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At least 919 records · Page 51
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DOE OSTI2022

Report of the Topical Group on Physics Beyond the Standard Model at Energy Frontier for Snowmass 2021

This is the Snowmass2021 Energy Frontier (EF) Beyond the Standard Model (BSM) report. It combines the EF topical group reports of EF08 (Model-specific explorations), EF09 (More general explorations), and EF10 (Dark Matter at Colliders). The report includes a general introduction to BSM motivations and the comparative prospects for proposed future experiments for a broad range of potential BSM models and signatures, including compositeness, SUSY, leptoquarks, more general new bosons and fermions, long-lived particles, dark matter, charged-lepton flavor violation, and anomaly detection.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Studies of Heavy Ion Collisions in Stochastic Mean Field Approach Under DOE Grant Number DE-SC0015 (Final report)

This is the final report on DOE Grant No. DE-SC0015513, which was active at Tennessee Technological University (TTU) from May 1, 2016 to April 30, 2023. This report provides an overall summary of the more detailed activities presented in progress reports, covering Budget Periods May 1, 2016- April 30, 2017; May 1, 2017- April 30, 2018; May 1, 2019- April 30, 2020; May 1, 2020- April 30, 2021 and May 1, 2021- April 30, 2022, which were submitted annually to the DOE Office of Nuclear Physics. During the no-cost extension period starting May 1, 2022, our investigations of multi-nucleon exchange mechanism and description of kinetic energy dissipation and fluctuations in Cf250+TH232 and Pb208+Pb208 quasi-fission reactions are in progress.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

The Center for Performance and Design of Nuclear Waste Forms and Containers (WastePD) Energy Frontier Research Center (Final Report)

The DOE Office of Environmental Management is responsible for high level nuclear waste that must be safely isolated from humans and the environment for extremely long periods. The waste forms and containers are made of glass, ceramics, and metals. Verified safe disposal requires understanding the fundamental mechanisms of waste form degradation and the design of new waste forms with improved performance, which comprise the goals of the Energy Frontier Research Center known as the Center for the Performance and Design of Nuclear Waste Forms and Containers, WastePD. WastePD was constructed to develop innovative approaches and solutions to those goals through the synergistic interactions of individuals who are experts in the degradation behavior, modeling, and design of glasses, ceramics and metal alloys. WastePD is the first center ever created to address this diverse group of materials in a comprehensive and coordinated manner. The science goals are grouped into three common topics: corrosion mechanisms via advanced characterization, environmental impacts, and materials design. Synergistic interactions in these areas were a key component of WastePD. The fundamental understanding of the degradation mechanisms of the waste forms and containers as well as the development of new materials with improved properties will allow DOE to prevent environmental contamination and to explore totally new repository concepts. WastePD was operational from August 2016 through July 2022, but the DOE support was drastically reduced for the last two years. This final technical report covers the full period of performance. However, much of what was accomplished in the first four years is nicely summarized in a review paper published in 2021, which is appended to this report. Therefore, this final report focuses on the technical findings from the last two years of WastePD activities. Considerable progress was made in the areas of a) the environmental and compositional impacts on the corrosion of borosilicate and aluminosilicate glasses, b) the mechanism of glass corrosion and the structure and evolution of the surface alteration layer, c) the effects of environment and composition on the corrosion of pyrochlore, perovskite, hollandite, and other oxide ceramics, d) the corrosion mechanism of multi-principal element metallic alloys, and e) a new framework for understanding the pitting corrosion of metals.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2021

Herbaceous Feedstock 2021 State of Technology Report

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) promotes the production of advanced liquid transportation fuels from lignocellulosic biomass by funding fundamental and applied research that advances the State of Technology (SOT). As part of its involvement with this mission, Idaho National Laboratory (INL) completes an annual SOT report for biomass feedstock logistics. This report summarizes supply system impacts of Bioenergy Technologies Office (BETO)-funded research and development efforts at INL and INL collaboration with external partners (e.g. Forest Concepts, Purdue University ) that lead to improvements in feedstock supply systems. These include improvements to and observed performance of innovative harvest and collection methods, storage technologies, transportation and handling approaches, and advanced preprocessing technologies. Biomass quality and variability, and the interface between feedstock quality and conversion performance are key drivers in addition to delivered feedstock cost. In this report, we estimate the benefits of R&D technology improvements to individual supply system unit operations and present the status of feedstock logistics technology development for converting herbaceous biomass into biofuels. These analyses are supported by experimental data where possible and help to align the SOT relative to the cost goals defined in the Multi-Year Plan.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Transient Efficiency, Flexibility, and Reliability Optimization of Coal-Fired Power Plants - Final Report

