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DOE OSTI2014

SU-E-J-143: Short- and Near-Term Effects of Proton Therapy On Cerebral White Matter

Purpose: To assess early effects of proton therapy on the structural integrity of cerebral white matter in relation to the subsequent near-term development of such effects. Methods: Sixteen children (aged 2–19 years) with craniopharyngioma underwent proton therapy of 54 Cobalt Gray Equivalent (CGE) in a prospective therapeutic trial. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was performed at baseline before proton therapy and every 3 months thereafter. Tract-based spatial statics analysis of DTI data was performed to derive the fractional anisotropy (FA) and radial diffusivity (RD) in 26 volumes of interest (VOIs). The dose distributions were spatially normalized to identify VOIs prone to high doses. The longitudinal percentage changes of the FA and RD in these VOIs at 3 and 12 months from the baseline were calculated, and their relationships were evaluated. Results: The average dose was highest to the cerebral peduncle (CP), corticospinal tract (CST) in the pons, pontine crossing tract (PCT), anterior/posterior limbs of the internal capsule (ALIC/PLIC), and genu of the corpus callosum (GCC). It ranged from 33.3 GCE (GCC) to 49.7 GCE (CP). A mild but statistically significant (P<0.05) decline of FA was observed 3 months after proton therapy in all VOIs except the PLIC and ranged from −1.7% (ALIC) to −2.8% (PCT). A significant increase of RD was found in the CP (3.5%) and ALIC (2.1%). The average longitudinal change from the baseline was reduced at 12 months for most VOIs. However, the standard deviation increased, indicating that the temporal pattern varied individually. The follow-up measurements at 3 and 12 months correlated for the CP, CST, PCT, and GCC (P < 0.04). Conclusion: DTI data suggest early (3 months) effects of proton therapy on microstructures in the white matter. The subsequent follow-up indicated individual variation of the changes, which was partly implied by the early effects.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2017

Charged-particle multiplicities in proton–proton collisions at $$\sqrt{s} = 0.9$$ s = 0.9 to 8 TeV

A detailed study of pseudorapidity densities and multiplicity distributions of primary charged particles produced in proton–proton collisions, at s= 0.9, 2.36, 2.76, 7 and 8 TeV, in the pseudorapidity range | η| < 2 , was carried out using the ALICE detector. Measurements were obtained for three event classes: inelastic, non-single diffractive and events with at least one charged particle in the pseudorapidity interval | η| < 1. The use of an improved track-counting algorithm combined with ALICE’s measurements of diffractive processes allows a higher precision compared to our previous publications. A KNO scaling study was performed in the pseudorapidity intervals | η| < 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5. The data are compared to other experimental results and to models as implemented in Monte Carlo event generators PHOJET and recent tunes of PYTHIA6, PYTHIA8 and EPOS.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2018

π 0 and η meson production in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=8$ TeV

For this, an invariant differential cross section measurement of inclusive π 0 and η meson production at mid-rapidity in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=8$ TeV was carried out by the ALICE experiment at the LHC. The spectra of π 0 and η mesons were measured in transverse momentum ranges of 0.3 < p T < 35 GeV/c and 0.5 < p T <35 GeV/c, respectively. Next-to-leading order perturbative QCD calculations using fragmentation functions DSS14 for the π 0 and AESSS for the η overestimate the cross sections of both neutral mesons, although such calculations agree with the measured η/π 0 ratio within uncertainties. The results were also compared with PYTHIA 8.2 predictions for which the Monash 2013 tune yields the best agreement with the measured neutral meson spectra. The measurements confirm a universal behavior of the η/π 0 ratio seen for NA27, PHENIX and ALICE data for pp collisions from $\sqrt{s}=27.5$ GeV to $\sqrt{s}=8$ TeV within experimental uncertainties. A relation between the π 0 and η production cross sections for pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=8$ TeV is given by m T scaling for p T > 3.5 GeV/c . However, a deviation from this empirical scaling rule is observed for transverse momenta below p T < 3.5 GeV/c in the η/π 0 ratio with a significance of 6.2σ .

