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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 145 records · Page 8
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2016

Characterization of phase properties and deformation in ferritic-austenitic duplex stainless steels by nanoindentation and finite element method

The phase properties and deformation behavior of the δ–ferrite and γ–austenite phases of CF–3 and CF–8 cast duplex stainless steels were characterized by nanoindentation and microstructure-based finite element method (FEM) models. We evaluated the elastic modulus of each phase and the results indicate that the mean elastic modulus of the δ–ferrite phase is greater than that of the γ–austenite phase, and the mean nanoindentation hardness values of each phase are approximately the same. Furthermore, the elastic FEM model results illustrate that greater von Mises stresses are located within the δ–ferrite phase, while greater von Mises strains are located in the γ–austenite phase in response to elastic deformation. The elastic moduli calculated by FEM agree closely with those measured by tensile testing. Finally, the plastically deformed specimens exhibit an increase in misorientation, deformed grains, and subgrain structure formation as measured by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD).

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1973

Elastic properties of granular materials under uniaxial compaction cycles

Data on andesitic and basaltic sands are presented showing compressional sound velocity, density, and creep as functions of uniaxial loading through several compaction cycles. Maximum pressures over which acoustic measurements were made were in the range from 600 to 700 bars. The dynamic elastic modulus varies with pressure in a manner analogous to that of a static elastic modulus defined by small pressure perturbations on a typical compaction cycle. After several compaction cycles, two compressional elastic moduli apparently exist at low pressure (thus two modes of compressional wave propagation through the samples are indicated). The elastic moduli observations are briefly discussed in terms of a general expression for compressibility.

Warren, N.↗
DOE OSTI2016

Stiff and Transparent Multilayer Thin Films Prepared Through Hydrogen-Bonding Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Graphene and Polymer [Super Stiff and Highly Transparent Multilayer Thin Films Prepared through Hydrogen-Bonding Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Graphene and Polymer]

Due to their exceptional orientation of 2D nanofillers, layer–by–layer (LbL) assembled polymer/graphene oxide thin films exhibit unmatched mechanical performance relative to any conventionally produced counterparts with similar composition. Unprecedented mechanical property improvement, by replacing graphene oxide with pristine graphene, is demonstrated in this work. Polyvinylpyrrolidone–stabilized graphene platelets are alternately deposited with poly(acrylic acid) using hydrogen bonding assisted LbL assembly. Transmission electron microscopy imaging and the Halpin–Tsai model are used to demonstrate, for the first time, that intact graphene can be processed from water to generate polymer nanocomposite thin films with simultaneous parallel–alignment, high packing density, and exfoliation. A multilayer thin film with only 3.9 vol% of highly exfoliated, and structurally intact graphene, increases the elastic modulus (E) of a polymer multilayer thin film by 322% (from 1.41 to 4.81 GPa), while maintaining visible light transmittance of ≈90%. This is one of the greatest improvements in elastic modulus ever reported for a graphene–filled polymer nanocomposite with a glassy (E > 1 GPa) matrix. In conclusion, the technique described here provides a powerful new tool to improve nanocomposite properties (mechanical, gas transport, etc.) that can be universally applied to a variety of polymer matrices and 2D nanoplatelets.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

A microstructure-guided constitutive modeling approach for random heterogeneous materials: Application to structural binders

This paper presents a microstructure-guided modeling approach to predict the effective elastic response of heterogeneous materials, and demonstrates its application toward two highly heterogeneous, uncon- ventional structural binders, i.e., iron carbonate and fly ash geopolymer. Microstructural information from synchrotron X-ray tomography (XRT) and intrinsic elastic properties of component solid phases from statistical nanoindentation are used as the primary inputs. The virtual periodic 3D microstructure reconstructed using XRT, along with periodic boundary conditions is used as a basis for strain- controlled numerical simulation scheme in the linear elastic range to predict the elastic modulus as well as the stresses in the microstructural phases. The elastic modulus of the composite material predicted from the microstructure-based constitutive modeling approach correlates very well with experimental measurements for both the materials considered. This technique efficiently links the microstructure to mechanical properties of interest and helps develop material design guidelines for novel heterogeneous composites

