous fluids is achieved by inter-phase momentum exchange. The model involves three kinds of bubble coalescence: micro-bubble coalescence is taken into account by the DBM; large bubbles swallowing up micro-bubbles are solved by the discrete-continuum transition model; the coalescence between large bubbles is handled by the VOF method. Numerical results show that the coverage and thickness of bubbles agree well with the experimental data in the literature. Bubble thickness stops increasing when the bubble elongates with the anode bottom, which is 4.0 to 4.5 mm. Meanwhile, two asymmetrical thick heads can be observed under the anode. Bubble release frequency increases with increasing current density.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Machine Learning Aided Modeling of Granular Materials: A Review

Artificial intelligence (AI) has become a buzzy word since Google’s AlphaGo beat a world champion in 2017. In the past five years, machine learning as a subset of the broader category of AI has obtained considerable attention in the research community of granular materials. This work offers a detailed review of the recent advances in machine learning-aided studies of granular materials from the particle-particle interaction at the grain level to the macroscopic simulations of granular flow. This work will start with the application of machine learning in the microscopic particle-particle interaction and associated contact models. Then, different neural networks for learning the constitutive behaviour of granular materials will be reviewed and compared. Finally, the macroscopic simulations of practical engineering or boundary value problems based on the combination of neural networks and numerical methods are discussed. We hope readers will have a clear idea of the development of machine learning-aided modelling of granular materials via this comprehensive review work.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2016

Spatial Ion Peak Compression and its Utility in Ion Mobility Spectrometry

A novel concept for ion spatial peak compression is described, and discussed primarily in the context of ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). Using theoretical and numerical methods, the effects of using non-constant (e.g., linearly varying) electric fields on ion distributions (e.g., an ion mobility peak) is evaluated both in the physical and temporal domains. The application of linearly decreasing electric field in conjunction with conventional drift field arrangements is shown to lead to a reduction in IMS physical peak width. When multiple ion packets in a selected mobility window are simultaneously subjected to such fields, there is ion packet compression, i.e., a reduction in peak widths of all species. This peak compression occurs with a modest reduction of resolution, but which can be quickly recovered as ions drift in a constant field after the compression event. Compression also yields a significant increase in peak intensities. In addition, approaches for peak compression in traveling wave IMS are also discussed. Ion mobility peak compression can be particularly useful for mitigating diffusion driven peak spreading over very long path length separations (e.g., in cyclic multi-pass arrangements), and for achieving higher S/N and IMS resolution over a selected mobility range.

Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory↗
DOE OSTI2022

Well-Balanced Second-Order Convex Limiting Technique for Solving the Serre–Green–Naghdi Equations

In this article, we introduce a numerical method for approximating the dispersive Serre–Green–Naghdi equations with topography using continuous finite elements. The method is an extension of the hyperbolic relaxation technique introduced in Guermond et al. (J Comput Phys 450:110809, 2022). It is explicit, second-order accurate in space, third-order accurate in time, and is invariant-domain preserving. It is also well balanced and parameter free. Special attention is given to the convex limiting technique when physical source terms are added in the equations. The method is verified with academic benchmarks and validated by comparison with laboratory experimental data.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2016