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2020

Multiplicity dependence of (multi-)strange hadron production in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$s = 13 TeV

The production rates and the transverse momentum distribution of strange hadrons at mid-rapidity ( | y | < 0.5 ) are measured in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV as a function of the charged particle multiplicity, using the ALICE detector at the LHC. The production rates of K$^0_S$, Λ, Ξ , and Ω ncrease with the multiplicity faster than what is reported for inclusive charged particles. The increase is found to be more pronounced for hadrons with a larger strangeness content. Possible auto-correlations between the charged particles and the strange hadrons are evaluated by measuring the event-activity with charged particle multiplicity estimators covering different pseudorapidity regions. When comparing to lower energy results, the yields of strange hadrons are found to depend only on the mid-rapidity charged particle multiplicity. Several features of the data are reproduced qualitatively by general purpose QCD Monte Carlo models that take into account the effect of densely-packed QCD strings in high multiplicity collisions. However, none of the tested models reproduce the data quantitatively. This work corroborates and extends the ALICE findings on strangeness production in proton-proton collisions at 7 TeV.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2021

Extraction of the specific shear viscosity of quark-gluon plasma from two-particle transverse momentum correlations

The specific shear viscosity, η/s, of the quark-gluon plasma formed in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions at RHIC and LHC is estimated based on the progressive longitudinal broadening of transverse momentum two-particle correlators, G 2 , reported as a function of collision centrality by the STAR and ALICE experiments. Estimates are computed as a function of collision centrality using the Gavin ansatz which relates the G 2 longitudinal broadening to the specific shear viscosity. Freeze out times required for the use of the ansatz are computed using a linear fit of freeze out times reported as a function of the cubic root of the charged particle pseudorapidity density (dN ch /dη) 1/3 . Estimates of η/s based on ALICE data exhibit little to no dependence on collision centrality at LHC energy, while estimates obtained from STAR data hint that η/s might be a function of collision centrality at top RHIC energy.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

DOE OSTI2021

Coherent $\mathrm{J}/\psi $ and ψ photoproduction at midrapidity in ultra-peripheral Pb–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm {NN}}}~=~5.02$ TeV

The coherent photoproduction of J/ψ and ψ' mesons was measured in ultra-peripheral Pb–Pb collisions at a center-of-mass energy $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm {NN}}}~=~5.02$ TeV with the ALICE detector. Charmonia are detected in the central rapidity region for events where the hadronic interactions are strongly suppressed. The J/ψ is reconstructed using the dilepton (l + l - ) and proton–antiproton decay channels, while for the ψ' the dilepton and the l + l - π + π - decay channels are studied. The analysis is based on an event sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of about 233 μb -1 . The results are compared with theoretical models for coherent J/ψ and ψ' photoproduction. The coherent cross section is found to be in a good agreement with models incorporating moderate nuclear gluon shadowing of about 0.64 at a Bjorken-x of around 6×10 -4 , such as the EPS09 parametrization, however none of the models is able to fully describe the rapidity dependence of the coherent J/ψ cross section including ALICE measurements at forward rapidity. The ratio of ψ' to J/ψ coherent photoproduction cross sections was also measured and found to be consistent with the one for photoproduction off protons.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2021

Energy dependence of $\phi $ meson production at forward rapidity in pp collisions at the LHC

The production of Φ mesons has been studied in pp collisions at LHC energies with the ALICE detector via the dimuon decay channel in the rapidity region 2.5 < y < 4. Measurements of the differential cross section d 2 σ / dydpT are presented as a function of the transverse momentum (p T ) at the center-of-mass energies √s = 5.02, 8 and 13 TeV and compared with the ALICE results at midrapidity. The differential cross sections at √s = 5.02 and 13 TeV are also studied in several rapidity intervals as a function of p T , and as a function of rapidity in three p T intervals. A hardening of the p T -differential cross section with the collision energy is observed, while, for a given energy, p T spectra soften with increasing rapidity and, conversely, rapidity distributions get slightly narrower at increasing p T . The new results, complementing the published measurements at √s = 2.76 and 7 TeV, allow one to establish the energy dependence of Φ meson production and to compare the measured cross sections with phenomenological models. None of the considered models manages to describe the evolution of the cross section with p T and rapidity at all the energies.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2021

