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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Field Validation of a Pilot-scale Black Liquor Membrane for Water Removal at Ahlstrom-Munksjö Paper Mill in Mosinee, WI

Project Background: The Industrial Technology Validation (ITV) program aims to identify and demonstrate the performance of new, emerging, and underutilized technologies in the industrial sector to help inform decisions towards accelerating commercialization and deployment. Pulp and paper is considered one of the most energy-intensive industries in the manufacturing sector. There are several methodologies for converting wood into pulp in the paper-making industry. The kraft process is a chemical method for producing wood pulp. The kraft process generates black liquor as a byproduct of pulp production. Traditionally, water is evaporated from the liquor by a set of multi-effect evaporators (MEEs), which concentrate weak black liquor (WBL) into strong black liquor (SBL) to support efficient combustion in a recovery boiler. Concentrating black liquor is an energy-intensive step in recovering pulping chemicals and generating high-pressure steam from dissolved wood solids. About 7% of pulp and paper energy usage, or nearly 164 trillion Btu, is used to remove water from black liquor in U.S. kraft pulp mills per year. The U.S. DOE’s IEDO is interested in the black liquor membrane technology evaluated in this report because it offers the potential for a more energy-efficient and less carbon-intensive kraft pulping process across 99 kraft pulp mills in 24 states (Agenda 2020 Technology Alliance 2016). This ITV project validates an innovative black liquor membrane technology for kraft pulp mills to understand its impact and benefits. Via Separations is a technology vendor that developed a graphene oxide membrane system to remove water from WBL before entering the evaporator set. High-pressure positive displacement (HPR) pumps move the black liquor through membranes that separate water and create a more concentrated black liquor. The vendor claims their pre-commercial technology reduces evaporator steam consumption by dewatering WBL before entering the evaporators. They also claim their technology has non-energy benefits such as enhanced soap collection and improved pulp throughput. This evaluation focuses on validating the energy and carbon dioxide (CO 2 e) emissions benefits associated with the membrane system.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
NASA NTRS2005

Impact of Scaled Technology on Radiation Testing and Hardening

This presentation gives a brief overview of some of the radiation challenges facing emerging scaled digital technologies with implications on using consumer grade electronics and next generation hardening schemes. Commercial semiconductor manufacturers are recognizing some of these issues as issues for terrestrial performance. Looking at means of dealing with soft errors. The thinned oxide has indicated improved TID tolerance of commercial products hardened by "serendipity" which does not guarantee hardness or say if the trend will continue. This presentation also focuses one reliability implications of thinned oxides.

LaBel, Kenneth A.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Space Transformation -- Localizing the Remote and Connecting the Isolated