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1976

Diamagnetic studies on as-processed carbon fibers

The Faraday method has been used to measure the diamagnetic susceptibilities of small bundles of aligned carbon fibers of different types at room temperature. It was found that the tensor trace susceptibility of the fibers varies systematically over the range 0.8-20 (in units of -10 to the -6th emu/g) as a function of precursor type and processing history. The susceptibility increases, in general, with increasing nominal treatment temperature and hot stretching, and with increasing tensile elastic modulus. The anisotropy ratio of fibers increases approximately linearly with tensile elastic modulus for all fibers from about 1 for a modulus of about 70 GN/sq m to about 22 for a modulus of 700 GN/sq m in air, and is quantitatively consistent with the layer-plane orientation textures determined by X-ray diffraction when appropriate values of the crystallite principal susceptibilities are used.

Scott, C. B.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Elastohydrodynamic lubrication of elliptical contacts

The determination of the minimum film thickness within contact is considered for both fully flooded and starved conditions. A fully flooded conjunction is one in which the film thickness is not significantly changed when the amount of lubricant is increased. The fully flooded results presented show the influence of contact geometry on minimum film thickness as expressed by the ellipticity parameter and the dimensionless speed, load, and materials parameters. These results are applied to materials of high elastic modulus (hard EHL), such as metal, and to materials of low elastic modulus(soft EHL), such as rubber. In addition to the film thickness equations that are developed, contour plots of pressure and film thickness are given which show the essential features of elastohydrodynamically lubricated conjunctions. The crescent shaped region of minimum film thickness, with its side lobes in which the separation between the solids is a minimum, clearly emerges in the numerical solutions. In addition to the 3 presented for the fully flooded results, 15 more cases are used for hard EHL contacts and 18 cases are used for soft EHL contacts in a theoretical study of the influence of lubricant starvation on film thickness and pressure. From the starved results for both hard and soft EHL contacts, a simple and important dimensionless inlet boundary distance is specified. This inlet boundary distance defines whether a fully flooded or a starved condition exists in the contact. Contour plots of pressure and film thickness in and around the contact are shown for conditions.

Hamrock, B. J.↗
DOE OSTI2013

Direction on characterization of fuel debris for defueling process in Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station

For the decommissioning of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (1F), defueling of the fuel debris in the reactor core of Units 1-3 is planned to start within 10 years. Preferential items in the characterization of the fuel debris were identified for this work, in which the procedure and handling tools were assumed on the basis of information on 1F and experience after the Three Mile Island Unit 2 (TMI-2) accident. The candidates for defueling tools for 1F were selected from among the TMI- 2 defueling tools. It was found that they could be categorized into six groups according to their operating principles. The important properties of the fuel debris for defueling were selected considering the effect of the target materials on the tool performance. The selected properties are shape, size, density, thermal conductivity, heat capacity, melting point, hardness, elastic modulus, and fracture toughness. Of these properties, the mechanical properties (hardness, elastic modulus, fracture toughness) were identified as preferential items, because too few data on these characteristics of fuel debris are available in past severe accident studies. (authors)

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Graphite Microstructural Characterization Using Time-Domain and Correlation-Based Ultrasonics

Among techniques that have been used to determine elastic modulus in nuclear graphites, ultrasonic methods have enjoyed wide use and standards using contacting piezoelectric tranducers have been developed to ensure repeatability of these types of measurements. However, the use of couplants and the pressures used to effectively couple transducers to samples can bias measurements and produce results that are not wholly related to the properties of the graphite itself. In this work, we have investigated the use of laser ultrasonic methods for making elastic modulus measurements in nuclear graphites. These methods use laser-based transmitters and receivers to gather data and do not require use of ultrasonic couplants or mechanical contact with the sample. As a result, information directly related to the elastic responses of graphite can be gathered even if the graphite is porous, brittle and compliant. In particular, we have demonstrated the use of laser ultrasonics for the determination of both Young’s modulus and shear modulus in a range of nuclear graphites including those that are being considered for use in future nuclear reactors. These results have been analyzed to assess the contributions of porosity and microcracking to the elastic responses of these graphites. Laser-based methods have also been used to assess the moduli of NBG-18 and IG-110 where samples of each grade were oxidized to produce specific changes in porosity. These data were used to develop new models for the elastic responses of nuclear graphites and these models have been used to infer specific changes in graphite microstructure that occur during oxidation that affect elastic modulus. Specifically, we show how ultrasonic measurements in oxidized graphites are consistent with nano/microscale oxidation processes where basal plane edges react more readily than basal plane surfaces. We have also shown the use of laser-based methods to perform shear-wave birefringence measurements and have shown how these measurements can be used to assess elastic anisotropy in nuclear graphites. Using models developed in this program, ultrasonic data were interpreted to extract orientation distribution coefficients that could be used to represent anisotropy in these materials. This demonstration showed the use of ultrasonic methods to quantify anisotropy and how these methods provide more detailed information than do measurements of thermal expansion – a technique commonly used for assessing anisotropy in nuclear graphites. Finally, we have employed laser-based, ultrasonic-correlation techniques in attempts to quantify aspects of graphite microstructure such as pore size and distribution. Results of these measurements indicate that additional work must be performed to make this ultrasonic approach viable for quantitative microstructural characterization.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Synthesis and characterization of novel phosphate glass matrix nanocomposites containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane with improved properties