Bulk observables at 5.02 TeV using quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics

Abstract We compare predictions of 3+1D quasiparticle anisotropic hydrodynamics (aHydroQP) for a large set of bulk observables with experimental data collected in 5.02 TeV Pb–Pb collisions. We make predictions for identified hadron spectra, identified hadron average transverse momentum, charged particle multiplicity as a function of pseudorapidity, the kaon-to-pion ( $$K/\pi $$ K / π ) and proton-to-pion ( $$p/\pi $$ p / π ) ratios, identified particle and charged particle elliptic flow, and HBT radii. We compare to data collected by the ALICE collaboration in 5.02 TeV Pb–Pb collisions. We find that, based on available data, these bulk observables are well described by aHydroQP with an assumed initial central temperature of $$T_0=630$$ T 0 = 630 MeV at $$\tau _0 = 0.25$$ τ 0 = 0.25 fm/c and a constant specific shear viscosity of $$\eta /s=0.159$$ η / s = 0.159 , which corresponds to a peak specific bulk viscosity of $$\zeta /s = 0.048$$ ζ / s = 0.048 . In particular, we find that the momentum dependence of the kaon-to-pion ( $$K/\pi $$ K / π ) and proton-to-pion ( $$p/\pi $$ p / π ) ratios reported recently by the ALICE collaboration are extremely well described by aHydroQP in the 0–5% centrality class.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

DOE OSTI2022

Investigating charm production and fragmentation via azimuthal correlations of prompt D mesons with charged particles in pp collisions at $\mathbf {\sqrt{ s} = 13}$ TeV

Angular correlations of heavy-flavour and charged particles in high-energy proton–proton collisions are sensitive to the production mechanisms of heavy quarks and to their fragmentation as well as hadronisation processes. The measurement of the azimuthal-correlation function of prompt D mesons with charged particles in proton–proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV with the ALICE detector is reported, considering $\mathrm D^{0} $ , $\mathrm D^{+} $ , and $\mathrm D^{*+} $ mesons in the transverse-momentum interval $3< p_{\mathrm{T}} < 36$ GeV/ $c$ at midrapidity ( $|y| < 0.5$ ), and charged particles with $p_{\mathrm{T}} > 0.3$ GeV/ $c$ and pseudorapidity $|\eta | < 0.8$ . This measurement has an improved precision and provides an extended transverse-momentum coverage compared to previous ALICE measurements at lower energies. The study is also performed as a function of the charged-particle multiplicity, showing no modifications of the correlation function with multiplicity within uncertainties. The properties and the transverse-momentum evolution of the near- and away-side correlation peaks are studied and compared with predictions from various Monte Carlo event generators. Among those considered, PYTHIA8 and POWHEG+PYTHIA8 provide the best description of the measured observables. The obtained results can provide guidance on tuning the generators.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2023

Inclusive quarkonium production in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 5.02 TeV

This article reports on the inclusive production cross section of several quarkonium states, J/ψ, ψ(2S), $\mathcal{Υ}$(1S), $\mathcal{Υ}$(2S), and $\mathcal{Υ}$(3S), measured with the ALICE detector at the LHC, in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$=5.02 TeV. The analysis is performed in the dimuon decay channel at forward rapidity ( 2.5 < y < 4). The integrated cross sections and transverse-momentum (p T ) and rapidity (y) differential cross sections for J/ψ, ψ(2S), $\mathcal{Υ}$(1S), and the ψ(2S) -to-J/ψ cross section ratios are presented. The integrated cross sections, assuming unpolarized quarkonia, are: σ J/ψ (p T <20 GeV/c) = 5.88 ± 0.03 ± 0.34 μb, σ ψ(2S) (p T <12 GeV/c) = 0.87 ± 0.06 ± 0.10 μb, σ Υ(1S) (p T <15 GeV/c) = 45.5 ± 3.9 ± 3.5 nb, σ Υ(2S) (p T <15 GeV/c) = 22.4 ± 3.2 ± 2.7 nb, and σ Υ(3S) (p T <15 GeV/c) = 4.9 ± 2.2 ± 1.0 nb, where the first (second) uncertainty is the statistical (systematic) one. For the first time, the cross sections of the three $\mathcal{Υ}$ states, as well as the ψ(2S) one as a function of p T and y , are measured at $\sqrt{s}$=5.02 TeV at forward rapidity. These measurements also significantly extend the J/ψ p T reach and supersede previously published results. A comparison with ALICE measurements in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$=2.76, 7, 8, and 13 TeV is presented and the energy dependence of quarkonium production cross sections is discussed. Finally, the results are compared with the predictions from several production models.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2023

