Results for “control software” — Page 55

DOE OSTI2019

Modernization Plans for Fermilab’s Accelerator Control System

The control system, ACNET, for Fermilab’s accelerator complex has enabled the lab’s scientific mission for decades. ACNET has evolved over the years to incorporate new technologies. However, as Fermilab prepares to enter a new era with its PIP-II superconducting linear accelerator, ACNET is at a crossroads. There are several components that are either obsolete or outdated, or certainly will be over the long lifetime of PIP-II. We have begun a plan to modernize our accelerator control system. This paper discusses some of the obsolete hardware and software that needs to be replaced, and lays out options and technologies that we might adopt as part of this modernization effort.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2015

Increasing the resilience and security of the United States' power infrastructure

The United States' power infrastructure is aging, underfunded, and vulnerable to cyber attack. Emerging smart grid technologies may take some of the burden off of existing systems and make the grid as a whole more efficient, reliable, and secure. The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) is funding research into several aspects of smart grid technology and grid security, creating a software simulation tool that will allow researchers to test power infrastructure control and distribution paradigms by utilizing different smart grid technologies to determine how the grid and these technologies react under different circumstances. Understanding how these systems behave in real-world conditions will lead to new ways to make our power infrastructure more resilient and secure. Demonstrating security in embedded systems is another research area PNNL is tackling. Many of the systems controlling the U.S. critical infrastructure, such as the power grid, lack integrated security and the aging networks protecting them are becoming easier to attack.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2019

BuildingIQ Technology Field Validation

This document describes a field validation and verification of the BuildingIQ Predictive Energy Optimization (PEO) technology based on a five-site study. BuildingIQ describes its PEO technology as a software-as-a-service (SaaS) platform that optimizes commercial building HVAC control for system efficiency, occupant comfort, and cost. It is targeted for use in large, complex buildings, and integrates with the building automation system (BAS) to conduct supervisory control. The PEO algorithm defines optimal space air temperature setpoints that are automatically implemented at the variable air volume (VAV) terminal units when possible, or through supply air temperature and duct static pressure setpoints at the air handling unit (AHU) level. The optimization is built upon a learned predictive model that provides a 24-hour ahead forecast of the building’s power profile, using weather forecasts and historical operational data; this model is updated every 4 to 6 hours. Demand-responsive load reductions may also be implemented.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2023

Tech-X contributions to the Center for Tokamak Transients (CTTS) Scientific Discovery through Advanced Computing (SciDAC) project (Final Report)

The Center for Tokamak Transients Simulations (CTTS) consists of computational plasma physicists, computer scientists, and applied mathematicians who are together developing and applying simulation software to improve our understanding of and ability to predict and control transient events in tokamak discharges, particularly those that lead to violent disruptions. We have major simulation activities concerning disruptions that are caused by violating ideal MHD stability criteria, vertical displacement events, resistive wall modes, and tearing modes. We are performing comprehensive modeling of disruption mitigation techniques, particularly by shattered pellet injection (SPI). The Center is built around two mature extended MHD codes: NIMROD and M3D-C1. These codes are being extended in a number of ways as required by the demands of disruption modeling, and are being optimized to work well for larger problem size and modern computer architectures as required to model tokamak plasmas with realistic parameters over the required timescales. The codes will be coupled to the FronTier code for state-of-the-art modeling of SPI. Validation with experimental data on DIII-D, NSTX, and JET is being facilitated by rigorous uncertainty quantification (UQ). The high-level objectives of the center are to: (1) Develop better understanding and improved predictive capability of when crossing a linear stability boundary will likely lead to a disruption, (2) Provide a tool for calculating vessel forces, both axisymmetric and non-axisymmetric, for worst case VDE and other disruptions in tokamaks, (3) Develop increased understanding and improved predictive capability for locked mode disruptions and how best to avoid them, (4) Develop, verify, and validate 3D models for disruption mitigation by shattered pellets that can be used to design and optimize a system for future tokamaks, and (5) Increase the efficiency and scalability of the M3D-C1 and NIMROD codes so that they can model disruptions in ITER scale devices using the most powerful DOE HPC hardware, and (6) Demonstrate code-coupling via FronTier coupling with NIMROD and M3D-C1 and by interfacing these codes within a WDM framework.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2014

