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At least 1,027 records · Page 57

All sources NASA NTRS DOE OSTI

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Sustainable Crop Cultivation in Space Analogs: A BRIDGES Methodology Perspective Through SpaCEA

Sustainable crop cultivation in space holds paramount significance for the support of life in future long-duration missions. This research explores the development and integration of innovative low-cost proof-of-concept (LC-POC) plant growth cabinets tailored for use in space analog missions. By outlining past and current efforts in space farming, this study introduces the SpaCEA Cabinet using BRIDGES framework, establishing a context for reproducible experiments and innovation in plant growth systems. The SpaCEA cabinets can either be delivered in flat packs or assembled on-site, employing cutting-edge methods like 3-D printing and laser cutting. The main objective is to assess how effectively these structures foster crop growth within analog environments while replicating conditions crucial for space exploration. Employing a multi-faceted approach encompassing technical and qualitative dimensions, this project integrates a qualitative investigation where representatives managing analog stations and analog astronauts will partake in interviews and questionnaires to discern specific requirements and challenges within these environments. Insights gained from these engagements will significantly define the final design parameters of updated SpaCEA plant growth cabinets. The practical applicability of these cabinets emphasizes ease of assembly and transportation, addressing the inherent spatial and logistical constraints associated with space missions. Furthermore, the BRIDGES framework ensures the standardization of hardware, software, and data-gathering elements within a unified structure, which utilizes cutting-edge manufacturing technologies for the prototyping and deployment of these cabinets. The anticipated outcomes of this research include the identification of key design considerations and technical specifications for plant growth cabinets tailored to space farming analog systems. This research is poised to contribute valuable knowledge to sustainable space exploration through the development of interoperable plant growth systems for analog environments, advancing research in space crop cultivation which will make up part of a larger bioregenerative life support system.

Advanced Life Support↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Cyber Resiliency and the Implementation of a Host-Based Intrusion Detection System in an Urban Air Mobility Environment

With the growth in urban air mobility systems and the increasing reliance on interconnected technologies, ensuring the security of these complex infrastructures has become critical. As cities evolve into smart urban centers, the vulnerability to cyber threats escalates, possibly endangering citizens’ safety and the efficiency of transportation networks. In response to these challenges, this paper presents a study on implementing a Host-Based Intrusion Detection System (HIDS) tailored explicitly to urban mobility environments’ unique demands. This study explores the design, development, and deployment of the proposed HIDS, focusing on its adaptability to monitor the hybrid nature of the urban mobility environment. Leveraging machine learning algorithms and anomaly detection techniques, the HIDS is equipped to continuously monitor and analyze the behavior of individual host systems, vehicles, and devices, thereby providing a proactive approach to threat detection. Implementing a HIDS is a pivotal strategy for enhancing cyber resiliency, as it gives an organization granular visibility into internal system activities, enables rapid detection and response to anomalous behavior and cyber threats, and fortifies the organization’s overall cybersecurity posture. In conclusion, this paper highlights the significance of host-based intrusion detection in urban mobility environments and underscores the necessity of tailored security solutions to safeguard against emerging cyber threats.

UAM↗

NASA NTRS2023

Integrated Baseline Review (IBR) Handbook

The purpose of this handbook is intended to be a how-to guide to prepare for, conduct, and close-out an Integrated Baseline Review (IBR). It discusses the steps that should be considered, describes roles and responsibilities, tips for tailoring the IBR based on risk, cost, management insight benefits, and provides lessons learned from past IBRs. The appendices contain example documentation typically used in connection with an IBR. Note: Appendices are examples only, and should be tailored to meet the needs of individual projects and contracts. Following the guidance in this handbook will help customers and suppliers preparing for an IBR understand the expectations of the IBR, and ensure that the IBR meets the requirements for both in-house and contract efforts.