Shear stress- and line length-dependent screw dislocation cross-slip in FCC Ni

Screw dislocation cross-slip is important in dynamic recovery of deformed metals. A mobile screw dislocation segment can cross slip to annihilate an immobile screw dislocation segment with opposite Burgers vector, leaving excess dislocations of one kind in a crystal. Previous studies have found that the cross-slip process depends on both the local stress state and dislocation line length, yet a quantitative study of the combined effects of these two factors has not been conducted. In this work, we employ both dynamic concurrent atomistic-continuum (CAC) [L. Xiong, G. Tucker, D.L. McDowell, Y. Chen, J. Mech. Phys. Solids 59 (2011) 160–177] and molecular dynamics simulations to explore the shear stress- and line length-dependent screw dislocation cross-slip in face-centered cubic Ni. It is demonstrated that the CAC approach can accurately describe the 3-D cross-slip process at a significantly reduced computational cost, as a complement to other numerical methods. In particular, we show that the Fleischer (FL) [R.L. Fleischer, Acta Metall. 7 (1959) 134–135] type cross-slip, in which a stair-rod dislocation is involved, can be simulated in the coarse-grained domain. Our simulations show that as the applied shear stress increases, the cross-slip mechanism changes from the Friedel-Escaig (FE) [B. Escaig, J. Phys. 29 (1968) 225–239] type to the FL type. In addition, the critical shear stress for both cross-slip mechanisms depends on the dislocation line length. Moreover, the cross-slip of a screw dislocation with a length of 6.47 nm analyzed using periodic boundary conditions occurs via only the FL mechanism, whereas a longer dislocation with length of 12.94 nm can cross-slip via either the FE or FL process in Ni subject to different shear stresses.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Towards improved speed and accuracy of laser powder bed fusion simulations via representation of multiple time scales

Here, we report the result of investigations into alternative representations of the temporal evolution of the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process. In order to provide the reader with sufficient context for the following discussion, the modeling challenge and its underlying cause, as well as current attempts to provide a satisfactory solution, will be discussed. Next, the author will describe two numerical methods (multirate time integration and parallel-in-time) to better represent the temporal scales of the problem. Finally, the results of applying these methods to a two-dimensional version of the heat transfer portion of the LPBF problem will be presented, reporting on both convergence and performance behavior, which indicate the possibility of significant speedup of solution calculations (40–100 times), along with well-characterized effects on solution accuracy.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2013

A smoothed particle hydrodynamics model for droplet and film flow on smooth and rough fracture surfaces

Flow on fracture surfaces has been identified by many authors as an important flow process in unsaturated fractured rock formations. Given the complexity of flow dynamics on such small scales, robust numerical methods have to be employed in order to capture the highly dynamic interfaces and flow intermittency. In this work we present microscale free-surface flow simulations using a three-dimensional multiphase Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) code. Pairwise solid-fluid and fluid-fluid interaction forces are used to control the wetting behavior and cover a wide range of static and transient contact angles as well as Reynolds numbers encountered in droplet flow on rock surfaces. We validate our model via comparison with existing empirical and semi-analyical solutions for droplet flow. We use the model to investigate the occurence of adsorbed trailing films of droplets under various flow conditions and its importance for the flow dynamics when films and droplets coexist. We show that flow velocities are higher on prewetted surfaces covered by a thin film which is qualitatively attributed to the enhanced dynamic wetting and dewetting at the trailing and advancing contact line.

unsaturated flow, fractured rocks, smoothed partic↗
DOE OSTI2018

Pore scale study of multiphase multicomponent reactive transport during CO 2 dissolution trapping

Solubility trapping is crucial for permanent CO 2 sequestration in deep saline aquifers. For the first time, a pore-scale numerical method is developed to investigate coupled scCO 2 -water two-phase flow, multicomponent (CO 2 (aq), H + , HCO 3 – , CO 3 2 – and OH – ) mass transport, heterogeneous interfacial dissolution reaction, and homogeneous dissociation reactions. Pore-scale details of evolutions of multiphase distributions and concentration fields are presented and discussed. Time evolutions of several variables including averaged CO 2 (aq) concentration, scCO 2 saturation, and pH value are analyzed. Specific interfacial length, an important variable which cannot be determined but is required by continuum models, is investigated in detail. Mass transport coefficient or efficient dissolution rate is also evaluated. The pore-scale results show strong non-equilibrium characteristics during solubility trapping due to non-uniform distributions of multiphase as well as slow mass transport process. Complicated coupling mechanisms between multiphase flow, mass transport and chemical reactions are also revealed. Lastly, effects of wettability are also studied. The pore-scale studies provide deep understanding of non-linear non-equilibrium multiple physicochemical processes during CO 2 solubility trapping processes, and also allow to quantitatively predict some important empirical relationships, such as saturation-interfacial surface area, for continuum models.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2015

