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At least 145 records · Page 8
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1982

Plane flame furnace combustion tests on JPL desulfurized coal

The combustion characteristics of three raw bituminous (PSOC-282 and 276) and subbituminous (PSOC-230) coals, the raw coals partially desulfurized (ca -60%) by JPL chlorinolysis, and the chlorinated coals more completely desulfurized (ca -75%) by JPL hydrodesulfurization were determined. The extent to which the combustion characteristics of the untreated coals were altered upon JPL sulfur removal was examined. Combustion conditions typical of utility boilers were simulated in the plane flame furnace. Upon decreasing the parent coal voltaile matter generically by 80% and the sulfur by 75% via the JPL desulfurization process, ignition time was delayed 70 fold, burning velocity was retarded 1.5 fold, and burnout time was prolonged 1.4 fold. Total flame residence time increased 2.3 fold. The JPL desulfurization process appears to show significant promise for producing technologically combustible and clean burning (low SO3) fuels.

Reuther, J. J.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Low temperature hot corrosion

The reaction of Co-Cr, Ni-Cr, Co-Cr-Al, and Ni-Cr-Al alloys with Na2SO4 in the presence of SO3 at temperatures between 700 and 750 C leads to the formation of liquid CoSO4-Na2SO4 or NiSO4-Na2SO4 deposits on the alloy surface. The formation of Cr2O3 and/or Al2O3 below this deposit results in a locally low P(O2) and a higher P(S2) and P(SO2). It is noted that these conditions can prevent protective oxide formation either by sulfide formation in the alloy, which localizes the Cr and/or Al in discrete particles, or by acid fluxing involving a reaction between Al2O3 or Cr2O3 and SO2 to form a salt-soluble species and subsequent reprecipitation as porous oxides in regions of higher P(O2). These processes may occur simultaneously, although a given alloy generally exhibits features of predominantly one type. Here, the Ni-Cr and Ni-Cr-Al alloys, and to some extent the Co-Cr alloys, exhibit features indicative of the sulfidation mechanism, whereas the morphology for the Co-Cr-Al alloy is more consistent with a predominant acid fluxing mechanism.

Chiang, K. T.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Recent developments in high temperature coatings for gas turbine airfoils

The importance of coatings for hot section airfoils has increased with the drive for more cost-effective use of fuel in a wide variety of gas turbine engines. Minor additions of silicon have been found to appreciably increase the oxidation resistance of plasma-sprayed NiCoCrAlY coatings on a single crystal nickel-base superalloy. Increasing the chromium content of MCrAlY coatings substantially increases the resistance to acidic (Na2SO4-SO3) hot corrosion at temperatures of about 1300 F (704 C) but gives no significant improvement beyond contemporary coatings in the range of 1600 F (871 C). Surface enrichment of MCrAlY coatings with silicon also gives large increases in resistance to acidic hot corrosion in the 1300 F region. The resistance to the thermal stress-induced spalling of zirconia-based thermal barrier coatings has been improved by lowering coating stresses with segmented structures and by controlling the substrate temperature during coating fabrication.

Goward, G. W.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Erosion and modification of SO2 ice by ion bombardment of the surface of Io

New measurements on the effect of slow ion bombardment of SO2 ice using Ar(+) in the 15-45 keV range are presented. Total yields for loss of SO2 are given along with the energy spectra of the ejected molecules and molecular fragments and information on the chemical changes induced by the ion bombardment. These data are used to estimate that the direct sputter ejection rate of sulfur into the Jovian plasma is of the order of 10 billion atoms/sq cm/s, that the erosion rate of fresh SO2 deposits due to sputtering is of the order of 0.001 cm/yr, and that a significant and possibly observable column density of SO3 can be produced in an SO2 front only for penetrating ion bombardment. Chemical activity occurs even in rather low-temperature SO2 ice bombardment by ions in the nuclear stopping region, and this activity is likely to increase with increasing temperature.