This program developed an advanced model-based monitoring and model-predictive control algorithms for a coal fired power plant (CFPP), and deployed these algorithms in a real-time platform to demonstrate performance benefits for transient flexibility and plant operation efficiency. More specifically, the objectives were successfully achieved through a combination of (i) developing a high-fidelity transient plant model in Apros, which was used as a high-fidelity plant simulation between $100-50\% TMCR$ where TMCR denotes the turbine maximum continuous rating, i.e., baseload, (ii) developing a very fast physics-based reduced-order model (ROM) of the plant, which ran more than $100\times$ faster than real-time, enabling its use as real-time embedded model for model-based estimation (MBE) and model predictive control (MPC) (iii) implementing a real-time MBE based on ROM using a robust unscented Kalman filter (UKF) to continuously tune the ROM to match the measurements from high-fidelity Apros plant model despite significant plant-model mismatch, and thus, obtain a Digital Twin of the plant (iv) designing and implementing a real-time MPC with dual objectives of transient plant load tracking with high ramp rates and minimizing coal consumption, i.e., improving plant efficiency in the baseload-partload operation range of $100-50\% TMCR$. Each key element above was developed and tested individually, and has been reported in corresponding Topical Reports. Finally, all the individual elements were integrated in an overall closed-loop system, that was successfully tested in desktop Simulink test harness simulations with ROM or high-fidelity model as the plant. Thereafter, the Simulink implementation was used to auto-generate C-code and deploy as real-time Docker microservice containers in Linux, and validate that they can run in real-time in the hardware-in-the loop (HIL) setup and produce the same results as in Simulink. The results of the integrated simulation tests in Simulink as well as the real-time HIL deployment are documented in this final report, showing good load tracking for load ramps at $3-4\%/min$ ramp rates, and achieving up to $5.5\%$ reduction in coal relative to baseline operation at $50\% TMCR$ load. The desktop and HIL simulations show successful performance of the overall model based estimation and control solution and achieve the key objectives of the program for flexible, efficient and reliable operation of subcritical coal fired power plants.

20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Polymer Macrocycles: A novel topology to control dynamics of rubbery materials (Final Report)

We have successfully made synthetic polymer rings that are larger than previously reported having entanglement numbers as high as Z w ≈300 if the rings entangled as do linear chains. The synthesis was carried out using reversible radical recombination polymerization (R3P) of dithiols which produces a polymer with a very small persistence length. The reported results show surprising dilute solution behaviors due to the fact that polymeric rings expand more than their linear counterparts for polymer chains having a large number of persistence lengths, as developed in this study. The results strongly argue for a systematic investigation of the dilute solution properties of rings having different persistence lengths in different quality solvents, where the theta-condition should lead to results that are independent of the persistence length. For the rheological investigations related to chain entanglements, the polyDODT rings could be diluted so that the rheological data covered from less than one entanglement spacing relative to the linear counterpart to a value of Z w =300. Importantly, because we were able to dilute extremely high entanglement number polyDODT rings to a similar entanglement number as those reported for polystyrene rings that were highly purified using LCCC, we demonstrated that the dynamics of the polyDODT rings virtually overlaps with the dynamics of the polystyrene rings which is very strong evidence that these high molecular weight polyDODT rings are of high purity. Our results demonstrate that the onset of entanglement in rings, as evidenced by the appearance of a rubbery plateau G N 0 and by the onset of a strong power-law dependence of the viscosity on molecular weight (η~M w 5.8 ) or entanglement number (η~Z w 5.8 ), occurs at much higher molecular weights or polymer concentrations than is the case for linear chains. These results should serve as a benchmark for future investigations of the behavior of entangled, circular macromolecules.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2020

Post-Closure Inspection and Monitoring Report for Surface Corrective Action Unit 417 at the Central Nevada Test Area, Nevada, Site