The preparation and characterization of novel tin fluorophosphate glass (Pglass) matrix nanocomposite materials containing nanoscale trisilanolphenyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) prepared via classical glass synthesis was investigated here to accelerate efforts to develop novel hybrid Pglass/POSS nanocomposites with enhanced benefits in suitable diverse applications. The glass transition temperatures (T g ) of the obtained nanocomposites ranged from 121.6° to 147.6 °C to an extent that depends on the nano-POSS concentrations (≤ 10 wt% POSS) in the nanocomposites. The obtained scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy results confirmed the homogeneous molecular level dispersion of the POSS cages in the continuous Pglass matrix of the nanocomposite. Chemical reaction (or bonding) between the constituents of the nanocomposites was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The rheological (storage and loss modulus) and nanomechanical (elastic modulus) properties of the nanocomposites significantly improved with increasing nano-POSS concentrations up to 10 wt% POSS. The molecular dispersion of the POSS and its strong physicochemical interaction with the continuous Pglass matrix can be tailored to satisfy requirements of a number of optomechanical applications where the pure glass is not useable.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Experimental investigation of grain boundaries misorientations and nano twinning induced strengthening on addition of silicon carbide in pulse electrodeposited nickel tungsten composite coating

Nanoindentation was performed on silicon carbide (SiC) reinforced pulse electrodeposited nickel-tungsten (Ni-W) composite coating. Addition of 5 vol.% of SiC in Ni-W coating increased the hardness from 10.31 ± 0.65 GPa to 14.32 ± 0.63 GPa and elastic modulus from 119.74 ± 3.15 GPa to 139.26 ± 2.09 GPa. Increased hardness and elastic modulus directly translates to the improved strengthening in the coating. An experimental investigation of strengthening mechanism was carried out in Ni-W-5 vol.% SiC alloy. Two simultaneous phenomena viz. grain refinement and increased internal strain was observed, which increased the dislocation density from 5.51 × 10{sup 18} m{sup −2} to 1.346 × 10{sup 19} m{sup −2} on reinforcement of 5 vol.% of SiC in Ni-W coating. Increased dislocation density promoted the formation of grain boundary misorientations and nano twinning. Low angle grain boundary, high angle grain boundary and nano twinning were identified using high resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM) image and their role in strengthening mechanism was discussed in details. - Highlights: • SiC reinforced pulse electrodeposition Ni-W coating was deposited on steel. • Nanoindentation showed the increased mechanical properties on addition of SiC. • Grain refinement and increased internal strain was observed in Ni-W-SiC coating. • Dislocation density increased on reinforcement of SiC in Ni-W coating. • Increased dislocation density triggered grain boundary misorientation and twinning.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2012

Materials design of all-cellulose composite using microstructure based finite element analysis

A microstructure based finite element analysis (FEA) model was developed to predict the effective elastic property of cellulose nanowhisker reinforced all-cellulose composite. Analysis was based on microstructure synthesized with assumption on volume fraction, size and orientation distribution of cellulose nanowhiskers. Simulation results demonstrated some interesting discovery: With the increase of aspect ratio, the effective elastic modulus increase. The elastic property anisotropy increases with the narrowing of nanowhisker orientation distribution and increase of aspect ratio. Simulation results from microstructure based FEA agree well with experimental results, comparing with other homogenization methods: upper bound, lower bound and self consistent models. Capturing the anisotropic elastic property, microstructure based FEA demonstrated the capability in guiding microstructure tailor to improve effective properties.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