Christopher Lewis Sadler↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Sustainable Crop Cultivation in Space Analogs: A BRIDGES Methodology Perspective Through SpaCEA

Advanced Life Support↗

NASA NTRS2024

Foam With Direction: Unraveling the Anisotropic Radiation Shielding Properties of 2D Boron Nitride Nanoplatelet Foams

Neutron radiation exposure is one of the main challenges faced during space missions. There is a critical need for advanced lightweight radiation shielding materials. Two-dimensional (2D) boron nitride nanoplatelets (BNNP) are excellent candidates for polymer matrix nanofillers due to their superior neutron shielding and thermal and mechanical properties. Furthermore, the 2D material anisotropic behavior unlocks the potential for composite property tailoring. This study fabricated ultra- lightweight lamellar BNNP foams (density 0.05 g cm –3 and 97.5% porous) via freeze-drying processing. The neutron shielding effectiveness or mass absorption coefficient of the BNNP foams with walls perpendicular to the direction of the radiation source was 14.47 cm 2 g –1 , while that of the foam with parallel configuration was only 8.51 cm 2 g –1 . The orientation-dependent neutron radiation shielding properties were modeled using the Beer-Lambert law for porous composite materials. The BNNP foam in this study has the potential to benefit advanced tailorable radiation shielding technologies for future aerospace missions.

Radiation shielding↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Cyber Resiliency and the Implementation of a Host-Based Intrusion Detection System in an Urban Air Mobility Environment

With the growth in Urban Air Mobility systems and the increasing reliance on interconnected technologies, ensuring the security of these complex components has become critical. As cities evolve into smart urban centers, the vulnerability to cyber threats escalates, possibly endangering citizens safety and the efficiency of transportation networks.In response to these challenges, this paper presents a study on the need for cyber resilient techniques within future air traffic environments. It will pay specific attention to the implementation of a Host-Based Intrusion Detection System (HIDS) utilizing Atomic OSSEC software, tailored specifically to a NASA simulation of an UrbanAirMobility environments’ unique demands. Further, this study seeks to outline the rational for NASA’s recommendation for a HIDS in such environments. It explores the design, development, and deployment of the proposed HIDS, focusing on its adaptability to monitor the hybrid nature of the Urban Air Mobility environment. Leveraging machine learning algorithms and anomaly detection techniques, the HIDS is equipped to continuously monitor and analyze the behavior of individual host systems, vehicles, and devices, thereby providing a proactive approach to threat detection. Implementing a HIDS is a pivotal strategy for enhancing cyber resiliency, as it gives an organization granular visibility into internal system activities, enables rapid detection and response to anomalous behavior and cyber threats, and fortifies the organizations overall cybersecurity posture. Finally, this study aims to provide recommendations and include learned takeaways that the Urban Air Mobility industry should consider. In brief, this paper highlights the significance of host-based intrusion detection in UrbanAirMobility environments and underscores the necessity of tailored security solutions to safeguard against emerging cyber threats.

UAM↗

NASA NTRS2026

Evaluation of Superalloy 718 Additively Manufactured Lattice Blocks

Lattice block structures made up of high temperature superalloys could offer advantages in density, efficiency, and tailored properties. Three candidate lattice designs were screened through additive manufacturing of superalloy 718. Laser powder bed fusion was applied with 718 powder to produce lattice blocks for three-dimensional octahedral unit cell designs of three heights. As-designed versus additively manufactured 718 lattices were compared, including structural dimensions, densities, defects, grain structures, crystallographic texture, and surface residual stresses. Manufactured lattice I diverged the most from its design, with both corner and center nodes merged into continuous columns. Manufactured lattice III came closest to its design, though the actual nodes and struts were still larger in cross section than in the design. Only modest grain coarsening and negligible chemical segregation were observed for all three designs, suggesting uniform thermo-physical and mechanical properties are possible. Significant tensile residual stresses were present at the surface of the manufactured blocks, with highest stresses in the building direction. Current findings indicate this concept could produce useful superalloy structures for high-temperature-capable static components requiring tailored density, and thermo-physical/mechanical properties.

super alloys↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Evaluations of Additively Manufactured Superalloy Lattice Blocks

Cast lattice block structures made up of high-temperature superalloys were previously shown to offer advantages in density, efficiency, and tailored properties. However, inconsistencies in casting die-fill, composition, and microstructure were identified as persistent issues with the casting process path. Three candidate lattice designs were screened through additive manufacturing of a superalloy. Laser powder bed fusion was applied with superalloy powder to produce lattice blocks for three-dimensional octahedral unit-cell designs of three heights. Properties of the structural designs versus additively manufactured lattices were compared, including structural dimensions, densities, defects, grain structures, crystallographic texture, and surface residual stresses. Findings indicate this concept could produce useful superalloy structures for high-temperature-capable static components requiring tailored density, and thermophysical and mechanical properties.