This report documents the biennial postclosure site inspections conducted in June 2018 at the surface Corrective Action Unit (CA U) 417 at the Central Nevada Test Area, Nevada, Site. The UC-I, UC-3, and UC-4 sites are inspected every 2 years, in accordance with the Post-Closure Monitoring Plan provided in the CAU 417 Closure Report published in 2001. The requirements for postclosure monitoring have been modified over the years through negotiations with the Nevada Division of Environmental Protection (NDEP). Modifications were documented through three separate Records of Technical Change to the Closure Report, which were approved by NDEP in 2003, 2011, and 2015. The UC-1, UC-3, and UC-4 sites were all observed as being in good condition during the 2018 inspections. A few minor cracks on the UC-1 Central Mud Pit cover were repaired during the UC- I inspection. A concrete monument at the northeast corner of Mud Pit U3E at the UC-3 site had some damage near the top of the monument, but the damage has not impacted the functionality of the monument or survey pin on top of the monument. No issues were identified at the UC-4 site. No maintenance or additional repair activities are recommended at the UC-1, UC-3, and UC-4 sites.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2022

Progress Report on Model Development for the Transport of Aerosol through Microchannels

This report summarizes the current progress in the development of a phenomenological model of aerosol transport, deposition, and plugging through microchannels. The purpose is to introduce a generic, reliable numerical model for the prediction of aerosol transport, deposition, and plugging in leak paths while accounting for potential plugging formation, to a user community involving researchers, regulators, and industry. In that regard, a Graphical User Interface (GUI) was generated by integrating the individual MATLAB scripts that make up the model and adding additional features to aid the general understanding of the problem to a user. This report focuses on the model development and features included. Further, predictions from the GUI are compared with experimental data for validation. The strength of the GUI is the ability of a user to plug in basic parameters such as the initial pressure conditions and canister model specifications in order to obtain a first principal approximation of vital information such as the blowdown pressure differential, aerosol penetration, and deposition as a function of time. The user can obtain this without the know-how of the underlying MATLAB scripts and thus enables the model to be readily applied by regulators, industry, and shareholders to reduce the uncertainty in the off-site radiological consequences. The report also lists future tasks under this work scope. This includes ongoing efforts to include additional crack geometries (divergent and divergent-convergent slots) to the model; GUI development and improvement based on feedback from users, and integration of aerosol source term data from Sibling Pin tests into the model as we approach realistic canister stress corrosion cracking–induced aerosol release scenarios.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

RAPIDS2 SciDAC Institute: Rutgers Final Report (as of 06/21)

The Rutgers team transitioned to the University of Utah in 2021 and is continuing to be part of and to contribute to the RAPIDS2 SciDAC Institute. This final report is for the contributions of the Rutgers team to the project at Rutgers as of 06/21. The 01/22 annual report of the project is also included in this report to demonstrate the continued contributions and to put these contributions in the context of the overall project.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2023

Measurement and Reporting Guidelines for Solar Mirror Aging Tests Using Xenon Arc Lamp Exposure (XALE)

This technical report provides a guideline for accelerated aging tests on solar reflectors. Solar reflectors must have a high durability, with goal lifespans reaching 30 years. To test and develop state-of-the-art solar reflectors, relevant durability tests must be conducted. Existing guidelines for materials testing include isothermal testing, humidity testing, corrosion, etc., but many tests do not specify to include solar irradiance or address its relevance to solar reflector durability. The guideline focuses on test design and reporting guidelines for using Xenon Arc Lamp Exposure (XALE). The XALE environmental chambers can subject samples to a combination of relevant environmental factors including concentrated solar irradiance, heat, humidity, and weathering cycles. The guideline is meant to provide information on developing relevant test conditions, exposure times, reflectance characterization procedures, and data reporting.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

LDRD 2022 Annual Report: Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program Activities