Johnson, R. E.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Mechanism of the atmospheric oxidation of sulfur dioxide - Catalysis by hydroxyl radicals

A flash photolysis/resonance fluorescence technique was used to investigate the decay of OH due to the reaction OH + SO2 (+M) to HOSO2 (+M). In the presence of small amounts of NO (10 to the 14th per cu cm), the decays deviated from the normal semilogarithmic linearity due to reformation of OH. On the basis of computer simulations of the decay curves, it is suggested that the reactions HOSO2 + O2 to HO2 + SO3 (k3), and HO2 + HO to OH + NO2 are the likely subsequent steps in SO2 oxidation. The upper limit for the binding energy of HOSO2 relative to OH + SO2 is estimated to be 32 kcal/mol. The atmospheric implications of a catalytic oxidation mechanism are briefly discussed.

Margitan, J. J.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Kinetics and mechanism of corrosion of SiC by molten salts

Corrosion of sintered alpha-SiC under thin films of Na2CO3/CO2, Na2SO4/O2, and Na2SO4/SO3 was investigated at 1000 C. Chemical analysis was used to follow silicate and silica evolution as a function of time. This information coupled with morphology observations leads to a detailed corrosion mechanism. In all cases the corrosion reactions occur primarily in the first few hours. In the Na2CO3/CO2 case, rapid oxidation and dissolution lead to a thick layer of silicate melt in about 0.25 h. After this, silica forms a protective layer on the carbide. In the Na2SO4/O2 case, a similar mechanism occurs. In the Na2SO4/SO3 case, a porous nonprotective layer of SiO2 grows directly on the carbide, and a silicate melt forms above this. In addition, SiO2 and regenerated Na2SO4 form at the melt/gas interface due to reaction of silicate with SO3 and SO2 + O2. The reaction slows when the lower silica layer becomes nonporous.

Jacobson, N. S.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Mechanism of Na2SO4-induced corrosion of molybdenum containing nickel-base superalloys at high temperatures. I - Corrosion in atmospheres containing O2 only. II - Corrosion in O2 + SO2 atmospheres

Kinetics of the Na2SO4-induced corrosion of the molybdenum-containing nickel-base superalloys, B-1900 and Udimet 700, coated with Na2MoO4, has been studied in oxygen atmosphere at temperatures ranging from 750 to 950 C. Because the gas turbine atmosphere always contains some SO2 and SO3, the effect of atmospheric SO2 content on corrosion of Udimet-700 has also been studied. It was found that in the O2 atmosphere the melt in the catastrophic corrosion phase consists of Na2MoO4 plus MoO3, with the onset of the catastrophic corrosion coinciding with the appearance of MoO3. In the presence of low levels of atmospheric SO2 (below 0.24 percent), the melt during catastrophic corrosion contains, in addition to Na2MoO4 and MoO3, some quantities of Na2SO4. At the levels of SO2 above 1 percent, no catastrophic corrosion was observed. At these SO2 levels, internal sulfidation appears to be the primary mode of degradation.

Misra, A. K.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Destabilization of yttria-stabilized zirconia induced by molten sodium vanadate-sodium sulfate melts

The extent of surface destabilization of ZrO2 - 8 wt percent Y2O3 ceramic disks was determined after exposure to molten salt mixtures of sodium sulfate containing up to 15 mole percent sodium metavanadate (NaVO3) at 1173 K. The ceramic surface was observed to transform from the cubic/tetragonal to monoclinic phase, concurrent with chemical changes in the molten salt layer in contact with the ceramic. Significant attack rates were observed in both pure sulfate and metavanadate sulfate melts. The rate of attack was found to be quite sensitive to the mole fraction of vanadate in the molten salt solution and the partial pressure of sulfur trioxide in equilibrium with the salt melt. The observed parabolic rate of attack is interpreted to be caused by a reaction controlled by diffusion in the salt that penetrates into the porous layer formed by the destabilization. The parabolic rate constant in mixed sodium metavanadate - sodium sulfate melts was found to be proportional to the SO3 partial pressure and the square of the metavanadate concentration. In-situ Raman spectroscopic measurements allowed simultaneous observations of the ceramic phases and salt chemistry during the attack process.

Nagelberg, A. S.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Sodium sulfate - Deposition and dissolution of silica

The hot-corrosion process for SiO2-protected materials involves deposition of Na2SO4 and dissolution of the protective SiO2 scale. Dew points for Na2SO4 deposition are calculated as a function of pressure, sodium content, and sulfur content. Expected dissolution regimes for SiO2 are calculated as a function of Na2SO4 basicity. Controlled-condition burner-rig tests on quartz verify some of these predicted dissolution regimes. The basicity of Na2SO4 is not always a simple function of P(SO3). Electrochemical measurements of an (Na2O) show that carbon creates basic conditions in Na2SO4, which explains the extensive corrosion of SiO2-protected materials containing carbon, such as SiC.