superalloy↗

NASA NTRS2026

Evaluating Energy Absorption Methods for Integrated Composite Seat Designs

Composite materials have become ubiquitous in the aerospace industry due to their exceptionally light weight and high strength characteristics, as well as their unique ability to be engineered and tailored to meet specific loading conditions and performance requirements. These advanced materials offer superior strength-to-weight ratios compared to traditional metallic materials, making them particularly valuable in weight-critical aerospace applications where every pound saved translates to improved efficiency and performance. In currently operating fleets of commercial and military aircraft, composite materials have been successfully applied to critical structural components, including primary load-bearing elements such as the fuselage sections and flooring structures, which must withstand significant in-flight loads and provide passenger safety. Additionally, these materials have been specifically tailored and optimized for aerodynamic components such as wings and tail assemblies, where their ability to be molded into complex shapes while maintaining structural integrity is particularly advantageous. The application of composite materials extends beyond primary structural elements into the realm of internal cabin components, most notably in innovative seat designs where weight reduction and structural integration are paramount concerns. Modern composite seat structures can be designed to integrate multiple functions, including structural support, comfort features, and safety systems, all while maintaining the lightweight characteristics essential for aircraft performance.

Digital image correlation↗

DOE OSTI2021

Leveraging Randomized Compiling for the QITE Algorithm

The success of the current generation of Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) hardware shows that quantum hardware may be able to tackle complex problems even without error correction. One outstanding issue is that of coherent errors arising from the increased complexity of these devices. These errors can accumulate through a circuit, making their impact on algorithms hard to predict and mitigate. Iterative algorithms like Quantum Imaginary Time Evolution are susceptible to these errors. This article presents the combination of both noise tailoring using Randomized Compiling and error mitigation with a purification. We also show that Cycle Benchmarking gives an estimate of the reliability of the purification. We apply this method to the Quantum Imaginary Time Evolution of a Transverse Field Ising Model and report an energy estimation and a ground state infidelity both below 1\%. Our methodology is general and can be used for other algorithms and platforms. We show how combining noise tailoring and error mitigation will push forward the performance of NISQ devices.

Ville, Jean-Loup↗

DOE OSTI2021

Alkali semi-metal films and method and apparatus for fabricating them

Methods and systems for fabricating a film, such as, for example, a photocathode, having a tailored band structure and thin-film components that can be tailored for specific applications, such as, for example photocathode having a high quantum efficiency, and simple components fabricated by those methods.

Bhandari, Harish B.↗

DOE OSTI2022

Post-synthetically modified metal-organic frameworks for selective binding of heavy metal ions in water

A composition of matter for selective binding of at least one heavy metal comprising at least one porous metal-organic framework (MOF) with unsaturated coordination sites, at least one organic ligand functionalized with at least one functional group tailored to bind to the at least one MOF, and at least one separate functional group tailored to bind to the at least one heavy metal.

Britt, David↗

DOE OSTI2022

Additively manufactured metal energetic ligand precursors and combustion synthesis

Processes for tailoring the macroscopic shape, metallic composition, mechanical properties, and pore structure of nanoporous metal foams prepared through combustion synthesis via direct write 3D printing of metal energetic ligand precursor inks made with water and an organic thickening agent are disclosed. Such processes enable production of never before obtainable metal structures with hierarchical porosity, tailorable from the millimeter size regime to the nanometer size regime. Structures produced by these processes have numerous applications including, but not limited to, catalysts, heat exchangers, low density structural materials, biomedical implants, hydrogen storage medium, fuel cells, and batteries.

Tappan, Bryce↗

DOE OSTI2022

Contentious narratives and disinformation about nuclear weapons in strategic deterrence and competition: A SOCOM perspective. Part of Section: United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) in Emerging Strategic & Geopolitical Challenges: Operational Implications for US Combatant Commands