In motivating the Space Transformation theme for this year’s 4S symposium, the organizers provided the following context, “Transformation of economies are driven by a change in values and accelerated by new technologies.” These words rang particularly true when I read them at the beginning of the holiday season. Like so many others, I was in the early phases of my Christmas shopping procrastination campaign, and I’d just been reflecting on how Amazon Prime was the transformational tool I’d been waiting for. Basic limiting principles of time and space, supply and demand, were all but erased by the Amazon Prime phenomenon. Coupled with emerging 3D printing and other adaptive manufacturing technologies, a transformation from deliberate planning to “think it … have it” had occurred, empowering me to procrastinate longer than I’d ever dreamed possible. The organizers went on to ponder, “Will space transformation also affect society?”, just as our team at the Air Force Research Lab’s (AFRL) Center for Rapid Innovation (CRI) were working alongside partners within our larger Integrated Capabilities Directorate, NASA’s Flight Opportunities and Small Spacecraft Technology programs, and DARPA’s Luna-10 program to develop technologies and execute demonstration missions that leverage the space domain to genuinely connect even the most remote and austere domains on the timeline of need. Picking apart the miracle that is Amazon prime, where does the model fail, and why? More relevantly to the theme of this year’s symposium, how can the space domain be used to overcome its limitations and minimize its weaknesses? Perhaps it is best assessed in the context of Use Cases. What are the Amazon delivery cost, schedule, and cargo limiters to the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Research Station, or the Lunar South Pole Research Station? This paper will explore enabling infrastructure that allows Amazon prime to thrive and assess the transformational enabling technologies that would be necessary to extend that miracle to the truly remote or the truly austere. Localizing the Remote • First, it will evaluate the ability of the on-going AFRL Rocket Cargo and Space Initiatives Ringside Seats systems, coupled with Astrobotic’s Xodiak and Xogdor capabilities, developed to support the NASA Flight Opportunities Program (FOP), to supply orbital/suborbital delivery to both improved and austere sites on the Earth and Moon. • Then, it will add the surface terminal distribution leg, with an examination of Lunar Outpost’s Mobile Autonomous Prospecting Platform (MAPP), equipped with Mobile Autonomous Robotic Swarm (MARS) software, and Intuitive Machine’s Hopper, developed with support of AFRL and NASA’s Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) program. Connecting the Isolated From there, it will focus on the destination, asking what implied destination services are required to support highly assured autonomous delivery. • Specifically, it will highlight Astrobotic’s Skymage mesh-networked publish and subscribe communication and navigation service, as well as AFRL’s on-going developments of radioisotope and reactor nuclear-sourced thermoelectric power generation and distribution systems under development under the Joint Emergent Technology Supplying On-orbit Nuclear Power (JETSON) program by Lockheed Martin, Westinghouse, Intuitive Machines, and Zeno Power, to provide the power service to locations well off the grid. • Finally, the paper will connect to the “human machine”. What connects the remote or in-situ human consumer to the remote domain? What connects the diverse international government and commercial services to each other? The former will focus on AFRL’s OraCloud feeding their Space Defense Control and Characterization System (SDCCS) and Lunar Station’s MoonHacker systems, while the latter will focus on the BlueHalo/Tensor LunX Technology Platform for the Cislunar Commodity Marketplace. In 1984, Krafft Ehricke famously remarked that, “If God wanted man to become a spacefaring species, He would have given man a Moon.” This paper is not about the Moon, but is about humans as a spacefaring species, shedding the pesky land/air limitations of the Amazon Prime model … so that we can all live a procrastinator’s “think it … have it” existence.

Charles Finley↗
DOE OSTI2024

Emergency Management of Tomorrow Research: Emergency Operations Center of the Future Tabletop Exercise Nashua, NH Tabletop Exercise

As part of the Emergency Management (EM) of Tomorrow Research (EMOTR) program, sponsored by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Science and Technology (S&T) Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) developed concepts for the Emergency Operations Center (EOC) of the Future to provide recommendations to assist DHS S&T in future decision-making with regards to research and development (R&D) and investments toward establishing a framework for a national, coordinated approach to EM. PNNL is conducting tabletop exercises (TTXs) designed to assess the impacts and benefits of emerging technologies on EM organizations.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Emergency Management of Tomorrow Research: Emergency Operations Center of the Future Seattle, WA Tabletop Exercise

As part of the Emergency Management (EM) of Tomorrow Research (EMOTR) program, sponsored by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Science and Technology (S&T) Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) developed concepts for the Emergency Operations Center (EOC) of the Future to provide recommendations to assist DHS S&T in future decision-making with regards to research and development (R&D) and investments toward establishing a framework for a national, coordinated approach to EM. PNNL is conducting tabletop exercises (TTXs) designed to assess the impacts and benefits of emerging technologies on EM organizations.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
NASA NTRS2010

Next Generation Respiratory Viral Vaccine System: Advanced and Emerging Bioengineered Human Lung Epithelia Model (HLEM) Organoid Technology

Acute respiratory infections, including pneumonia and influenza, are the S t" leading cause of United States and worldwide deaths. Newly emerging pathogens signaled the need for an advanced generation of vaccine technology.. Human bronchial-tracheal epithelial tissue was bioengineered to detect, identify, host and study the pathogenesis of acute respiratory viral disease. The 3-dimensional (3D) human lung epithelio-mesechymal tissue-like assemblies (HLEM TLAs) share characteristics with human respiratory epithelium: tight junctions, desmosomes, microvilli, functional markers villin, keratins and production of tissue mucin. Respiratory Syntial Virus (RSV) studies demonstrate viral growth kinetics and membrane bound glycoproteins up to day 20 post infection in the human lung-orgainoid infected cell system. Peak replication of RSV occurred on day 10 at 7 log10 particles forming units per ml/day. HLEM is an advanced virus vaccine model and biosentinel system for emergent viral infectious diseases to support DoD global surveillance and military readiness.