Broadband Heating Rate Profile Project (BBHRP) - SGP 1bbhrpripbe1mcfarlane

The objective of the ARM Broadband Heating Rate Profile (BBHRP) Project is to provide a structure for the comprehensive assessment of our ability to model atmospheric radiative transfer for all conditions. Required inputs to BBHRP include surface albedo and profiles of atmospheric state (temperature, humidity), gas concentrations, aerosol properties, and cloud properties. In the past year, the Radiatively Important Parameters Best Estimate (RIPBE) VAP was developed to combine all of the input properties needed for BBHRP into a single gridded input file. Additionally, an interface between the RIPBE input file and the RRTM was developed using the new ARM integrated software development environment (ISDE) and effort was put into developing quality control (qc) flags and provenance information on the BBHRP output files so that analysis of the output would be more straightforward. This new version of BBHRP, sgp1bbhrpripbeC1.c1, uses the RIPBE files as input to RRTM, and calculates broadband SW and LW fluxes and heating rates at 1-min resolution using the independent column approximation. The vertical resolution is 45 m in the lower and middle troposphere to match the input cloud properties, but is at coarser resolution in the upper atmosphere. Unlike previous versions, the vertical grid is the same for both clear-sky and cloudy-sky calculations.

1bbhrpripbe1mcfarlane↗

DOE OSTI2014

Broadband Heating Rate Profile Project (BBHRP) - SGP ripbe1mcfarlane

The objective of the ARM Broadband Heating Rate Profile (BBHRP) Project is to provide a structure for the comprehensive assessment of our ability to model atmospheric radiative transfer for all conditions. Required inputs to BBHRP include surface albedo and profiles of atmospheric state (temperature, humidity), gas concentrations, aerosol properties, and cloud properties. In the past year, the Radiatively Important Parameters Best Estimate (RIPBE) VAP was developed to combine all of the input properties needed for BBHRP into a single gridded input file. Additionally, an interface between the RIPBE input file and the RRTM was developed using the new ARM integrated software development environment (ISDE) and effort was put into developing quality control (qc) flags and provenance information on the BBHRP output files so that analysis of the output would be more straightforward. This new version of BBHRP, sgp1bbhrpripbeC1.c1, uses the RIPBE files as input to RRTM, and calculates broadband SW and LW fluxes and heating rates at 1-min resolution using the independent column approximation. The vertical resolution is 45 m in the lower and middle troposphere to match the input cloud properties, but is at coarser resolution in the upper atmosphere. Unlike previous versions, the vertical grid is the same for both clear-sky and cloudy-sky calculations.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2014

Broadband Heating Rate Profile Project (BBHRP) - SGP ripbe370mcfarlane

The objective of the ARM Broadband Heating Rate Profile (BBHRP) Project is to provide a structure for the comprehensive assessment of our ability to model atmospheric radiative transfer for all conditions. Required inputs to BBHRP include surface albedo and profiles of atmospheric state (temperature, humidity), gas concentrations, aerosol properties, and cloud properties. In the past year, the Radiatively Important Parameters Best Estimate (RIPBE) VAP was developed to combine all of the input properties needed for BBHRP into a single gridded input file. Additionally, an interface between the RIPBE input file and the RRTM was developed using the new ARM integrated software development environment (ISDE) and effort was put into developing quality control (qc) flags and provenance information on the BBHRP output files so that analysis of the output would be more straightforward. This new version of BBHRP, sgp1bbhrpripbeC1.c1, uses the RIPBE files as input to RRTM, and calculates broadband SW and LW fluxes and heating rates at 1-min resolution using the independent column approximation. The vertical resolution is 45 m in the lower and middle troposphere to match the input cloud properties, but is at coarser resolution in the upper atmosphere. Unlike previous versions, the vertical grid is the same for both clear-sky and cloudy-sky calculations.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2014