Each year, Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) is required to provide a report of its completed Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program (LDRD) projects to the Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Scientific and Technical Information in accordance with DOE Order 413.2C Chg1 (MinChg) dated August 2, 2018. This report provides a detailed look at the scientific and technical activities for each of the LDRD projects funded by BNL in FY 2022, in fulfillment of that requirement. In FY 2022, the BNL LDRD Program funded 70 projects, 30 of which were new starts, at a total cost of $17.2M. The investments that BNL makes in its LDRD program support the Laboratory’s strategic goals. BNL has identified seven scientific initiatives that define the Laboratory’s scientific future and that will enable it to realize its overall vision. This requires simultaneous excellence in all aspects of BNL’s work – from science and operations, to external partnerships with the local, state, and national communities, and beyond. This is enabled by safe, efficient, and secure operations; by an unwavering commitment to a diverse, equitable, and inclusive environment, including workforce development, both with staff and reaching out to the community; and by a strong focus on renewed infrastructure. The seven scientific initiatives are: 1) Nuclear Physics: uncover the structure of visible matter by constructing and operating the Electron-Ion Collider at BNL to maintain international leadership in nuclear physics for decades; 2) Clean Energy and Climate: support a net-zero U.S. economy through fundamental research in basic energy and climate sciences to revolutionize grid-scale storage, renewable integration, and the study of atmospheric processes with a new facility to improve climate predictability; 3) Quantum Information Science and Technology: discover new quantum materials to enhance quantum computers and develop an entanglement sharing quantum network as a prototype for the first quantum internet; 4) Discovery Science Driven by the Human-AI Facility Integration: revolutionize the operation of experiments across the sciences at user facilities and in core programs; 5) High Energy Physics: understand the origin of space and time with the ATLAS high luminosity upgrade at CERN and the future Long Baseline Neutrino Facility/Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment; 6) Isotope Production: accelerate and expand isotope production to ensure the security of the Nation’s supply; 7) Accelerator Science and Technology: harness the cross-cutting accelerator science expertise at BNL to develop new facilities, improve and expand its user facilities, and promote the use of accelerators in industry. The funded projects support BNL’s seven scientific initiatives and priority programs as well as new areas of research and competencies at the Laboratory that are consistent with the Laboratory’s vision and mission. In total, these LDRD investments supported 43 postdoctoral researchers in whole or in part and resulted in 138 publications and 7 awards. This Program Activities Report represents the future of BNL science; it is an impressive body of exploratory work that investigates many scientific and technical directions in support of the DOE and BNL missions.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Investigating the Impacts of Outdoor Lighting (Final Report)

This report documents the research associated with the Depart of Energy supported project “Investigating the Health Impact of Outdoor Lighting.” This project was developed to consider how alternative solid state lighting options, particularly the spectral power distribution, effected the hormone melatonin which ultimately could lead to potential health issues. The project also provides an opportunity to gather other secondary data with respect to visual performance in a controlled environment. These tasks were developed to consider how alternative solid state lighting applications impacted performance. This report is a complete documentation of the tasks undertaken as part of this project. The report includes a literature review and consideration of the background data which are part of this field of study as well as a documentation of the methods developed as part of the project. The melatonin results, the primary dependent variable are included in the attached peer-review paper that has been recent published (Gibbons et al., 2022). Our discussion of these results are included in that publication. Other results from this project will be documented in one or more future publications.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Cybersecurity Platform and Certification Framework Development for Extreme Fast Charging (XFC)-Integrated Charging Ecosystem (Final Project Report)

This report summarizes a pioneering effort in Electric Vehicle charging infrastructure ecosystem cybersecurity requirements, assessment methodologies, functional verification, as well as embodiment of the key technologies in the form of hardware and software tools being made available to the public. EPRI led a team of experts, as well as a stakeholder coalition encompassing all key actors in the EV charging infrastructure ecosystem that includes eXtreme Fast Charging (XFC) equipment (defined as 200kW or above). EV charging infrastructure in the United States is a patchwork of networks that have continued to grow organically and have been designed to serve the charging needs of the EV owners, who are their customers. In doing so, each network provider, as well as their connected entities such as the cloud Electric Vehicle Service Providers or EVSPs, utility back office, utility AMI networks, payment networks, as well as Original Equipment Manufacturer (EV manufacturer) telematics networks, have designed systems that may work well individually, but no single entity is responsible for the entire ecosystem to be secure in terms of data exchange. Furthermore, there is no uniformity in how each actor has implemented the cybersecurity requirements since no system-wide cybersecurity requirements existed prior to this project. The final project report describes the technical approach guided by the EV charging infrastructure cybersecurity working group, convened specifically for this project. The technical approach included definition of requirements at the ecosystem level, treated as a ‘system of systems’, and then passed down to individual systems (EVSE, EV, cloud EVSP, utility, and the payment networks), followed by developing the cybersecurity risk and vulnerability assessment methods, that were later applied to real-world cyber-physical systems at EPRI, ANL, and NREL laboratories, to validate both the process and the results. Finally, in a spotlight over the most vulnerable equipment, which is the EV charge station (AC or DC), the team developed a multi-layer cybersecurity implementation in the embedded domain embodied by the open-source Secure Network Interface Card (SNIC) demonstrating the various ways in which the infrastructure can be secured protecting against the identified attack surfaces. Finally, the entire process of EV infrastructure cybersecurity assessment was encapsulated in the Electric Vehicle Charging Cybersecurity Management (EVC2M) online GUI-based tool, that is expected to be released to the public. The report presents the objectives, the technical approach, the key results, and recommendations for future work.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2023