From Bessel beam to complex-source-point cylindrical wave-function

This investigation shows that a scalar Bessel beam can be transformed into the non-paraxial complex-source-point cylindrical wave (CSPCW). High-order CSPCW solutions, termed here high-order quasi-Gaussian cylindrical beams, which exactly satisfy the Helmholtz equation, are derived analytically. Moreover, partial-derivatives of the high-order CSPCW solutions satisfy the Helmholtz equation. In addition, the CSPCW solutions satisfy the nonrelativistic Schrödinger equation within standard quantum mechanics, thus, the results can be used in the description of elementary particle/matter motion and related applications in quantum scattering theory. Furthermore, the analysis is extended to the case of vector beams in which the components of the electromagnetic (EM) field are obtained based on different polarizations of the magnetic and electric vector potentials, which exactly satisfy Maxwell’s vectorial equations and Lorenz’ gauge condition. An attractive feature of the high-order solutions is the rigorous description of strongly focused (or strongly divergent) cylindrical wave-fields without any approximations, nor the need for numerical methods. Possible applications are in beam-forming design using high-aperture or collimated cylindrical laser/electron quasi-Gaussian beams in imaging microscopy, particle manipulation, optical tweezers, and the study of the scattering, and radiation forces on objects. - Highlights: • Bessel beam is transformed into the non-paraxial cylindrical complex-source-point. • Exact high-order tightly focused solutions are derived without any approximations. • The exact solutions also satisfy the nonrelativistic Schrödinger equation. • Electromagnetic beams are obtained as solutions of Maxwell’s vectorial equations. • Applications are in laser/electron beam imaging, tweezers, and radiation force.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2021

Hilbert-space fragmentation, multifractality, and many-body localization

Investigating many-body localization (MBL) using exact numerical methods is limited by the exponential growth of the Hilbert space. However, localized eigenstates display multifractality and only extend over a vanishing fraction of the Hilbert space. Here, building on this remarkable property, we develop a simple yet efficient decimation scheme to discard the irrelevant parts of the Hilbert space of the random-field Heisenberg chain. This leads to a Hilbert space fragmentation in small clusters, allowing to access larger systems at strong disorder. The MBL transition is quantitatively predicted, together with a geometrical interpretation of MBL multifractality as a shattering of the Hilbert space.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2021

Relativistic levels of mesic atoms

We revisit the derivation of the covariant two-body scalar-fermion equation with a Coulomb interaction, presented in a previous paper. We show that it can be given the formal aspect of a Dirac equation, but for the fact that the eigenvalue is also contained in one of the coefficients and thus it is not linearly included. The discussion of the boundary value problem is therefore different, although some properties of the Dirac equation can be recovered in an approximation bringing back to the concept of reduced mass. We discuss a mixed analytic-numerical method of solution which allows to obtain very accurate results and we calculate the lowest levels, states and QED corrections for pionic and kaonic atoms.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2025

Development of a conduction-based model for analyzing frozen startup of alkali-metal heat pipes

One key area of interest in heat pipe modeling/simulation is to analyze the startup behavior of the liquid-metal heat pipes (LMHPs) from a frozen state. This so-called ‘frozen startup’ process involves a complex set of nonlinear mass and heat transport phenomena, including phase transitions from solid to liquid and vapor, multiphase interactions, microporous wick flow, and compressible vapor dynamics. The complexity of these processes makes it challenging to simulate LMHP’s frozen startup using conventional numerical methods or commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software. This paper presents a simplified conduction-based modeling approach that can provide practical insights into the entire LMHP frozen startup process, while alleviating the challenges of modeling its complex physics. The theoretical foundation and physical assumptions of the proposed model are based solely on heat-conduction equation, allowing for a more tractable simulation without sacrificing essential physical accuracy. The proposed model was implemented in a commercial CFD software, and its prediction was compared with the experimental data obtained from sodium heat-pipe startup experiments. The comparison highlights the proposed model's ability to capture the transient thermal behavior of LMHP during frozen startup. This study not only validates the conduction-based frozen startup modeling method but also shows its potential as a practical and efficient tool for understanding the startup performance of the LMHP systems.

