Industrial laser welding: An evaluation
Report describes 10-kW laser welding system, designed to weld large structures made from 1/4-inch and 1/2-inch aluminum (2219) and D6AC steel.
Hella, R.↗
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Analysis of thermal stresses and metal movement during welding. I - Analytical study
This is the first part of a study of thermal stresses and metal movement during welding. This part discusses analysis of two-dimensional thermal stresses and metal movement during bead-on-plate and butt welding. A finite-element formulation has been derived, based on the variational principle. The formulation includes temperature dependence of material properties as well as the yield criterion.
Muraki, T.↗
Welding vacuum jacketed piping at the Kennedy Space Center
The present work describes fabrication, welding, and repair procedures and specifications for the vacuum jacketed piping used for conveying cryogenic fuels at space vehicle launch sites. The weld inspection procedures are described, and some examples of modifications of the piping are presented.
Clautice, W. E.↗
Simplified explosive-weld evaluation
Weld surfaces, coated with commercially available molybdenum disulfide, allow visual inspection of significant indications of bond quality. Process reduces number of trial welds, making explosive bonding more competitive.
Mclarty, D. M.↗
Wetting agent for stud welding
Easily-formulated detergent solution (aromatic polyglycolether) lowers cost and increases quality of aluminum stud welds made by capacitor-discharge welding.
Green, C. L.↗
Adaptive control for weld skate
Modified weld state is more mechanically stabel and welding speed error is reduced. Constant torch-tip travel rate is maintained even with curbed work surfaces.
Ives, R. E.↗
Inspection tool for butt-welded tubing
Inspection tool for tubing consists of metal casing housing elastic collar. Collar is clamped around weld site under test. Leakage through weld is contained within chamber and is bled to detector via tubing attached to fitting. Tool, originally designed to detect fluid leakage in tubing, can be used to detect gas leaks.
Horman, D. P.↗
Arc-starting aid for GTA welding
Three-in-one handtool combining arc-gap gage, electrode tip sander, and electrode projection gate, effectively improves initiation on gas tungsten arc (GTA), automatic skate-welding machines. Device effects ease in polishing electrode tips and setting exactly initial arc gap before each weld pass.
Whiffen, E. L.↗
Investigations for the improvement of space shuttle main engine electron beam welding equipment
Progress made in the testing, evaluation, and correction of MSFC's 7.5 kW electron beam welder in support of space shuttle main engine component welding is summarized. The objective of this project was to locate and correct the deficiencies in the welder. Some 17 areas were deficient in the 7.5 kW ERI welding system and the associated corrective action was taken to improve its operational performance. An overall improvement of 20 times the original reliability was obtained at full rated capacity after the modifications were made.
Smock, R. A.↗
The use of ion beam cleaning to obtain high quality cold welds with minimal deformation
A variation of cold welding is described which utilizes an ion beam to clean mating surfaces prior to joining in a vacuum environment. High quality solid state welds were produced with minimal deformation.
Sater, B. L.↗
Push test for switch welds
Pencil-like tool that applies low predetermined force, may be used to individually test switch welds for identification of poor or marginal welds without harming good ones.
Torborg, C. J.↗
Ultrasonic grating checks electron-beam welds
Remote inspection technique uses reflectance of ultrasonic waves from machined steps in root area of electron beam welds to indicate sound or faulty welds.
Mitchell, H. A.↗
Fixture for limited-access welding
Fixture consisting of screw-on expansion clamps and backup bar aligns edges of plates for precision butt welding. Tool holds plates securely, without offset, and allows welding and clamp disassembly to be completed when there is access from only one side of structure.
Tryon, J. R.↗
Study of austenitic stainless steel welded with low alloy steel filler metal
The tensile and impact strength properties of 316L stainless steel plate welded with low alloy steel filler metal were determined. Tests were conducted at room temperature and -100 F on standard test specimens machined from as-welded panels of various chemical compositions. No significant differences were found as the result of variations in percentage chemical composition on the impact and tensile test results. The weldments containing lower chromium and nickel as the result of dilution of parent metal from the use of the low alloy steel filler metal corroded more severely in a marine environment. The use of a protective finish, i.e., a nitrile-based paint containing aluminum powder, prevented the corrosive attack.
Burns, F. A.↗
The use of ion beam cleaning to obtain high quality cold welds with minimal deformation
This paper describes a variation of cold welding which utilizes an ion beam to clean mating surfaces prior to joining in a vacuum environment. High quality solid state welds were produced with minimal deformation. Due to experimental fixture limitation in applying pressure work has been limited to a few low yield strength materials.
Sater, B. L.↗
X-ray technique verifies weld-root fusion
Small holes drilled along back edge of surface to be joined are filled when weld root is adequately fused. Holes 2% of thickness of material can be detected with X-rays. Absence of detectable holes indicates good weld. Procedure has been proven in production and is more reliable than conventional X-ray methods.
Kleint, R. E.↗
Method and apparatus for holding two separate metal pieces together for welding
A method of holding two separate metal pieces together for welding is described including the steps of overlapping a portion of one of the metal pieces on a portion of the other metal piece, encasing the overlapping metal piece in a compressible device, drawing the compressible device into an enclosure, and compressing a portion of the compressible device around the overlapping portions of the metal pieces for holding the metal pieces under constant and equal pressure during welding. The preferred apparatus for performing the method utilizes a support mechanism to support the two separate metal pieces in an overlapping configuration; a compressible device surrounding the support mechanism and at least one of the metal pieces, and a compressing device surrounding the compressible device for compressing the compressible device around the overlapping portions of the metal pieces, thus providing constant and equal pressure at all points on the overlapping portions of the metal pieces.
Mcclure, S. R.↗
Welding of the external tank of the Space Shuttle
Welding processes and assembly techniques used in the fabrication of the external tank of the Space Shuttle are discussed. Each external tank consists of one liquid oxygen tank and one liquid hydrogen tank connected by an intertank skirt which is mechanically assembled; the fabrication of the external tank pressure vessel involves about 36,000 linear inches of weld required to join 138 pieces of 2219 aluminum. The discussion includes several innovations, such as building domes using the 1/4 panel assembly technique, which have been used in the fabrication of the tank.
Clover, F. R., Jr.↗