Shot 3 Post-Shot Report: Fault Analysis of MK-X Data [Slides]

This presentation constitutes a post-shot report for the MK-X performance on Shot 3 (13 July 2022). It focuses primarily on the analysis of electrical faults which have been a persistent issue in MK-X performance and were a significant focus of the test. The MK-X is a helical flux compression generator (HFCG) that has been manufactured in a novel and very cost-effective way. Shot 3 was the fourth test in a series which began with a low initial-current-level HFCG test coupled to a dummy load (Shot 0) and then a high stress test (Shot 1) coupled to a primitive pulse forming network (PFN). Shot 0 performed close to expectation but Shot 1 had early time losses that could not be explained. As a result, Shots 2 and 3 had dual goals. Each shot looked at MK-X performance relative to the early time losses, and since the amount of current generated on the first two tests was a useful amount, we coupled to a fast R43S Ranchero flux compression generator for Shot 2 to ascertain Ranchero’s performance with higher-than-ever initial current and another PFN load. Then Shot 3 implemented a specific change to the MK-X and coupled to only a low inductance PFN load. The report shows that Shots 1-3 all have qualitatively similar losses and the change made for Shot 3 to explore losses led to even further losses. However, the PFN on shot 3 was low inductance and in spite of the losses, 32 MA was generated. This report discusses the losses seen specifically on Shot 3 and compares the electrical and camera data along with a careful comparison to 3 D MHD modeling.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2023

Advanced Research Directions on AI for Science, Energy, and Security: Report on Summer 2022 Workshops

Over the past decade, fundamental changes in artificial intelligence (AI)—from foundational to applied—have delivered dramatic insights across a wide breadth of U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) mission space. AI is helping to augment and improve scientific and engineering workflows (e.g., for control, design, and dramatic performance gains through surrogate models) in national security, the Office of Science, and DOE’s applied energy programs. The progress and potential for AI in DOE science was captured in the 2020 “AI for Science” report from the DOE laboratory community in collaboration with academia and industry. Specific scientific areas ready to further leverage the power of AI ranged from the scale and performance of computational models to data analysis to creating new classes of observations using computer vision. Since that report, the scale and scope of scientific AI have accelerated, revealing new, emergent properties that yield insights that go beyond enabling opportunities to being potentially transformative in the way that scientific problems are posed and solved. Thus, under the guidance of both the Office of Science (SC) and the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), the DOE national laboratories organized a series of workshops in 2022 to gather input on new and rapidly emerging opportunities and challenges of scientific AI. This 2023 report is a synthesis of those workshops. The scientific community believes AI can have a foundational impact on a broad range of DOE missions, including science, energy, and national security. Further, DOE has unique capabilities that enable the community to drive progress in scientific use of AI, building on long-standing DOE strengths and investments in computation, data, and communications infrastructure, spanning the Energy Sciences Network (ESnet), the Exascale Computing Project (ECP), and integrative programs such as the NNSA Office of Defense Programs Advanced Simulation and Computing (ASC) and the SC Scientific Discovery through Advanced Computing (SciDAC) programs.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2022

IRES Microgrid Energy Integration Report Version 1.0

This report presents technical information and guidance for the planned Integrated Renewable Energy System (IRES) microgrid project. This deployment of the microgrid and its associated assets was initiated in the beginning of 2022 at the Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory (MCRL) facility of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)-Sequim, Washington. The information in the report is organized under two main focus areas: electrical power interface, or interconnection, information of planned IRES assets; and communication and control interface, or interoperability, information of the planned IRES assets. The information will provide technical input for the development of the IRES microgrid controller technical specification, and also provide input for PNNL’s evaluation of adequacy of the electrical service infrastructure at MCRL to support the IRES project and help identify any gaps that will require facility-based upgrades. From an R&D aspect, this study and report will build on PNNL’s research and development work relating to energy storage (ES) codes and standards (C&Ss), including hybrid systems, performed on behalf of the Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Electricity (OE) ES. The current state of C&Ss for advanced technologies and their application, including microgrid-based technology is limited. For cases where formal standards issued by recognized Standards Developing Organizations do not yet exist, guidance is provided based on emerging best practices, including industry-group references that can be leveraged for microgrid technology which is in its early stages of development and use.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2023