Broadband Heating Rate Profile Project (BBHRP) - SGP 1bbhrpripbe1mcfarlane

The objective of the ARM Broadband Heating Rate Profile (BBHRP) Project is to provide a structure for the comprehensive assessment of our ability to model atmospheric radiative transfer for all conditions. Required inputs to BBHRP include surface albedo and profiles of atmospheric state (temperature, humidity), gas concentrations, aerosol properties, and cloud properties. In the past year, the Radiatively Important Parameters Best Estimate (RIPBE) VAP was developed to combine all of the input properties needed for BBHRP into a single gridded input file. Additionally, an interface between the RIPBE input file and the RRTM was developed using the new ARM integrated software development environment (ISDE) and effort was put into developing quality control (qc) flags and provenance information on the BBHRP output files so that analysis of the output would be more straightforward. This new version of BBHRP, sgp1bbhrpripbeC1.c1, uses the RIPBE files as input to RRTM, and calculates broadband SW and LW fluxes and heating rates at 1-min resolution using the independent column approximation. The vertical resolution is 45 m in the lower and middle troposphere to match the input cloud properties, but is at coarser resolution in the upper atmosphere. Unlike previous versions, the vertical grid is the same for both clear-sky and cloudy-sky calculations.

1bbhrpripbe1mcfarlane↗

DOE OSTI2011

BioSig-Air-Force

1) Configured servers: In coordination with the INSIGHT team, a hardware configuration was selected. Two nodes were purchased, configured, and shipped with compatible OS and database installation. The servers have been stress tested for reliability as they use leading edge technologies. Each node has two CPUs and 12 cores per CPU with maximum onboard memory for high performance. 2) LIM and Experimental module: The original BioSig system was developed for cancer research. Accordingly, the LIM system its corresponding web pages are being modified to facilitate (i) pathogene-donor interactions, (ii) media composition, (iii) chemical and siRNA plate configurations. The LIM system has been redesigned. The revised system allows design of new media and tracking it from lot-to-lot so that variations in the phenotypic responses can be tracked to a specific media and lot number. Similar associations are also possible with other experimental factors (e.g., donor-pathoge, siRNA, and chemical). Furthermore, the design of the experimental variables has also been revised to (i) interact with the newly developed LIM system, (ii) simplify experimental specifications, and (iii) test for potential operator's error during the data entry. Part of the complication has been due to the handshake between multiple teams that provide the small molecule plates and the team that creates assay plates. Our efforts have focused to harmonize these interactions (e.g., various data formats) so that each assay plate can be mapped to its source so that a correct set of experimental variables can be associated with each image. For example, depending upon the source of the chemical plates, they may have different formats. We have developed a canonical representation that registers SMILES code, for each chemical compound, along with its physiochemical properties. The schema for LIM conjunction with customized Web pages. 3) Import of Images and computed descriptors module: In coordination with the INSIGHT team, policies were designed to route images and computed representation into BioSig. This module (i) examines for completion of image analysis, and imports images, computed masks, and descriptors into BioSig. A database API for efficient retrieval of selection of descriptors (among thousands) was designed and implemented. 4) Computed segmentation masks from external software were imported, boundaries computed, and overlaid on images for quality control.