A comprehensive model of Drosophila epithelium reveals the role of embryo geometry and cell topology in mechanical responses

In order to understand morphogenesis, it is necessary to know the material properties or forces shaping the living tissue. In spite of this need, very few in vivo measurements are currently available. Here, using the early Drosophila embryo as a model, we describe a novel cantilever-based technique which allows for the simultaneous quantification of applied force and tissue displacement in a living embryo. By analyzing data from a series of experiments in which embryonic epithelium is subjected to developmentally relevant perturbations, we conclude that the response to applied force is adiabatic and is dominated by elastic forces and geometric constraints, or system size effects. Crucially, computational modeling of the experimental data indicated that the apical surface of the epithelium must be softer than the basal surface, a result which we confirmed experimentally. Further, we used the combination of experimental data and comprehensive computational model to estimate the elastic modulus of the apical surface and set a lower bound on the elastic modulus of the basal surface. More generally, our investigations revealed important general features that we believe should be more widely addressed when quantitatively modeling tissue mechanics in any system. Specifically, different compartments of the same cell can have very different mechanical properties; when they do, they can contribute differently to different mechanical stimuli and cannot be merely averaged together. Additionally, tissue geometry can play a substantial role in mechanical response, and cannot be neglected.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1986

Preliminary design methods for fiber reinforced composite structures employing a personal computer

The objective of this project was to develop a user-friendly interactive computer program to be used as an analytical tool by structural designers. Its intent was to do preliminary, approximate stress analysis to help select or verify sizing choices for composite structural members. The approach to the project was to provide a subroutine which uses classical lamination theory to predict an effective elastic modulus for a laminate of arbitrary material and ply orientation. This effective elastic modulus can then be used in a family of other subroutines which employ the familiar basic structural analysis methods for isotropic materials. This method is simple and convenient to use but only approximate, as is appropriate for a preliminary design tool which will be subsequently verified by more sophisticated analysis. Additional subroutines have been provided to calculate laminate coefficient of thermal expansion and to calculate ply-by-ply strains within a laminate.

Eastlake, C. N.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Nanoindentation mapping defects filtration for heterogeneous materials using generative adversarial networks

Advanced composite materials with multiple phases and heterogeneous microstructure necessitate spatial mapping characterization of elastic modulus to develop constitutive relations and overall mechanical response. Such modulus mapping can be obtained using the nanoindentation technique, where the indenter tip raster over the selected microstructure region. Typically, a surface preparation procedure is done in the specimens to ensure proper contact between the indenter tip and sample surface. However, a near-perfect surface finish is unachievable in heterogeneous materials, primarily with ceramic reinforcements, due to the differential material removal rate during polishing. Thus, the nanoindenter records localized erroneous measurements due to differences in surface roughness and corresponding force response. This study establishes a novel deep learning-based strategy to rectify incorrect experimental spatial measurements acquire during nanoindentation modulus mapping. Here, the integrated bicubic interpolation and generative adversarial networks (GANs) model was trained using 14 ceramic and 18 metallic data sets, each comprising 65,536 measurements. The developed algorithm was validated against experimental measurements on four unknown specimens. The standard deviation in measured elastic modulus reduces by ~50% in ceramics and ~72% in metallic samples. This computational framework proposes a novel approach to reducing uncertainty in materials’ properties using state-of-the-art computer vision techniques.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Chirality dependent elastic properties of single-walled boron nitride nanotubes under uniaxial and torsional loading

The elastic behavior of single-walled boron nitride nanotubes is studied under axial and torsional loading. Molecular dynamics simulation is carried out with a tersoff potential for modeling the interatomic interactions. Different chiral configurations with similar diameter are considered to study the effect of chirality on the elastic and shear moduli. Furthermore, the effects of tube length on elastic modulus are also studied by considering different aspects ratios. It is observed that both elastic and shear moduli depend upon the chirality of a nanotube. For aspect ratios less than 15, the elastic modulus reduces monotonically with an increase in the chiral angle. For chiral nanotubes, the torsional response shows a dependence on the direction of loading. The difference between the shear moduli against and along the chiral twist directions is maximum for chiral angle of 15°, and zero for zigzag (0°) and armchair (30°) configurations.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2018

