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At least 1,297 records · Page 72
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1992

A process for prototyping onboard payload displays for Space Station Freedom

Significant advances have been made in the area of Human-Computer Interface design. However, there is no well-defined process for going from user interface requirements to user interface design. Developing and designing a clear and consistent user interface for medium to large scale systems is a very challenging and complex task. The task becomes increasingly difficult when there is very little guidance and procedures on how the development process should flow from one stage to the next. Without a specific sequence of development steps each design becomes difficult to repeat, to evaluate, to improve, and to articulate to others. This research contributes a process which identifies the phases of development and products produced as a result of each phase for a rapid prototyping process to be used to develop requirements for the onboard payload displays for Space Station Freedom. The functional components of a dynamic prototyping environment in which this process can be carried out is also discussed. Some of the central questions which are answered here include: How does one go from specifications to an actual prototype? How is a prototype evaluated? How is usability defined and thus measured? How do we use the information from evaluation in redesign of an interface? and Are there techniques which allow for convergence on a design?

Moore, Loretta A.↗
NASA NTRS1993

A method of making a single layer multi-color luminescent display

The invention is a method of forming a multi-color luminescent display including the steps of depositing on an insulator substrate a smooth single layer of host material which itself may be a phosphor with the properties to host varying quantities of different impurities and introducing one or more of said different impurities into selected areas of the single layer of host material via an appropriately positioned mask as by thermal diffusion or ion-implantation to form a pattern of phosphors of different colors in the single layer of host material such that the top surface of the host layer remains smooth. Red phosphors are formed by adding impurities selected from the group consisting of Sm, SmF3, Eu, EuF3, and ZnS:MnTbF3 to a ZnS host; green phosphors by adding impurities selected from the group consisting of Tb and TbF3 to a ZnS host; and blue phosphors by adding impurities selected from the group consisting of Tm, Al, Ag, and Mg to a ZnS host.

Robertson, James B.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Simulation evaluation of a low-altitude helicopter flight guidance system adapted for a helmet-mounted display

A computer aiding concept for low-altitude helicopter flight was developed and evaluated in a real-time piloted simulation. The concept included an optimal control trajectory-generation algorithm based upon dynamic programming and a helmet-mounted display (HMD) presentation of a pathway-in-the-sky, a phantom aircraft, and flight-path vector/predictor guidance symbology. The trajectory-generation algorithm uses knowledge of the global mission requirements, a digital terrain map, aircraft performance capabilities, and advanced navigation information to determine a trajectory between mission way points that seeks valleys to minimize threat exposure. The pilot evaluation was conducted at NASA ARC moving base Vertical Motion Simulator (VMS) by pilots representing NASA, the U.S. Army, the Air Force, and the helicopter industry. The pilots manually tracked the trajectory generated by the algorithm utilizing the HMD symbology. The pilots were able to satisfactorily perform the tracking tasks while maintaining a high degree of awareness of the outside world.

Swenson, Harry N.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Space Station Displays and Controls Technology Evolution

Viewgraphs on space station displays and controls technology evolution are presented. Topics covered include: a historical perspective; major development objectives; current development activities; key technology areas; and technology evolution issues.

Blackburn, Greg C.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Visual display aid for orbital maneuvering - Design considerations

This paper describes the development of an interactive proximity operations planning system that allows on-site planning of fuel-efficient multiburn maneuvers in a potential multispacecraft environment. Although this display system most directly assists planning by providing visual feedback to aid visualization of the trajectories and constraints, its most significant features include: (1) the use of an 'inverse dynamics' algorithm that removes control nonlinearities facing the operator, and (2) a trajectory planning technique that separates, through a 'geometric spreadsheet', the normally coupled complex problems of planning orbital maneuvers and allows solution by an iterative sequence of simple independent actions. The visual feedback of trajectory shapes and operational constraints, provided by user-transparent and continuously active background computations, allows the operator to make fast, iterative design changes that rapidly converge to fuel-efficient solutions. The planning tool provides an example of operator-assisted optimization of nonlinear cost functions.