Source record↗

DOE OSTI2018

Detecting Payload Attacks on Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs)

Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) play critical roles in industrial control systems (ICS). Providing hardware peripherals and firmware support for control programs (i.e., a PLC’s “payload”) written in languages such as ladder logic, PLCs directly receive sensor readings and control ICS physical processes. An attacker with access to PLC development software (e.g., by compromising an engineering workstation) can modify the payload program and cause severe physical damages to the ICS. To protect critical ICS infrastructure, we propose to model runtime behaviors of legitimate PLC payload program and use runtime behavior monitoring in PLC firmware to detect payload attacks. By monitoring the I/O access patterns, network access patterns, as well as payload program timing characteristics, our proposed firmware-level detection mechanism can detect abnormal runtime behaviors of malicious PLC payload. Using our proof-of-concept implementation, we evaluate the memory and execution time overhead of implementing our proposed method and find that it is feasible to incorporate our method into existing PLC firmware. In addition, our evaluation results show that a wide variety of payload attacks can be effectively detected by our proposed approach. The proposed firmware-level payload attack detection scheme complements existing bumpin- the-wire solutions (e.g., external temporal-logic-based model checkers) in that it can detect payload attacks that violate realtime requirements of ICS operations and does not require any additional apparatus.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2018

VERA Infrastructure

The Virtual Environment for Reactor Applications (VERA) Infrastructure provides the infrastructure to build, configure, test, install, and package for release the VERAS suite of codes that is being developed by the Consortium for the Advanced Simulation of Light-water reactors (CASL). It includes the list of codes that can be built within VERA, the location on the configuration-controlled CASL development computer, the version number used in any particular software installation, the location of the third-party libraries used for testing VERA on a suite of the CASL testing and development computers, and the scripts to configure, build, test, install, and package for release a particular version of VERA. The VERA Infrastructure contains a list of scripts, configuration options, and utilities that are specific to CASL, but contain no physics or numeric, nuclear technology, or encryption technology.

Baird, Mark↗

DOE OSTI2019

Peregrine

The purpose of “Peregrine” is to perform in-situ quality control of the additive manufacturing process in powder bed systems. The software is an AI-based method to automatically detect and map multiple classes of defects present in the top layer of a powder bed system, either after material deposition, i.e. raking, or after printing the layer. Relying on image data or sensing modalities that can be converted into image data, the code allows for: (1) various steps of pre-processing of the data (registration, distortion correction, etc), (2) annotation of training datasets, (3) processing of data inline or offline, (4) creating 3D rendering of the defect map, and (5) implementation of corrective actions if allowed by the manufacturing platform.

Paquit, Vincent C↗

DOE OSTI2016

GrayQb Single-Faced Version 2 Open Environment Test - 16344

The GrayQb{sup TM} Single Faced Version 2 (SF2) is a non-destructive examination device developed to generate radiation contour maps showing source locations and relative radiological levels present in an area under examination. This device allows for characterization of radioactively contaminated areas such as hot cells, gloveboxes, small and large rooms, hallways, and waste tanks. The goal of GrayQb{sup TM} (pronounced 'Gray Cube') is to provide a low cost easily deployable device to aid in the process of decontamination and decommissioning (D and D). The GrayQb{sup TM} SF2 device is approximately a six inch cube weighing seven (7) pounds composed of a tungsten shield with integrated collimator, radiation imaging medium (Phosphor Storage Plate), and digital camera. This paper details the design upgrades incorporated into the new version of the GrayQb{sup TM} SF2 device and the characterization testing of this upgraded device. Device results from controlled testing performed at the Savannah River Site (SRS) Health Physics Instrument Calibration Laboratory (HPICL) are presented, as well as results from the open environment field testing performed in the E-Area Low Level Waste Storage Area. Follow on work performed deploying the GrayQb SF2 device at the Hanford Plutonium Reclamation Facility (PRF) to assist in the radiological characterization of the canyon will also be presented. Testing of the redesigned GrayQb{sup TM} SF2 device demonstrated its ability to detect low energy isotopes, e.g. Am-241 and Pu-238, not only indoors in controlled environments with well-defined source locations, but also in open environment field areas with a significant high energy background. Additionally, it was demonstrated that the device could detect higher energy isotopes (Cs-137 and Co-60) in a controlled setting and with additional testing and/or modifications to device and software, would likely be able to detect these isotopes in the open environment field testing. Follow on 2015 work performed at Hanford proved GrayQb to be a useful tool in the radiological characterization of the PRF canyon. Distribution tendencies of the radiological hot spots were identified that provided insights which will assist in more efficient planning of the continued D and D effort. Hot spots were identified which can be targeted during the future D and D effort and used as markers during the NDA assessment to quantify the radiological environment. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2019