Goodwin, Thomas J.↗
NASA NTRS2015

Looking Back and Looking Forward: Reprising the Promise and Predicting the Future of Formation Flying and Spaceborne GPS Navigation Systems

A retrospective consideration of two 15-year old Guidance, Navigation and Control (GN&C) technology 'vision' predictions will be the focus of this paper. A look back analysis and critique of these late 1990s technology roadmaps out-lining the future vision, for two then nascent, but rapidly emerging, GN&C technologies will be performed. Specifically, these two GN&C technologies were: 1) multi-spacecraft formation flying and 2) the spaceborne use and exploitation of global positioning system (GPS) signals to enable formation flying. This paper reprises the promise of formation flying and spaceborne GPS as depicted in the cited 1999 and 1998 papers. It will discuss what happened to cause that promise to be mostly unfulfilled and the reasons why the envisioned formation flying dream has yet to become a reality. The recent technology trends over the past few years will then be identified and a renewed government interest in spacecraft formation flying/cluster flight will be highlighted. The authors will conclude with a reality-tempered perspective, 15 years after the initial technology roadmaps were published, predicting a promising future of spacecraft formation flying technology development over the next decade.

Bauer, Frank H.↗
NASA NTRS2020

The Integration of Life Sciences in Space: Astrobiology and Space Biology Virtual Workshops Report

A series of virtual workshops was held during June 2020 to seek ways to integrate the efforts of the astrobiology and space biology research communities under a broad umbrella of space life sciences. The overall goal was to help inspire creativity that will guide us towards new synergistic ideas complementing these existing disciplines that are of such importance to NASA. Workshop participants aspired to: (1) Exploit synergies across the biological sciences at NASA, (2) Foster research, enabling technology, and mission concepts that support commonalities in space biology, astrobiology, synthetic biology, planetary protection, and relevant human health, performance, and habitation concerns, (3) Envision the development of an “Arc of Biology in Space” to encompass this multi-faceted joint research community. The focused objective of the workshop series was to explore and demonstrate how the integration of astrobiology and space biology could be achieved, identify strengths and weaknesses in the current state of the art, and recognize where our greatest challenges lay. Specifically, we seek to: (1) Establish a scientific framework for an integrated life sciences effort, (2) Pioneer discovery by creating unique opportunities in the fundamental biological sciences, (3) Explore novel combinations of existing technologies across the relevant disciplines, (4) Invent new technologies and applications in space life sciences, and (5) Creatively increase access to spaceflight, emerging and novel technologies, Earth analogs, and simulated natural and spaceflight environments. The community aims for a broad arc of biological competence in the context of space and planetary science, spaceflight, and habitation. We will present dominant themes and innovative ideas that resulted from this interchange of relevant communities.

astrobiology↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

The Integration of Life Sciences in Space: Astrobiology and Space Biology Virtual Workshops Report

A series of virtual workshops was held during June 2020 to seek ways to integrate the efforts of the astrobiology and space biology research communities under a broad umbrella of space life sciences. The overall goal was to help inspire creativity that will guide us towards new synergistic ideas complementing these existing disciplines that are of such importance to NASA. Workshop participants aspired to: (1) Exploit synergies across the biological sciences at NASA, (2) Foster research, enabling technology, and mission concepts that support commonalities in space biology, astrobiology, synthetic biology, planetary protection, and relevant human health, performance, and habitation concerns, (3) Envision the development of an “Arc of Biology in Space” to encompass this multi-faceted joint research community. The focused objective of the workshop series was to explore and demonstrate how the integration of astrobiology and space biology could be achieved, identify strengths and weaknesses in the current state of the art, and recognize where our greatest challenges lay. Specifically, we seek to: (1) Establish a scientific framework for an integrated life sciences effort, (2) Pioneer discovery by creating unique opportunities in the fundamental biological sciences, (3) Explore novel combinations of existing technologies across the relevant disciplines, (4) Invent new technologies and applications in space life sciences, and (5) Creatively increase access to spaceflight, emerging and novel technologies, Earth analogs, and simulated natural and spaceflight environments. The community aims for a broad arc of biological competence in the context of space and planetary science, spaceflight, and habitation. We will present dominant themes and innovative ideas that resulted from this interchange of relevant communities.