Microreactor↗
DOE OSTI2025

Advantages of the Samarskii-type schemes on the Shishkin mesh

The schemes of the Samarskii type are simple modifications of the upwind scheme. We use them on the Shishkin mesh and discuss their advantages over the upwind scheme when applied to the linear one-dimensional singularly perturbed convection–diffusion problem. One of the advantages is that the Samarskii-type schemes have exact first-order accuracy uniform in the perturbation parameter, as opposed to the upwind scheme which is almost first-order uniformly accurate because its accuracy is diminished by logarithmic factors. Although this is not a new result, we re-emphasize it in the paper. We also demonstrate another advantage, that the Samarskii-type schemes are almost second-order uniformly accurate on the layer component of the solution. Motivated by this fact, we present a further improvement of the numerical method.

Convection–diffusion↗
DOE OSTI2017

Coupling of chemical kinetics and thermodynamics for simulations of leaching of cement paste in ammonium nitrate solution

A novel numerical method is proposed in this paper to model the leaching of various types of cement pastes in the ammonium nitrate solution by coupling chemical kinetics with chemical thermodynamics. Arrhenius equation and Eyring equation are applied to predict the rate constant of fast dissolution of portlandite in the ammonium nitrate, and a modified rate law is developed by incorporating the saturation ratio of the reaction. The estimations of leached depths from the proposed method comply with the well-known square root-time relationship and they also agree well with the reported experimental results. Moreover, the evolutions of porosity and major hydrate compositions during leaching are obtained. It is found that a simple linear relation exists for the acceleration factor of leaching in 6 M of ammonium nitrate with respect to leaching in pure water regardless of the type of the cement clinker. - Highlights: • Chemical kinetics and thermodynamics are coupled to simulate the accelerated leaching. • The proposed method generates good estimations for leached depths and changes of porosity. • The proposed method can predict the detailed distributions of all the major cement hydrates. • A simple linear relation exists for predicting the widely scattered acceleration factors.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Effect of plasticity on the experimental characterization of the creep property of a cement paste: Spherical vs. conical microindentation

Microindentation is today a powerful tool for rapidly characterizing the elastic modulus and the logarithmic basic creep of a cement paste. However, a theoretical work proved that a microindentation test with a sharp indenter shape involves stress concentration and delayed plasticity which can cause an overestimation of the estimated creep property. This work aims at experimentally investigating the effect of the shape indenter on the identification of the visco-elastic property of a cement paste by microindentation. First, several microindentation grids were carried out on a cement paste with both a Berkovich indenter and a spherical indenter at different penetration depths or load levels for load control (creep) tests or displacement control (relaxation) tests, respectively. As for a visco-elastic material the duality principle between creep and relaxation holds, a numerical method was developed for predicting the relaxation response from the assumed logarithmic creep compliance. The present results show that only spherical microindentation satisfy the duality principle for which creep and relaxation response can be predicted by a unique logarithmic creep compliance function. Finally, spherical microindentation creep tests at low load as well as spherical microindentation relaxation tests provide a greater indentation modulus M and contact creep modulus C{sub v} as likely less affected by possible plasticity effects.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Experimental measurements of gas-particle flows in large-scale strippers

Measurements of gas–solid particle flow in a large-scale stripper unit are reported. The experiments target industrial (pilot) scale measurements of gas-particle flow that can be used to validate numerical methods for modeling multiphase flows, such as computational fluid dynamics coupled to the discrete element method (CFD-DEM). Specifically, experiments were performed with Geldart Group B (533 µm) glass beads in a stripper unit. In general, previous CFD-DEM validation datasets were performed in benchtop experimental systems and limited to O(10 5 ) particles. Here, in this work, the number of particles in the isolated section of the stripper is O(10 7 ) for all tests. Measurements are reported for a ~2 m tall section of the ~1 m diameter stripper. Radial mass flux profiles measured at five axial positions and three axial pressure drop measurements are reported for six operating conditions.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