Grunwald, Arthur J.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Performance considerations for high-definition head-mounted displays

Design image-optimization for helmet-mounted displays (HMDs) for military systems is presently discussed within the framework of a systems-engineering approach that encompasses (1) a description of natural targets in the field; (2) the characteristics of human visual perception; and (3) device specifications that directly relate to these ecological and human-factors parameters. Attention is given to target size and contrast and the relationship of the modulation transfer function to image resolution.

Edwards, Oliver J.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Helmet Mounted Display symbology integration research

A five-week flight simulation investigation comparing screen/head stabilized Apache Helmet Mounted Display (HMD) flight symbology to world stabilized flight symbology is presented in this paper. Simulation test results indicate that pilots perform significantly (P is less than .05) better using world stabilized attitude symbology. They were accurate to an average of 1/2 deg at estimating terrain relief and aerial target locations. Pilots were able to take advantage of world referenced symbology due to the unique features of HMD that allow the pilot to visually use the symbology at extreme azimuth and elevation off-axis angles. Pilots preferred world stabilized symbology while performing contour flight tasks. They reported that the use of climb-dive-marker during contour flight greatly reduced pilot work load under conditions tested. A surprising number of cyclic input errors occurred when using both MIL-STD-1295 hover symbology and test symbology, indicating that a better approach for depicting hover symbology is probably warranted. The magnitude of cyclic input and spatial estimation errors increased as the off-axis viewing angle became larger.

Haworth, Loran A.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Interactive displays for trajectory planning and proximity operations

Rendezvous, docking, and other Space Station proximity operations (PROX OPS) will be conducted routinely in space. Real-time interactive visual aids and planning tools will be helpful, if not necessary, for future missions both in preflight training and on orbit. Two such displays, eivaN and Navie, are currently available for examination and human factors testing. A study was conducted in which data were collected from eight test subjects. Solution times for both devices decreased rapidly with experience. Neither fuel usage nor the number of waypoints (burns) decreased with experience. With Navie, medians of solution time and fuel consumption totaled over all subjects peaked at one of two starting points above the V-bar with monotonically decreasing values in both directions. This pattern did not appear with eivaN values. Since the docking tasks were fundamentally different with each device, and because Navie imposed more constraints on the users than eivaN did, the orbital mechanics effects had a more pronounced effect on the Navie results than on the eivaN data.

Brody, Adam R.↗
NASA NTRS1993

A perspective on the FAA approval process: Integrating rotorcraft displays, controls and workload

The FAA is responsible for making the determination that a helicopter is safe for IFR operations in the National Airspace System (NAS). This involves objective and subjective evaluations of cockpit displays, flying qualities, procedures and human factors as they affect performance and workload. After all of the objective evaluations are completed, and all Federal Regulations have been met, FAA pilots make the final subjective judgement as to suitability for use by civil pilots in the NAS. The paper uses the flying qualities and pilot workload characteristics of a small helicopter to help examine the FAA pilot's involvement in this process. The result highlights the strengths of the process and its importance to the approval of new aircraft and equipments for civil IFR helicopter applications. The paper also identifies opportunities for improvement.

Green, David L.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Call sign intelligibility improvement using a spatial auditory display

A spatial auditory display was used to convolve speech stimuli, consisting of 130 different call signs used in the communications protocol of NASA's John F. Kennedy Space Center, to different virtual auditory positions. An adaptive staircase method was used to determine intelligibility levels of the signal against diotic speech babble, with spatial positions at 30 deg azimuth increments. Non-individualized, minimum-phase approximations of head-related transfer functions were used. The results showed a maximal intelligibility improvement of about 6 dB when the signal was spatialized to 60 deg or 90 deg azimuth positions.

Begault, Durand R.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Some VTOL head-up display drive-law problems and solutions

A piloted simulation test was conducted on the Ames Research Center's vertical motion simulator (VMS) in support of the Phase 2A flight test of NASA's V/STOL systems research aircraft (VSRA). During the simulation several problems were found with the head-up display (HUD) symbol drive laws and the flightpath synthesis. These problems and the solutions devised to solve them are described. Most of the resulting HUD drive-law changes were implemented during the simulation and their effectiveness was verified. Subsequently both the HUD symbol drive-law and flightpath-synthesis changes were implemented in the VSRA and tested successfully in the Phase 2A flight tests.

