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At least 1,495 records · Page 83

Development innovations for Skylab student experiments

The Skylab Student Science Program was an effort on the part of NASA and the National Science Teachers Association (NSTA) to provide the youth of America an opportunity to directly participate in space research. Students across the nation submitted proposed experiments which were scientifically evaluated by the NSTA. From the more than three thousand experiments submitted, twenty-five of the most innovative and novel experiments were selected for flight. Many of these required the development of flight hardware in order to perform the experiments aboard Skylab. The requirements placed on the hardware in terms of cost, development time, weight, volume, and crew training represented a unique challenge to the NASA engineers and scientists involved in the design, development, fabrication and testing of this hardware. To meet these stringent requirements required innovative changes in the classic Skylab approach to experiment development.

Gause, R. L.↗

Operational aspects of Skylab Student Project experiments

The activities associated with the operational aspects ot the Skylab Student Project experiments began with the participation of flight operations personnel on the National Science Teachers Association Selection Board and ended with the performance of the student experiments by the Skylab flightcrews. The operational criteria used during the compatibility analysis to determine which of the 25 national winners could be flown on board the Skylab vehicle are reviewed, the factors involved in the assignment of the experiments to Skylab missions are discussed, the activities associated with training the flightcrews in the operation of the student experiments are described, and the actual performance of the experiments during the mission and the associated ground operations in the Mission Control Center are detailed.

Macleod, J. B.↗

Skylab experiment integration overview

The complex Skylab experiment integration task entailed extensive technical interfacing and liaison. The integrator provided continuity as the experiment evolved through the major program phases. The phases included experiment proposal, experiment development, module integration testing, operations support planning, integrated systems testing, and mission support and evaluation. Skylab experiment program responsibilities are discussed along with a compatibility analysis, questions of documentation, status reviews, and aspects of design philosphy.

Schrock, S. R.↗

Fluid physics, thermodynamics, and heat transfer experiments in space

An overstudy committee was formed to study and recommend fundamental experiments in fluid physics, thermodynamics, and heat transfer for experimentation in orbit, using the space shuttle system and a space laboratory. The space environment, particularly the low-gravity condition, is an indispensable requirement for all the recommended experiments. The experiments fell broadly into five groups: critical-point thermophysical phenomena, fluid surface dynamics and capillarity, convection at reduced gravity, non-heated multiphase mixtures, and multiphase heat transfer. The Committee attempted to assess the effects of g-jitter and other perturbations of the gravitational field on the conduct of the experiments. A series of ground-based experiments are recommended to define some of the phenomena and to develop reliable instrumentation.

Dodge, F. T.↗

ANS hard X-ray experiment development program

The hard X-ray (HXX) experiment is one of three experiments included in the Dutch Astronomical Netherlands Satellite, which was launched into orbit on 30 August 1974. The overall objective of the HXX experiment is the detailed study of the emission from known X-ray sources over the energy range 1.5-30keV. The instrument is capable of the following measurements: (1) spectral content over the full energy range with an energy resolution of approximately 20% and time resolution down to 4 seconds; (2) source time variability down to 4 milliseconds; (3) silicon emission lines at 1.86 and 2.00keV; (4) source location to a limit of one arc minute in ecliptic latitude; and (5) spatial structure with angular resolution of the arc minutes. Scientific aspects of experiment, engineering design and implementation of the experiment, and program history are included.

Parsignault, D.↗

Skylab materials processing facility experiment developer's report

The development of the Skylab M512 Materials Processing Facility is traced from the design of a portable, self-contained electron beam welding system for terrestrial applications to the highly complex experiment system ultimately developed for three Skylab missions. The M512 experiment facility was designed to support six in-space experiments intended to explore the advantages of manufacturing materials in the near-zero-gravity environment of Earth orbit. Detailed descriptions of the M512 facility and related experiment hardware are provided, with discussions of hardware verification and man-machine interfaces included. An analysis of the operation of the facility and experiments during the three Skylab missions is presented, including discussions of the hardware performance, anomalies, and data returned to earth.