Russia’s “special military operation” in Ukraine demonstrates the challenge for strategic deterrence and competition of countering contentious narratives and disinformation about weapons of mass destruction (WMD) during conventional regional wars against a nucleararmed adversary. Moscow uses both tailored, contentious narratives and targeted disinformation about WMD in Ukraine to influence and disrupt local and global perceptions in support of its deterrence and competition objectives vis-à-vis the United States and NATO. Since December 2021, Moscow has made a focal point of chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear weapons in its efforts to establish a permissive environment for its military buildup on the border with Ukraine and then its military intervention. These information tactics also demonstrate an opportunity for US Special Operations Forces (SOF). They are a case study for considering how SOF can contribute to strategic deterrence and competition objectives, specifically countering adversary gray-zone information efforts to alter regional security orders.1 Such a role is in line with the 2022 Special Operations Forces Vision and Strategy, which provides a framework for the evolution of SOF into “a force capable of creating strategic, asymmetric advantages for the nation as a key contributor of integrated deterrence” (United States Special Operations Command, 2022). This paper briefly examines this strategic challenge and SOF opportunity, focusing narrowly on the distinction between contentious narratives and disinformation about nuclear weapons and the role of SOF in countering these gray-zone information tactics. The nuclear dimension of Moscow’s contentious narratives and disinformation in the “special military operation” is of particular interest because it demonstrates the distinction between strategic efforts to influence and disrupt local and global perceptions in Moscow’s favor. This distinction between influence and disruption is less clear with Russia’s contentious narratives and disinformation about chemical and biological weapons in Ukraine, as disinformation about these two types of WMD appears to overwhelm contentious narratives. We believe this distinction is useful for policymakers and warfighters responsible for countering gray-zone information tactics because it provides a framework for crafting tailored responses to contentious narratives and disinformation about nuclear weapons and other WMD. The chapter concludes with a discussion of efforts that could be undertaken by SOF in cooperation with other relevant stakeholders to address this aspect of adversary gray-zone information tactics.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

DOE OSTI2023

Systems and methods for generating a graded lattice structure and their application to additive manufacturing

Systems and methods for generating graded lattice structures that can be used as infill for additively manufactured articles. Tailored sectioning and field-based smoothing are modified polygon, e.g., circle, packing algorithms that adjust the size of the circles based on physical field data to adapt the infill generation process to a field expected to be experienced by the article. Molecular dynamically generated lattice infill is based on force balancing a node distribution instead of a circle packing. Field data can be utilized to adjust the spacing of the node distribution according to a force balance equilibrium model that accounts for the field expected to be experienced by the article being additively manufactured. The resultant non-uniform honeycomb structures from tailored sectioning, field-based smoothing, and force-balancing robustly and efficiently address the connection issues with traditional non-uniform lattice structures.

Kim, Seokpum↗

DOE OSTI2023

Artificial zeolites

Zeolites are industrially important materials possessing high Bronsted acidity and shape-selectivity. However, their inherently small pores restrict application for catalytic conversion of bulky molecules. A method of synthesis of ‘artificial’ zeolites. The artificial zeolites have well-tailored Bronsted and Lewis acid sites prepared on mesostructured silica to circumvent this limitation. This novel approach utilizes atomic layer deposition to tailor both porosity and acid speciation, providing exquisite control over catalytic behavior and enabling systematic studies.

Elam, Jeffrey W.↗

DOE OSTI2024

7 Innovations in high-rate composite manufacturing: integrating additive manufacturing with compression molding process

Advanced composites play a pivotal role in modern engineering, offering exceptional strength-to-weight ratios and tailored properties, essential for various industries. High-rate composite manufacturing techniques have rapid production capabilities, which are essential for meeting the demands of industries requiring cost-saving, efficiency, and quick turnaround times. This chapter explores the Additive Manufacturing- Compression Molding (AM-CM) system developed by Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) for advanced composites manufacturing. The AM-CM system integrates additive manufacturing with compression molding, facilitating the production of polymer composite parts with superior mechanical properties and meticulously controlled microstructures. This innovative system not only ensures precise material deposition but also operates as a fast composite manufacturing process, enhancing productivity and performance, which are needed attributes across industrial applications. Through comprehensive mechanical testing and microstructural analysis, AM-CM promotes remarkable fiber alignment and reduced porosity in composite parts compared to alternative thermoplastic high-rate composite manufacturing methods. Furthermore, AM-CM enables overmolding reinforcement using continuous carbon fiber and supports selective reinforcement through customizable toolpaths. It also facilitates the production of hybrid materials to achieve tailored mechanical properties. Future advancements in AM-CM technology aim to enhance process efficiency, broaden material versatility, and improve part performance. This involves exploring novel materials, advancing process monitoring, implementing automation technologies, and integrating artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) for predictive modeling and real-time optimization in composite manufacturing. These developments will establish the AM-CM system as a transformative technology in composite manufacturing, driving innovation across industries.

Hassen, Ahmed [ORNL] (ORCID:0000000328521222)↗

DOE OSTI2024

Alkali semi-metal films and method and apparatus for fabricating them

Bhandari, Harish B.↗