astrobiology↗
DOE OSTI2021

Global Overview of Energy Storage Performance Test Protocols

As part of the World Bank Energy Storage Partnership, this document seeks to provide support and knowledge to a set of stakeholders across the developing world as we all seek to analyze the emerging opportunities and technologies for energy storage in the electric sector. As global prices for renewable energy have dropped dramatically over the last decade and continue to decline and the value of energy storage has increased in many systems, the World Bank technical teams and others have been hearing of a variety of problems. Related, developing countries have been asking a series of questions in this new area. This working group seeks to address the issues raised in part by creating this document and working to gather a variety of experts in this area from across the globe in support of the World Bank efforts. Performance testing, in combination with test beds (Working Group 2), is critical to fulfill the promise offered by these breakthrough technologies and critical to increasing trust in these systems and reducing risk. This document seeks to provide information to stakeholders in developing countries on the current global performance testing landscape of the battery (and broader) performance testing landscape. This document does that by summarizing testing protocols published by key global entities. From this summary, it can be concluded that there are several organizations within each region that set protocols for the testing and specifications of stationary energy storage systems. Across most of these entities, there are extensive protocols for testing batteries for electrical vehicles and mobile devices, but less for large scale energy storage system and their usage cases. The working group and the Partnership more generally agree that the nascent markets for certain technologies and rapid growth make testing more important than ever as these markets continue to mature. This document also seeks to provide a set of "guideposts" to new entrants by pointing out some of the key organizations globally that are currently engaged in performance testing of energy storage systems (often batteries but the larger organizations are likely to engage in tailored tests for emerging thermal and other storage technologies).

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Emergency Management of Tomorrow Research: Emergency Operations Center of the Future Madison, WI Tabletop Exercise

As part of the Emergency Management (EM) of Tomorrow Research (EMOTR) program, sponsored by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Science and Technology (S&T) Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) developed concepts for the Emergency Operations Center (EOC) of the Future to provide recommendations to assist DHS S&T in future decision-making with regards to research and development (R&D) and investments toward establishing a framework for a national, coordinated approach to EM. PNNL is conducting tabletop exercises (TTXs) designed to assess the impacts and benefits of emerging technologies on EM organizations.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
NASA NTRS2004

NASA Programs in Advanced Sensors and Measurement Technology for Aeronautical Applications

There are many challenges facing designers and operators of our next-generation aircraft in meeting the demands for efficiency, safety, and reliability which are will be imposed. This paper discusses aeronautical sensor requirements for a number of research and applications areas pertinent to the demands listed above. A brief overview will be given of aeronautical research measurements, along with a discussion of requirements for advanced technology. Also included will be descriptions of emerging sensors and instrumentation technology which may be exploited for enhanced research and operational capabilities. Finally, renewed emphasis of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration in advanced sensor and instrumentation technology development will be discussed, including project of technology advances over the next 5 years. Emphasis on NASA efforts to more actively advance the state-of-the-art in sensors and measurement techniques is timely in light of exciting new opportunities in airspace development and operation. An up-to-date summary of the measurement technology programs being established to respond to these opportunities is provided.

Conway, Bruce A.↗
NASA NTRS2005

Towards G2G: Systems of Technology Database Systems

We present an approach and methodology for developing Government-to-Government (G2G) Systems of Technology Database Systems. G2G will deliver technologies for distributed and remote integration of technology data for internal use in analysis and planning as well as for external communications. G2G enables NASA managers, engineers, operational teams and information systems to "compose" technology roadmaps and plans by selecting, combining, extending, specializing and modifying components of technology database systems. G2G will interoperate information and knowledge that is distributed across organizational entities involved that is ideal for NASA future Exploration Enterprise. Key contributions of the G2G system will include the creation of an integrated approach to sustain effective management of technology investments that supports the ability of various technology database systems to be independently managed. The integration technology will comply with emerging open standards. Applications can thus be customized for local needs while enabling an integrated management of technology approach that serves the global needs of NASA. The G2G capabilities will use NASA s breakthrough in database "composition" and integration technology, will use and advance emerging open standards, and will use commercial information technologies to enable effective System of Technology Database systems.