Small Reactors in Microgrids: Technology Modeling and Selection (Net-Zero Microgrid Program Project Report)

This report demonstrates the capabilities of the net-zero microgrid (NZM) Xendee platform for modeling an SR module with electricity, heat extraction and thermal storage in microgrids configurations. The model effectively captures the most important technical and economic considerations for SR technology specific analysis: cost and operational characteristics of SR technology and financial costs and incentives. The model can analyze multiple scenarios to establish metrics for cost-competitive and zero-carbon microgrids connected to the grid or completely isolated. The model is fully integrated within the Xendee platform for modeling and analysis of clean energy microgrids with storage and generation from renewable energy sources. The model captures the capabilities, constraints, and nuances of SR by incorporating parameters related to plant economics, design efficiency and performance, plant operation and component and fuel lifespan. The cost and operational parameters modeled in the SR module are specific to the technology selected for integration in the microgrid. Cost parameters recognize advanced nuclear technology for modular production and installation based on economies of scale from factory manufacture and related commissioning, and cost reduction through technology maturation—first-of-a-kind (FOAK) and nth-of-a-Kind (NOAK). The cost parameters include installation, operations and maintenance (O&M), fuel refueling cycle, and reactor life. Installation cost reflects economies of scale due to unit sizing at scale and colocation. O&M economies of scale for both fixed- and variable-cost fuel life-cycle costs are incurred at every refueling interval, with separate front- and back-end fuel costs, as well as waste-handling and disposition costs. This report investigates key characteristics of different SR technologies suitable for microgrid applications, including design principles, sizing, coolant properties, temperature ratings, fuel structures, and life-cycle considerations. This also includes fuel technologies applicable to these SR systems, alongside strategies for nuclear-waste and spent-fuel management and approaches to address safety, security, and proliferation challenges. Four primary groups of SR technologies are examined: water-cooled, liquid-metal-cooled, high-temperature gas-cooled, and molten-salt-cooled systems. In this report, an initial guideline for technology selection is established, aligning the characteristics of the technologies with the requirements of microgrids. The selection of technology in a microgrid is influenced by various factors, including financial capacity, location and accessibility, demand type and characteristics, reliability and resilience requirements, area constraints, and the lifespan of the microgrid. The types of electrical and non-electrical applications within the microgrid also play a significant role in technology selection. The characteristics of SRs, such as their smaller size, modularity, transportability, long refueling interval, improved safety features, ability to operate in autonomous or semi-autonomous mode, and provision of high-grade heat, are particularly appealing for microgrids. Furthermore, a list of considerations for implementing SRs in microgrids is outlined. The SR model is created to be continuously improved with the acquisition of actual data on investment and operational costs, experience with supply chains, production at scale, and field deployments. In the near term, performance data on applications in microgrids will become available from lessons learned from laboratory tests, such as those planned for the Microreactor Applications Research Validation and Evaluation Project (MARVEL), led by Idaho National Laboratory (INL). The SR model incorporates scenario data and known SR design specifications, enabling technoeconomic analysis for SR deployment in microgrids. It specifically considers the distinctive attributes of SRs as generators in technoeconomic studies. SRs can be modeled and analyzed with generation from renewable-energy sources, energy storage, and flexible loads over a range of functionality and applications. This offers a comprehensive tool for feasibility studies, scenario development, and sensitivity analysis for “what-if” consideration of any range of assumptions about SRs in microgrids and other aggregations of distributed-energy resources, including virtual power plants.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Pages Extracted from F Division Monthly Progress Reports March 1945 to November 1945

This provides a compilation of Bretscher’s Group F-3 monthly progress reports in 1945. They are of historical importance because they cover the period when Los Alamos measured the DT cross section and discovered the large resonance enhancement, at DT energies relevant to thermonuclear application. See the July 1945 report in particular. Prior to this, the DT cross section was first measured at Purdue in 1943, but at much higher energies that are less relevant for applications. Numerical values are not given here – they can be found in the 1946 report LA-582 and Phys. Rev. 75, 1154 (1949).

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