Jacobson, Nathan S.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Implications for volcanogenic volatile release on the weathering of Mars

Volcanism on Mars has been widespread in both space and time. Notwithstanding important specific differences between the mantles of Earth and Mars, the similarities are such that the suite of gases emitted from martian volcanic activity surely includes gases such as H2O, CO2, S-containing gases (H2S, SO3, or SO2), and Cl-containing gases (e.g. Cl or HCl). Both H2O and CO2 are present in the atmosphere of Mars; both are also present as surface condensates. Spectroscopic observations of the martian atmosphere clearly show that the S- and Cl-containing gases are severely depleted. Likewise, there is no evidence of surface condensates of compounds of these elements. Within the soil, there is direct evidence of incorporation of H2O and some compounds of sulfur and chlorine. None of the resultant weathering products have been directly identified, but both clays and salts have been indirectly implicated. Other aspects of the implications for volcanogenic volatile release on the weathering of Mars are discussed.

Clark, Benton C.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Projectile-target mixing in melted ejecta formed during a hypervelocity impact cratering event

Tektites contain little to no projectile contamination while, in contrast, some distal ejecta deposits can be relatively projectile-rich (e.g. the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary clay). This compositional difference motivated an experimental study of hypervelocity target-projectile mixing processes. We hope to scale up the results from these experiments and apply them to terrestrial impact structures like the Chicxulub Crater, Yucutan, Mexico, the leading contender as the site for the impact that caused the mass extinction that marks the K-T boundary. Shock decomposition of the approximately 500m thickness of anhydrite, or greater thickness of limestone, in the target rocks at Chicxulub may have been a critical mechanism for either global cooling via SO3, and subsequently H2SO4, formation, or possibly, global warming via increased CO2 formation. Understanding target-projectile mixing processes during hypervelocity impact may permit more accurate estimates of the amount of potentially toxic, target-derived material reaching stratospheric heights.

Evans, Noreen Joyce↗
NASA NTRS1993

Shock-induced devolatization of calcium sulfate and implications for K-T extinctions

Calcium sulfate devolatization during the impact at Chicxulub, Mexico and dispersal in the stratosphere of the resultant sulfuric acid aerosol have been suggested as a possible mechanism for the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinctions. In this paper, we investigated two shock-induced devolatization reactions of calcium sulfate up to 42 GPa in the laboratory: CaSO4 + SiO2 yields CaSiO3 + SO3(degassed) and CaSO4 yields CaO + SO2(degassed) + 1/2 O2(degassed). We found both to proceed to a much less extent than calculated by equilibrium thermodynamic calculations. Reaction products are found to be 10(exp -2) times those calculated for equilibrium. Consequently our estimate of the amount of sulfur oxides degassed into the atmosphere from shock devolatization of CaS04 in the Chicxulub lithographic section (6x10(exp 15)-2x10(exp 16)g in sulfur mass) is lower by a factor of 70 to 400 than previous estimates; the related environmental stress arising from the resultant global cooling of approximately 4 K and fallout of acid rain does not appear to suffice to explain the widespread K-T extinctions.

Chen, Guangqing↗
NASA NTRS1993

Fourier transform-infrared studies of thin H2SO4/H2O films: Formation, water uptake, and solid-liquid phase changes

Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to examine films representative of stratospheric sulfuric acid aerosols. Thin films of sulfuric acid were formed in situ by the condensed phase reaction of SO3 with H2O. FTIR spectra show that the sulfuric acid films absorb water while cooling in the presence of water vapor. Using stratospheric water pressures, the most dilute solutions observed were greater than 40 wt % before simultaneous ice formation and sulfuric acid freezing occurred. FTIR spectra also revealed that the sulfuric acid films crystallized mainly as sulfuric acid tetrahydrate (SAT). Crystallization occurred either when the composition was about 60 wt% H2SO4 or after ice formed on the films at temperatures 1-4 K below the ice frost point. Finally, we determined that the melting point for SAT depended on the background water pressure and was 216-219 K in the presence of 4 x 10(exp -4) Torr H2O. Our results suggest that once frozen, sulfuric acid aerosols in the stratosphere are likely to melt at these temperatures, 30 K colder than previously thought.