Maluf, David A.↗
NASA NTRS2002

Superfinished Surfaces for Power Transfer Systems Improvement

The continuous demands for high performance and lightweight power train systems resulted in requirements for higher power density gearing systems. However, increasing the load bearing capacity of the gear teeth, without increasing size, places stringent requirements upon metallurgy, dimensional control, and surface finish of the final products. In order to operate the mating parts near the upper bounds of their theoretical design envelope, manufacturing processes are required that are capable of improving the fatigue life and load bearing capacity of precision parts, while producing the required geometric accuracy. Results of the recent experimental studies indicate that the super finishing process is able to achieve these goals. This paper will review the results of our continuing evaluation of the super finish process as applied to aerospace gearing. Two separate evaluations were performed on gears to examine the effects of super finishing on resistance to both pitting and contact fatigue. For the reported experiments, both conventional and super finished test gears were simultaneously manufactured using the same process and the same heat lot of materials. This paper will also provide a brief description of the manufacturing technology used to achieve the results and will compare the results with other published data. In addition, this paper presents a couple of off-the-shelf manufacturing technologies that have been successfully used to super finish test specimens and will provide a glimpse of other emerging super finishing technologies. This is a US Army Manufacturing Technology project. The project was sponsored by the Aviation and Missiles Command (AMCOM) and was being managed and conducted by IIT Research Institute.

Niskanen, Paul↗
NASA NTRS1986

Aquatic Plants and Wastewater Treatment (an Overview)

The technology for using water hyacinth to upgrade domestic sewage effluent from lagoons and other wastewater treatment facilities to secondary and advanced secondary standards has been sufficiently developed to be used where the climate is warm year round. The technology of using emergent plants such as bulrush combined with duckweed is also sufficiently developed to make this a viable wastewater treatment alternative. This system is suited for both temperate and semi-tropical areas found throughout most of the U.S. The newest technology in artificial marsh wastewater treatment involves the use of emergent plant roots in conjunction with high surface area rock filters. Smaller land areas are required for these systems because of the increased concentration of microorganisms associated with the rock and plant root surfaces. Approximately 75 percent less land area is required for the plant-rock system than is required for a strict artificial wetland to achieve the same level of treatment.

Wolverton, B. C.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Minimum GHG emissions and energy consumption of U.S. PET and polyolefin packaging supply chains in a circular economy

There is a wide agreement on the urgency of transforming linear management of plastics towards a circular economy model. However, no clear pathways exist as to required recycling technologies involved and system-wide environmental impacts. This study explores such pathways in the U.S. for the most commonly used packaging plastics through a combination of mechanical and emerging advanced recycling technologies. A system optimization model aimed at minimizing environmental impacts was developed to determine optimal end-of-life (EOL) management and locations of existing and emerging U.S. recycling infrastructures. Our study includes material flows from virgin resin production through semi-manufacturing processes to existing EOL disposal and recycling processes. An optimized circular plastics packaging system achieved greenhouse gas (GHG) emission savings of up to 28% and cumulative energy demand (CED) savings of up to 46%, compared to the linear economy. Moreover, these savings of GHG emissions and CED impacts represent a reduction of 0.16% and 0.49% compared to annual U.S. GHG emissions and energy consumption in 2022, respectively. The optimal recycling rates and systems-level circularity ranged from 78–99% and 57–75%, respectively. Increased energy savings led to increased GHG emissions showing a potential trade-off between GHG emissions and energy. Analysis of 40 scenarios showed the importance of material collection distances, blend limit of mechanically recycled resins, process yields, and mandated recycling rates for achieving a sustainable circular economy of plastics.

09 - BIOMASS FUELS↗
NASA NTRS2004

Thermal Control Technologies for Complex Spacecraft

Thermal control is a generic need for all spacecraft. In response to ever more demanding science and exploration requirements, spacecraft are becoming ever more complex, and hence their thermal control systems must evolve. This paper briefly discusses the process of technology development, the state-of-the-art in thermal control, recent experiences with on-orbit two-phase systems, and the emerging thermal control technologies to meet these evolving needs. Some "lessons learned" based on experience with on-orbit systems are also presented.

Swanson, Theodore D.↗