Jet-like correlations with respect to $\textrm{K}^{0}_\mathrm{{S}}$ and $\Lambda $ ($\overline{\Lambda }$) in pp and central Pb–Pb collisions at $\mathbf {\sqrt{s_\textrm{NN}}} = 5.02$ TeV

Two-particle correlations with $\textrm{K}^{0}_\mathrm{{S}}$, $\Lambda $ /$\overline{\Lambda }$, and charged hadrons as trigger particles in the transverse momentum range 8 < p T,trig < 16 GeV/c , and associated charged particles within 1 < p T,assoc < 8 GeV/c , are studied at midrapidity in pp and central Pb–Pb collisions at a centre-of-mass energy per nucleon–nucleon collision $\mathbf {\sqrt{s_\textrm{NN}}} = 5.02$ TeV with the ALICE detector at the LHC. After subtracting the contributions of the flow background, the per-trigger yields are extracted on both the near and away sides, and the ratio in Pb–Pb collisions with respect to pp collisions (I AA ) is computed. The per-trigger yield in Pb–Pb collisions on the away side is strongly suppressed to the level of I AA ≈0.6 for p T,assoc > 3 GeV/c as expected from strong in-medium energy loss, while an enhancement develops at low p T,assoc on both the near and away sides, reaching I AA ≈1.8 and 2.7 respectively. These findings are in good agreement with previous ALICE measurements from two-particle correlations triggered by neutral pions (π 0 –h) and charged hadrons (h–h) in Pb–Pb collisions at $\mathbf {\sqrt{s_\textrm{NN}}} = 2.76$ TeV. Moreover, the correlations with $\textrm{K}^{0}_\mathrm{{S}}$ mesons and $\Lambda $ /$\overline{\Lambda }$ baryons as trigger particles are compared to those of inclusive charged hadrons. The results are compared with the predictions of Monte Carlo models.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Common femtoscopic hadron-emission source in pp collisions at the LHC

The femtoscopic study of pairs of identical pions is particularly suited to investigate the effective source function of particle emission, due to the resulting Bose–Einstein correlation signal. In small collision systems at the LHC, pp in particular, the majority of the pions are produced in resonance decays, which significantly affect the profile and size of the source. In this work, we explicitly model this effect in order to extract the primordial source in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV from charged π–π correlations measured by ALICE. We demonstrate that the assumption of a Gaussian primordial source is compatible with the data and that the effective source, resulting from modifications due to resonances, is approximately exponential, as found in previous measurements at the LHC. The universality of hadron emission in pp collisions is further investigated by applying the same methodology to characterize the primordial source of K–p pairs. The size of the primordial source is evaluated as a function of the transverse mass (m T ) of the pairs, leading to the observation of a common scaling for both π–π and K–p, suggesting a collective effect. Further, the present results are compatible with the m T scaling of the p–p and p–Λ primordial source measured by ALICE in high multiplicity pp collisions, providing additional evidence for the presence of a common emission source for all hadrons in small collision systems at the LHC. This will allow the determination of the source function for any hadron–hadron pairs with high precision, granting access to the properties of the possible final-state interaction among pairs of less abundantly produced hadrons, such as strange or charmed particles.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2020