Parks, P. G.↗

Experiment definition studies for AMPS Spacelab

The electrical charging of the space shuttle orbiter is discussed in relation to the AMPS Spacelab payload along with an operations research technique for the selection of AMPS Spacelab experiments. Experiments proposed for AMPS include: hydromagnetic wave experiments; bistatic sounder of AMPS wake; and an artificial meteor gun. Experiment objectives and instrument functions are given for all experiments.

Liemohn, H.↗

Space Shuttle communications experiments

Experiments which are under consideration for possible flight on the Space Shuttle in the 1980's to aid in the development of new communications techniques are outlined. A millimeter wave communications experiment for the study of propagation above 10 GHz and an electromagnetic environment experiment for the characterization of fields in orbit are planned to provide information needed for effective spectrum conservation. An antenna range experiment is being studied to provide an in-orbit far-field RF signal source for measuring ground antenna patterns and gain over a wide frequency range. Additional experiments will be intended to test spacecraft technology developments, including such communications system components as large phased array antennas and solid state transmitters and receivers.

Wolff, E. A.↗

Health education telecommunications experiment

The Health/Education Telecommunications Experiment (HET) was conducted jointly by NASA and HEW on NASA's ATS-6 communications satellite. This experiment actually consisted of six experiments testing health and education applications of a communication spacecraft producing a broadcast of color television directly from space to over 120 low-cost receivers located in remote rural areas throughout the U.S. (including Alaska). The experiments were conducted over the period from 2 July 1974 to 20 May 1975 and operated on an almost daily basis. The overall telecommunications system to support these experiments consisted of many elements: The ATS-6 spacecraft; five different types of earth stations consisting of 120 video receive terminals, 51 telephony tranceivers and eight video originating terminals of three different types. Actual performance of the equipment as measured in the field was shown to equal or exceed predicted values.

Whalen, A. A.↗

Planning and operating experiment S-183 on the three Skylab missions

The Skylab vehicle from its first conception until its flight underwent several iterations. In a similar manner, the scientific experiments changed in both their physical appearance and operational mode because of the evolution of Skylab. In some cases the scientific requirements changed operational requirements of Skylab. The interactions between Skylab and the scientific experiments objectives as well as individual experiment problems are the subject of this paper. The authors use examples from the experiment S-183 (Ultraviolet Panorama) as well as examples from sophisticated groups of experiments such as the Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM). Examples of the positive aspects of the operation are indicated as well as problems, their solution, and the decision-making process. Various phases of the program are discussed and important aspects emphasized. Some general conclusions and recommendations are presented which, hopefully, will aid potential experimenters on Shuttle payloads.

Atkins, H. L.↗

Facilities and experiment results of the NASA sounding rocket program

The NASA rocket program on reduced gravity materials experiments is reported, including experimental results obtained from the single-stage Black Brant VC sounding rockets first flight and the developed equipment. The first flight was made on 11 December 1975, and nine different experiments were done in the five min of weightlessness. All systems operated satisfactorily and each experiment generated interesting results and recorded phenomena that have been reported. Each of the experiments will be flown again in modified form to obtain additional data or check unexpected results on the multiple rocket launches planned each year. General-purpose apparatus and facilities are being developed and built to allow repeated experimentation of various materials by different investigators. For example, multiple-cavity furnaces with rapid heat-up and cool-down possibilities, providing isothermal and gradient thermal profiles, will accommodate a wide variety of solidification experiments. Special hardware satisfying specific individual requirements is also being developed.

Snyder, R. S.↗

The Viking biological experiments on Mars

The three biological experiments on board the Viking Mars Landers are discussed. The gas exchange experiment provided periodic measurements of the composition and quantity of gases from Martian surface material, either in a humid or a wet nutrient sampling mode. The labeled release experiment demonstrated that adding an aqueous solution of dilute radioactive compounds to Martian material caused a rapid release of labeled gas. The results of the pyrolytic release experiment remain difficult to interpret. Data from the first two experiments suggest that oxidants (including H2O2 and iron oxide) rather than biota may account for all the observed reactions.