Use of Automation in Low Level Waste Storage and Management - 19227

The Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO) generates Low Level Waste (LLW) and Intermediate Level Waste (ILW) from various site operations such as the operation of a research Reactor and the manufacture of Molybdenum 99. The Low Level Solid Waste (LLSW) generated is stored at ANSTO before and after conditioning. The current process flow involves the storage of LLSW waste before conditioning on racks, handled using forklifts. When the unconditioned waste is ready for conditioning, it is transferred to another facility, where volume reduction and packaging is carried out. Once conditioned, the waste is placed in further storage, pending dispatch to the proposed Australian National Radioactive Waste Management Facility (NRWMF). A new purpose built facility has been constructed, adjacent to the LLSW processing facility, for the storage and management of LLSW in both unconditioned and conditioned forms. This new facility will streamline the waste management process and significantly enhance the safety and efficiency of the process. In line with international best practises, the new facility utilises automation solutions to minimise the build footprint, and minimise the use of forklifts and other mobile plant. Most importantly, it applies the principle of ALARA (As Low as Reasonably Achievable) to minimise operator activities in areas where radioactive material is stored and eliminates double handling of the waste. The automation for unconditioned waste utilises an Automated Storage and Retrieval System (ASRS), a vertical stacker crane within high density racking, to provide easy storage and retrieval for processing and/or routine inspections. This system allows operators to control it from outside of the storage area whilst utilising integrated software that allows for the required tracking of the unconditioned waste. From the ASRS storage area, unconditioned waste will have a smooth transition to the processing facility which is located adjacent to the ASRS system. Once conditioned, the waste is catalogued and returned to a designated storage area within the new facility using an automated building gantry crane with a target delivery system to eliminate the need for operators in the main storage bay. The waste will be held here in preparation for dispatch to the future repository. The utilisation of the ASRS for the purpose of storing LLSW is an innovative use of automation that will eliminate operators from active areas, reduce dose rates received and integrate with the waste tracking software. Furthermore, the system has significant advantages with operational efficiencies increased, reduced double handling of nuclear waste and maximum use of building footprint. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2017

Security-informed safety: integrating security within the safety demonstration of a smart device - 157

Safety and security engineering have, over the years, developed their own regulations, standards, cultures, and practices. However, there's a growing realisation that security is closely connected to safety. Safety must be security-informed: if a safety-critical system isn't secure, it isn't safe. A safety demonstration is incomplete and unconvincing unless it considers security. In our work for government and industry, we have used the Claims, Arguments, Evidence (CAE) framework to analyse the impact of security on a safety justification or safety case and identified the significant changes needed to address security explicitly. This will impact the design and implementation process as well as the assurance and V and V approach. In this paper we discuss the impact of integrating security when developing a safety demonstration of a smart device. A smart device is an instrument, device or component that contains a microprocessor (and therefore contains both hardware and software) and is programmed to provide specialised capabilities, often measuring or controlling a process variable. Examples of smart devices include radiation monitors, relays, turbine governors, uninterruptible power supplies and heating ventilation, and air conditioning controllers. (authors)

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2025

Redis-Based Streaming Architecture for Accelerator Beam Instrumentation DAQ Systems