Microstructure-Property Correlations in Fiber Laser Welded Nb-Ti Microalloyed C-Mn Steel

Mechanical Performance of traditional gas-shielded arc welded joints of 700 MPa grade microalloyed C-Mn steel cannot meet service requirements. Laser welding, with its characteristic high energy density, is known to improve the welding performance of experimental steels. In the present study, Nb-Ti microalloyed steel with a thickness of 4.5 mm was welded using a 4 kW fiber laser. The microstructure, precipitation, and mechanical properties of the welded joints were studied. The hardness and tensile strength of the welded joints were higher than those of the base metal (BM). The microstructure of the fusion zone (FZ) and coarse grain heat affected zone (CGHAZ) was lath martensite (LM), while the microstructure of the fine grain HAZ and mixed grain HAZ consisted of ferrite and martensite/austenite islands. Although LM was observed in both the FZ and CGHAZ, the hardness and calculated tensile strength of the FZ were lower than those of the CGHAZ, due to a reduction in solid solution strengthening by element loss and the dissolution of high-hardness precipitates in FZ. Most precipitates such as [(Nb,Ti)C and (Nb,Ti)(C,N)] that were present in the BM were dissolved, which led to an increase in C and N in solid solution in the FZ. Thus, the elastic modulus of the FZ was higher than that of the BM. Similarly, the elastic modulus of the CGHAZ was higher than that of the BM due to the segregation of C and N atoms during the welding process. The toughness of the FZ was superior to that of the BM, and the toughness of the HAZ approached 91% of that of the BM. The change in toughness primarily depended on the microstructural refinement, the increase in the fraction of grains with high misorientation, the residual austenite in the FZ and CGHAZ, and the dissolution of coarse precipitates.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Evidence for equilibrium gels of valence-limited particles

We explore the formation and structure of gels produced from solutions of the aromatic dipeptide derivative molecule fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl–diphenylalanine (Fmoc–FF) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Mixing these solutions with water results in the self-assembly of Fmoc–FF molecules into space-filling fibrous networks, exhibiting mechanical properties characteristic of gels. Using confocal fluorescence microscopy, we observe the gel transition in situ and find that, upon the addition of water, the solution undergoes a rapid transition to a non-equilibrium state forming ~2 μm spheres, followed by the formation of fibers 5–10 nm in diameter, nucleating at a sphere surface and expanding into the solution as the remaining spheres dissolve, extending the network. The gel aging process is associated with the network becoming increasingly uniform through apparent redissolution/reaggregation of the Fmoc–FF molecules, corresponding to the observed increase in the elastic modulus to a plateau value. We demonstrate that this increase in uniformity and elastic modulus can be expedited by controlling the temperature of the system, as well as that these gels are thermally reversible, further indicating that the system is in equilibrium in its fibrous network state. X-ray scattering information suggests that the packing of the molecules within a fiber is based on π–π stacking of β-sheets, consistent with models proposed in the literature for similar systems, implying that each particle (molecule) possesses a limited number of interaction sites. Furthermore, these observations provide experimental evidence that these low molecular weight gelator molecules can be considered valence-limited “patchy” particles, which associate at low enough temperature to form equilibrium gels.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS2006

Effect of Bending Stiffness of the Electroactive Polymer Element on the Performance of a Hybrid Actuator System (HYBAS)

An electroactive polymer (EAP)-ceramic hybrid actuation system (HYBAS) was developed recently at NASA Langley Research Center. This paper focuses on the effect of the bending stiffness of the EAP component on the performance of a HYBAS, in which the actuation of the EAP element can match the theoretical prediction at various length/thickness ratios for a constant elastic modulus of the EAP component. The effects on the bending stiffness of the elastic modulus and length/thickness ratio of the EAP component were studied. A critical bending stiffness to keep the actuation of the EAP element suitable for a rigid beam theory-based modeling was found for electron irradiated P(VDF-TrFE) copolymer. For example, the agreement of experimental data and theoretical modeling for a HYBAS with the length/thickness ratio of EAP element at 375 times is demonstrated. However, the beam based theoretical modeling becomes invalid (i.e., the profile of the HYBAS movement does not follow the prediction of theoretical modeling) when the bending stiffness is lower than a critical value.

Xu, Tian-Bing↗