Middlebrook, Ann M.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Impact winter and the Cretaceous/Tertiary extinctions: Results of a Chicxulub asteroid impact model

The Chicxulub impact crater in Mexico is the site of the impact purported to have caused mass extinctions at the Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary. 2-D hydrocode modeling of the impact, coupled with studies of the impact site geology, indiate that between 0.4 and 7.0 x 10(exp 17) g of sulfur were vaporized by the impact into anhydrite target rocks. A small portion of the sulfur was released as SO3 or SO4, which converted rapidly into H2SO4 aerosol and fell as acid rain. A radiative transfer model, coupled with a model of coagulation indicates that the aerosol prolonged the initial blackout period caused by impact dust only if the aerosol contained impurities. A larger portion of sulfur was released as SO2, which converted to aerosol slowly, due to the rate-limiting oxidation of SO2. Our radiative transfer calculations, combined with rates of acid production, coagulation, and diffusion indicate that solar transmission was reduced to 10-20% of normal for a period of 8-13 yr. This reduction produced a climate forcing (cooling) of -300 W/sq.m, which far exceeded the +8 W/sq.m greenhouse warming, caused by the CO2 released through the vaporization of carbonates, and therefore produced a decade of freezing and near-freezing temperatures. Several decades of moderate warming followed the decade of severe cooling due to the long residence time of CO2. The prolonged impact winter may have been a major cause of the K/T extinctions.

Pope, Kevin O.↗
NASA NTRS1997

The Kinetic Nonequilibrium Processes in the Internal Flow and in the Plume of Subsonic and Supersonic Aircrafts

(1) Our results show that under combustion of thermal destruction products of n-C8H18, and other hydrocarbon fuels with air at the equivalent ratio -0.5 and less the chemical equilibrium is not realized at the exit plane of combustion chamber and in the gas turbine and nozzle for most of small components such as NO2, NO3, HNO, HNO2, HNO3, N(x)H(y), HO2, OH. The chemical equilibrium is not realized in the internal flow of ramjet hydrogen combustion engine too. So at the nozzle exit plane both of gas-turbine hydrocarbon combustion engine and of ramjet hydrogen combustion engine the relatively large values of concentration of such small components as NO3, HNO2, N2O, HNO3, HNO, NH, N2H, HO2, H2O2 may be realized. The exact definition of these component concentration as well as concentration of NO(x), OH, SO2, O, H, H2, H2O at the nozzle exit plane is very important for plume chemistry. (2) The results which were obtained for subsonic and hypersonic aircrafts indicate on the considerable change of the composition of the gas mixture along the plume. This change can be caused not only by the mixture of combustion products with the atmosphere air but by proceeding of whole complex of nonequilibrium photochemical reactions. The photodissociation processes begin to influence on the formation of the free atoms and radicals at flight altitude H greater than or equal to 18 km. Neglect of these processes can result in essential (up to 10(exp 4) times) mistakes of values gamma(sub OH), gamma(sub O), gamma(sub H), gamma(sub HSO3) and some products of CFC's disintegration. It was found that penetration of Cl-containing species from the atmosphere into the exhaust flow and its interaction with nitrogen oxides leads to essential increasing of the concentration of Cl, Cl2, ClO2, ClNO3, CH3Cl and sometimes HCl and the decreasing of ClO concentration by comparison with background values. The results of our analysis show that the plume aircraft with both hydrocarbon and hydrogen combustion engine may be source of various pollutant components such as HNO, HNO4,ClO2, CH3NO2, CH3NO3, CH2O, Cl, H2O2, but not only NO, NO2, HNO2, HNO3, N2O5, SO2, SO3, H2SO4 as it was supposed before.