SAMPA Based Streaming Readout Data Acquisition Prototype

We have assembled a small-scale streaming data acquisition system based on the SAMPA front-end ASIC. The 32-channel SAMPA chip was designed for the high-luminosity upgrade of the ALICE Time Projection Chamber (TPC) detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The goals of the prototype system are to determine if the SAMPA chip is appropriate for use in detector systems at Jefferson Lab, and to gain experience with the hardware and software required to deploy streaming data acquisition systems in nuclear physics experiments. The 800 channel system is composed of components used in the ALICE TPC data acquisition upgrade. Five front-end cards (FEC) support five SAMPA chips each. SAMPA data streams on an FEC are concentrated into two high-speed (4.48 Gb/s) serial data streams by a pair Gigabit Transceiver ASICs (GBTx). These ten streams (44.8 Gb/s) are transmitted from the FECs over fibers to a PCIe based readout unit. The FPGA engine on the readout unit compresses data for transmission to a server via 100 Gb ethernet. Components on the FECs are radiation tolerant. High data rates can be handled. The system is by design scalable and thus provides a functional prototype for high-rate streaming readout at Jefferson Lab and the future Electron Ion Collider. We have made fundamental measurements (noise, linearity, time resolution) on the SAMPA ASIC. We have also coupled the readout system to a small Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detector and have studied its response to cosmic rays. A beam test of the system is planned.

ABBOTT, David↗

DOE OSTI2025

Exploring Nonmotorized Travel in New York State Using 2017 National Household Travel Survey Data

This report presents systematic analysis of nonmotorized travel behavior within New York State (NYS) utilizing 2017 National Household Travel Survey data. As walking and biking assume increasingly prominent roles in advancing active transportation objectives, accessible mobility, and sustainable transportation systems, comprehensive understanding of these modal patterns becomes essential for evidence-based policy development and strategic planning initiatives. Recognizing the substantial geographic, demographic, and socioeconomic heterogeneity characterizing NYS—spanning from the concentrated urban fabric of New York City (NYC) to dispersed suburban and rural contexts—this analysis employs the structured "4Ws" analytical framework to examine participant demographics, spatial and temporal distributions, and motivational factors underlying active transportation choices relative to motorized alternatives. This methodological approach captures modal behavior patterns, user characteristics, trip purposes, and temporal variations across the state's diverse contexts. Additionally, the research examines behavioral differences among distinct user classifications, including walk-only and bike-only travelers, while conducting comparative analysis of nonmotorized travel patterns between ALICE (Asset Limited, Income Constrained, Employed) and non-ALICE household categories.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

DOE OSTI2017

New Horizons Upper Limits on O{sub 2} in Pluto’s Present Day Atmosphere

The surprising discovery by the Rosetta spacecraft of molecular oxygen (O{sub 2}) in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko challenged our understanding of the inventory of this volatile species on and inside bodies from the Kuiper Belt. That discovery motivated our search for oxygen in the atmosphere of Kuiper Belt planet Pluto, because O{sub 2} is volatile even at Pluto’s surface temperatures. During the New Horizons flyby of Pluto in 2015 July, the spacecraft probed the composition of Pluto’s atmosphere using a variety of observations, including an ultraviolet solar occultation observed by the Alice UV spectrograph. As described in these reports, absorption by molecular species in Pluto’s atmosphere yielded detections of N{sub 2}, as well as hydrocarbon species such as CH{sub 4}, C{sub 2}H{sub 2}, C{sub 2}H{sub 4}, and C{sub 2}H{sub 6}. Our work here further examines this data to search for UV absorption from molecular oxygen (O{sub 2}), which has a significant cross-section in the Alice spectrograph bandpass. We find no evidence for O{sub 2} absorption and place an upper limit on the total amount of O{sub 2} in Pluto’s atmosphere as a function of tangent height up to 700 km. In most of the atmosphere, this upper limit in line-of-sight abundance units is ∼3 × 10{sup 15} cm{sup −2}, which, depending on tangent height, corresponds to a mixing ratio of 10{sup −6} to 10{sup −4}, far lower than in comet 67P/CG.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