The Fermilab Acceleraor Division, Beam Instrumentation Department, is always adopting modern and current software methodologies for complex DAQ architectures. This paper highlights the Redis Adapter (RA) as the key software component enabling high performance, modular communication between digitizers and distributed control systems by leveraging Redis and containerization. The RA provides a unified, efficient interface between Redis based data streams and consumer systems. In the legacy architecture, digitized data flowed through the custom, UDP based Distributed Data Communication Protocol in the middle layer. In the current system, DDCP remains the ingestion path, while the RA serves as the decoupling layer. The proposed system replaces old VME digitizers with a SOM-based digitizer that communicates with Redis using the RA. The RA acts as both a performance-critical bridge and a protocol-agnostic adapter, ensuring compatibility with legacy control frameworks while enabling future scalability and modularity. This restructuring of the middle layer also helps the system achieve high throughput, reduce latency, and simplify the data path. Finally, we will demonstrate how RA is utilized in our two core products to deliver both legacy compatibility and future flexibility.

Joshi, S. [Fermilab]↗

DOE OSTI2023

Creating a Simulation Platform for Research and Development of Advanced Control Methods

Advanced nuclear reactors are essential to meet the changing energy requirements throughout both the United States and the rest of world. In addition to other features, they are designed to enable deployment in remote locations and operate in a fully (or near-fully) autonomous manner, which will require a new control paradigm. To realize autonomously operating reactors, the U.S. Department of Energy’s Nuclear Energy Enabling Technologies Advanced Sensors and Instrumentation (NEET ASI) program conducts research and development into the enabling technologies and methods needed, including digital twins, machine learning, and risk modeling, in addition to various types of control methods. These technologies and methods are the key foundations needed to achieve fully autonomous systems. To develop and evaluate the technologies and methods necessary for achieving autonomous operations, it is critical to identify a software tool capable of integrating all the required elements. In surveying the available solutions, no software platforms were identified that could accomplish what was needed without introducing drawbacks. This challenge was the motivation for the current effort: to develop a software platform that can seamlessly integrate autonomouscontrol-enabling technologies and methods, allowing for accelerated research and development and transfer of ideas. The resulting platform, known as the Control and Optimization Modular Modeling Application for Nuclear Deployment (COMMAND), is Python-based, and leverages open-source tools to provide flexibility and facilitate building upon prior research. It is designed to enable advanced reactor developers to deploy and test advanced control technologies and methods coupled with their own models, solutions, and hardware. Given the substantial undertaking of developing such a platform, the current effort focused on laying down scalable, flexible software foundations and infrastructure, then demonstrating the platform via a use case. These foundations included developing generic modules, which contain the base variable and system blocks (the information and functional building blocks, respectively, that can be used to design a simulation) and the data handling and storage blocks needed to exchange information between the various blocks; as well as enablingtechnology-specific modules. This platform was evaluated via a use case, which was to simulate and control a process for the Microreactor Automated Control System (MACS) test bed. While MACS is not currently directly coupled to any specific microreactor physics, it was initially developed in concert with the Microreactor Applications Research Validation and Evaluation (MARVEL) microreactor, and so the MARVEL physics are used here. As part of this use case, several enabling-technology-specific blocks within COMMAND were integrated, including a proportional integral derivative (PID) control block, a Reactor Excursion and Leak Analysis Program (RELAP5-3D) block, and an anomaly detection block. The COMMAND software platform was successfully demonstrated to achieve the scalability and flexibility objectives of this effort and will be leveraged by the program’s research efforts to advance state of the art control methodologies towards autonomous operations of advanced reactors. As new use cases are created and implemented, it is anticipated that COMMAND will continue to grow and evolve to meet new requirements.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2025

pbd-industrial-limit-of-performance (PBD limit of performance) v1.0.0

Software repository that contains models used for a paper about Platform-Based Design with limit of performance analysis for an industrial pilot study. This repository contains process and control models in Modelica and IDAES and scripts to develop an ML based controller that computes the control function that maximizes the techno-economic performance of cost and energy computed by the model. This software is meant to be released to reproduce the work described in a Journal publication that is now drafted with the working title "Energy System Limit of Performance Analysis using an Online Machine Learning Multi-Resolution Optimization Framework".

Amusat, Oluwamayowa [Lawrence Berkeley National La↗