Starik, Alexander M.↗
NASA NTRS1997

Global Troposphere Experiment Project

For the Global Troposphere Experiment project Pacific Exploratory Measurements West B (PEM West B), we made determinations of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and dimethyl sulfide (DMS) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with isotopically labelled internal standards. This technique provides measurements with precision of 1 part-per-trillion by volume below 20 pptv and 1% above 20 pptv. Measurement of DMS and SO2 were performed with a time cycle of 5-6 minutes with intermittent zero checks. The detection limits were about 1 pptv for SO2 and 2 pptv for DMS. Over 700 measurements of each compound were made in flight. Volcanic impacts on the upper troposphere were again found as a result of deep convection in the tropics. Extensive emission of SO2 from the Pacific Rim land masses were primarily observed in the lower well-mixed part of the boundary layer but also in the upper part of the boundary layer. Analyses of the SO2 data with aerosol sulfate, beryllium-7, and lead-210 indicated that SO2, contributed to half or more of the observed total oxidized sulfur (SO2 plus aerosol sulfate) in free tropospheric air. Cloud processing and rain appeared to be responsible for lower SO2 levels between 3 and 8.5 km than above or below this region. During both phases of PEM-West, dimethyl sulfide did not appear to be a major source of sulfur dioxide in the upper free troposphere over the western Pacific Ocean. In 1991 the sources Of SO2 at high altitude appeared to be both anthropogenic and volcanic with an estimated 1% being solely from DMS. The primary difference for the increase in the DMS source was the very low concentration of SO2 at high altitude. In the midlatitude region near the Asian land masses, DMS in the mixed layer was lower than in the tropical region of the western Pacific. Convective cloud systems near volcanoes in the tropical convergence in the western Pacific troposphere were a major source of SO2 at high altitudes during PEM-West B. High levels of SO2 were observed in several instances with large number concentrations of ultrafine CN above 9 km in the tropical convergence zone. Conversion of SO2, by OH to SO3 and subsequently to sulfuric acid may have been enhanced by lightning-produced NO levels exceeding 1 part per billion. Coupling of strong convection and volcanic sources of SO2 apparently is an important source of new particle formation at high altitude in the tropical convergence zone.

Bandy, Alan R.↗
NASA NTRS1998

Engine Gaseous, Aerosol Precursor and Particulated Flight Altitude Conditions

The overall objective of the NASA Atmospheric Effects of Aviation Project (AEAP) is to develop scientific bases for assessing atmospheric impacts of the exhaust emissions by both current and future fleets of subsonic and supersonic aircraft. Among the six primary elements of the AEAP is Emissions Characterization. The objective of the Emission Characterization effort is to determine the exhaust emission constituents and concentrations at the engine exit plane. The specific objective of this engine test is to obtain a database of gaseous and particulate emissions as a function of fuel sulfur and engine operating conditions. The database of the particulate emission properties is to be used as a comparative baseline with subsequent flight measurement. The engine used in this test was a Pratt & Whitney F1OO-200E turbofan engine. Aviation fuel (Jet A) with a range of fuel sulfur was used. Low and high sulfur values are limited by commercially available fuels and by fuel specification limits of O.3% by weight. Test matrix was set by parametrically varying the combustor inlet temperature (T(sub 3) between idle and maximum power setting at simulated SLS and up to five other altitudes for each fuel. Four diagnostic systems, extractive and non-intrusive, were assembled for the gaseous and particulate emissions characterization measurements study. NASA extractive system includes smoke meter and analyzers for measurement of CO, CO2, NO, NOx, O2, total unburnt hydrocarbons (THC), and SO2. Particulate emissions were characterized by University of Missouri-Rolla Mobile Aerosol Sampling System. A chemical ionization mass spectrometer from the Air Force Research Laboratory at Hanscom AFB was used to measure SO2 and HNO3. Aerodyne Research. Inc. used infrared tunable diode laser absorption to measure SO2, SO3, NO, H2O and CO2.

Wey, C. C.↗
NASA NTRS1997

Chemical Schemes for Surface Modification of Icy Satellites: A Road Map

The icy Galilean satellites of Jupiter are subject to magnetospheric plasma ion bombardment, which induces chemical changes within the ice. The possible detection of CO2 on the surface of Ganymede by the Galileo spacecraft makes for a more complicated chemistry and increases the number of chemical compounds that may then be present. We outline chemical schemes for the irradiation of pure and mixed ices H2O/CO2 and suggest species which observers may detect on Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto, such as C3O2, H2CO3, H2O2, CO3, HO2, CO, H2CO, CH2CO, as well as K2O, KOH, and SO3, from plasma implantation. Column abundances of compounds in the ice are calculated using a specified energy input and G values (yield per 100 eV).

Delitsky, Mona L.↗