NASA NTRS1983

A large area experiment to determine cosmic ray isotopic abundances

Measurements of the isotopic composition of cosmic rays have shown that the cosmic ray isotope ratios, Ne-22/Ne-20 and (Mg-25 + Mg-26)/Mg-24, exceed the solar abundance ratios by factors of 2.7 and 1.8, respectively. There are several processes which could be responsible for the observed excess of neutron-rich isotopes. The considered models imply neutron enrichment in the case of other, less abundant species, and a measurement of the involved isotopic abundances could provide a basis for the determination of the dominating processes occurring in cosmic ray sources. However, an experiment utilizing special equipment is necessary to conduct the required measurements. Such an experiment, the Aluminum Isotopic Composition Experiment (Alice), is being designed in a joint effort involving NASA and a West German university. Alice uses a Cherenkov-range technique to determine the isotopic composition of elements from oxygen through argon.

Mauger, B. G.↗

NASA NTRS2002

New Attitude Sensor Alignment Calibration Algorithms

Accurate spacecraft attitudes may only be obtained if the primary attitude sensors are well calibrated. Launch shock, relaxation of gravitational stresses and similar effects often produce large enough alignment shifts so that on-orbit alignment calibration is necessary if attitude accuracy requirements are to be met. A variety of attitude sensor alignment algorithms have been developed to meet the need for on-orbit calibration. Two new algorithms are presented here: ALICAL and ALIQUEST. Each of these has advantages in particular circumstances. ALICAL is an attitude independent algorithm that uses near simultaneous measurements from two or more sensors to produce accurate sensor alignments. For each set of simultaneous observations the attitude is overdetermined. The information content of the extra degrees of freedom can be combined over numerous sets to provide the sensor alignments. ALIQUEST is an attitude dependent algorithm that combines sensor and attitude data into a loss function that has the same mathematical form as the Wahba problem. Alignments can then be determined using any of the algorithms (such as the QUEST quaternion estimator) that have been developed to solve the Wahba problem for attitude. Results from the use of these methods on active missions are presented.

Hashmall, Joseph A.↗

NASA NTRS2003

Monte Carlo Methods in Materials Science Based on FLUKA and ROOT

A comprehensive understanding of mitigation measures for space radiation protection necessarily involves the relevant fields of nuclear physics and particle transport modeling. One method of modeling the interaction of radiation traversing matter is Monte Carlo analysis, a subject that has been evolving since the very advent of nuclear reactors and particle accelerators in experimental physics. Countermeasures for radiation protection from neutrons near nuclear reactors, for example, were an early application and Monte Carlo methods were quickly adapted to this general field of investigation. The project discussed here is concerned with taking the latest tools and technology in Monte Carlo analysis and adapting them to space applications such as radiation shielding design for spacecraft, as well as investigating how next-generation Monte Carlos can complement the existing analytical methods currently used by NASA. We have chosen to employ the Monte Carlo program known as FLUKA (A legacy acronym based on the German for FLUctuating KAscade) used to simulate all of the particle transport, and the CERN developed graphical-interface object-oriented analysis software called ROOT. One aspect of space radiation analysis for which the Monte Carlo s are particularly suited is the study of secondary radiation produced as albedoes in the vicinity of the structural geometry involved. This broad goal of simulating space radiation transport through the relevant materials employing the FLUKA code necessarily requires the addition of the capability to simulate all heavy-ion interactions from 10 MeV/A up to the highest conceivable energies. For all energies above 3 GeV/A the Dual Parton Model (DPM) is currently used, although the possible improvement of the DPMJET event generator for energies 3-30 GeV/A is being considered. One of the major tasks still facing us is the provision for heavy ion interactions below 3 GeV/A. The ROOT interface is being developed in conjunction with the CERN ALICE (A Large Ion Collisions Experiment) software team through an adaptation of their existing AliROOT (ALICE Using ROOT) architecture. In order to check our progress against actual data, we have chosen to simulate the ATIC14 (Advanced Thin Ionization Calorimeter) cosmic-ray astrophysics balloon payload as well as neutron fluences in the Mir spacecraft. This paper contains a summary of status of this project, and a roadmap to its successful completion.

Pinsky, Lawrence↗