Merrick, Vernon K.↗
NASA NTRS1993

A simulation study of control and display requirements for zero-experience general aviation pilots

The purpose of this simulation study was to define the basic human factor requirements for operating an airplane in all weather conditions. The basic human factors requirements are defined as those for an operator who is a complete novice for airplane operations but who is assumed to have automobile driving experience. These operators thus have had no piloting experience or training of any kind. The human factor requirements are developed for a practical task which includes all of the basic maneuvers required to go from one airport to another airport in limited visibility conditions. The task was quite demanding including following a precise path with climbing and descending turns while simultaneously changing airspeed. The ultimate goal of this research is to increase the utility of general aviation airplanes - that is, to make them a practical mode of transportation for a much larger segment of the general population. This can be accomplished by reducing the training and proficiency requirements of pilots while improving the level of safety. It is believed that advanced technologies such as fly-by-wire (or light), and head-up pictorial displays can be of much greater benefit to the general aviation pilot than to the full-time, professional pilot.

Stewart, Eric C.↗
NASA NTRS1994

The real-time display of interferometry data for Goldstone radar astronomy data acquisition

A method for visualizing radar interferometry data in real time has been developed for the Goldstone radar astronomy ranging data-acquisition system. The presentation is similar in appearance to a vector field display or data-based grid. This form was selected to facilitate the recognition of characteristic patterns of local variation in the phase and magnitude of complex elements in a two-dimensional data array. The design emphasized efficiency under the demands of real-time processing and remote monitoring. The interferometry 'phase-magnitude' presentation, as it has come to be called, has been used to monitor radar interferometry experiments on three targets, beginning with the asteroid 4179 Toutatis, and continuing with Mars and Mercury.

Howard, S. D.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Physics-based approach to haptic display

This paper addresses the implementation of complex multiple degree of freedom virtual environments for haptic display. We suggest that a physics based approach to rigid body simulation is appropriate for hand tool simulation, but that currently available simulation techniques are not sufficient to guarantee successful implementation. We discuss the desirable features of a virtual environment simulation, specifically highlighting the importance of stability guarantees.

Brown, J. Michael↗
NASA NTRS1994

The Grid Analysis and Display System (GrADS)

During the period 1 September 1993 - 31 August 1994, further development of the Grid Analysis and Display System (GrADS) was conducted at the Center for Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Studies (COLA) of the Institute of Global Environment and Society, Inc. (IGES) under subcontract 5555-31 from the University Space Research Association (USRA) administered by The Center of Excellence in Space Data and Information Sciences (CESDIS). This final report documents progress made under this subcontract and provides directions on how to access the software and documentation developed therein. A short description of GrADS is provided followed by summary of progress completed and a summary of the distribution of the software to date and the establishment of research collaborations.

Kinter, James L., III↗
NASA NTRS1995

Virtual reality flight control display with six-degree-of-freedom controller and spherical orientation overlay

A virtual reality flight control system displays to the pilot the image of a scene surrounding a vehicle or pod having six degrees of freedom of acceleration or velocity control by the pilot and traveling through inertial space, the image itself including a superimposed figure providing the pilot an instant reference of orientation consisting of superimposed sets of geometric figures whose relative orientations provide the pilot an instantaneous feel or sense of orientation changes with respect to some fixed coordinate system. They include a first set of geometric figures whose orientations are fixed to the pilot's vehicle and a second set of geometric figures whose orientations are fixed with respect to a fixed or interstellar coordinate system. The first set of figures is a first set of orthogonal great circles about the three orthogonal axes of the flight vehicle or pod and centered at and surrounding the pilot's head, while the second set of figures is a second set of orthogonal great circles about the three orthogonal axes of a fixed or interstellar coordinate system, also centered at and surrounding the pilot's head.

Beckman, Brian C.↗