Klein, H. P.↗

Industrial application experiment series

The deployment of parabolic dish systems into the industrial sector for the purpose of providing users, suppliers, sponsors, and developers with a realistic assessment of system feasibility in selected near-term industrial applications will be accomplished initially through the industrial module experiment and later through additional experiments involving thermal, electric, and combined thermal and electrical systems. The approach is to progress through steps, from single module to multi-module systems, from thermal-only applications to more complex combined thermal and electric applications. The experience of other solar thermal experiments, particularly those involving parabolic dish hardware, will be utilized to the fullest extent possible in experiment planning and implementation.

Bluhm, S. A.↗

Development of display design and command usage guidelines for Spacelab experiment computer applications

Individual Spacelab experiments are responsible for developing their CRT display formats and interactive command scenarios for payload crew monitoring and control of experiment operations via the Spacelab Data Display System (DDS). In order to enhance crew training and flight operations, it was important to establish some standardization of the crew/experiment interface among different experiments by providing standard methods and techniques for data presentation and experiment commanding via the DDS. In order to establish optimum usage guidelines for the Spacelab DDS, the capabilities and limitations of the hardware and Experiment Computer Operating System design had to be considered. Since the operating system software and hardware design had already been established, the Display and Command Usage Guidelines were constrained to the capabilities of the existing system design. Empirical evaluations were conducted on a DDS simulator to determine optimum operator/system interface utilization of the system capabilities. Display parameters such as information location, display density, data organization, status presentation and dynamic update effects were evaluated in terms of response times and error rates.

Dodson, D. W.↗

Applications Technology Satellite and Communications Technology Satellite user experiments for 1967-1980 reference book. Volume 4: Abstracts

The important user experiments conducted during the fourteen year period from 1966 to 1980 are summarized. A description of each of the satellites and a brief summary of each user experiment is presented. A cross index of user experiments sorted by various parameters and a listing of keywords versus experiment number is included. The experiments are grouped by type of service offered; for example, education, health services, and data transmission. A bibliography of reports by accession number and by author is also presented. User viewpoints of the systems are presented.

Engler, N. A.↗

Review comments of shuttle-based cometary experiments

The experiments considered are in two groups: on-board experiments and overboard experiments. The on-board experiments include the determination of bulk properties and processes (within solids) and observations of exposure panels (near surface phenomena) The overboard experiments consist of analysis of gas/dust shells by observation from the shuttle and observation by sub-satellites. Experimental parameters are discussed with emphasis on work that is unique to low gravity and high vacuum environments.

Odell, C. R.↗

Atmospheric emissions photometric imaging experiment /AEPT/ for Spacelab 1

The atmospheric emissions photometric imaging experiment (AEPI) to be flown on Spacelab 1 is designed to study faint natural and artificial atmospheric emission phenomena. Optical emissions are imaged in the region 2150 A to 7320 A using a television system consisting of two optical channels, one wide-angle and one telephoto. The detection system is an image-enhanced SEC vidicon. A third optical channel images onto the photocathode of a microchannel plate photomultiplier tube that has 100 discrete anodes. Photons are counted for each discrete anode, providing a direct measure of the luminosity of an object viewed by the TV telephoto lens, albeit with low spatial resolution. The AEPI detector is mounted on a two-axis gimbal comprised of a Modified Apollo Telescope Mount Star Tracker (MAST), which provides experiment pointing over a 40-deg x 80-deg range, exclusive of restrictions due to the proximity of other experiments. The pointing stability is 1 arcmin with respect to the spacecraft coordinate system for an exposure of 1 second. The tracking capability is 3.5 deg/s with a stability of 1 arcmin. The detector and pointing system are located on the Spacelab pallet. The experiment is controlled by stored programs resident in the Dedicated Experiment Processor located in the Spacelab module.

Sandie, W. G.↗

Defining critical point experiments for a space laboratory

Three representative low-gravity experiments for a fluid near its liquid-vapor critical point are being defined. Two of these experiments require very careful measurements of properties of the fluid in thermodynamic equilibrium, while the third experiment is a series of optical observations of the phenomena which occur as a fluid is changed from one phase to two phases, either by cooling through the critical point, or by adiabatic expansion. There is concern that residual spacecraft motions may complicate the interpretation of the data from the proposed experiments. It is possible that the Spacelab environment will render certain desirable experiments impractical.

Moldover, M. R.↗