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DOE OSTI2019

Secure Software Defined Radio Project: Secure Wireless Systems for the Energy Sector (Briefing 6)

Strong industry interest in the SEL-FLT/FLR products has led to a large number of customers conducting various lab and field trial evaluations of the system. These trials are on-going but have allowed SEL to collect enough information about operation and deployment and security capabilities of the system to conclude the field demo phase of the project. The field-testing topical report has been completed and submitted. SEL has also prepared a SEL-FLT/FLR best practices guide based on learnings from the field demo phase of the project. This best practice guide has also been submitted. The final deliverable from this phase of the project is an economic and operational benefits white paper, which has also been written and submitted. The overall objective of the project, extending the cyber security capabilities of utility wired networks into last mile wireless networks has been successfully achieved. SEL chose to target a sensor network for implementation of this capability because it was one area of last mile networking where there was substantial need and opportunity. Based on customer interest in the product these efforts have been a success. Interest in, and support for many of the security features of the product has been expressed by customers trialing the product system. Key security features customers value are strong data encryption, sensor white listing, and use of secure account based log on for access to the system. These and other features of the product have gained strong acceptance from customers interested in purchasing these products. All project deliverables and tasks are now complete, and the project can be closed out.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2022

New Industry Partnerships: Solar Energy Technologies Office Support for Early Projects in the Energy Systems Integration Facility: An Agreement Closeout Summary Report

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Solar Energy Technologies Office (SETO)-funded New Industry Partnerships (NIPs) agreement established multiple new cooperative research projects with industry partners. Each project demonstrated the use of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's Energy Systems Integration Facility (ESIF) as a national asset for research and development, testing, and validation of new technologies to support high penetrations of solar energy on the electric grid. The agreement was launched in 2013 and represented the SETO portion of the DOE EERE-wide Integrated Network Testbed for Energy Grid Research and Technology Experimentation (INTEGRATE) program. The focus of INTEGRATE was on multi-energy system testing and on testing the interactions of energy systems with information technology, communications, and telecommunications (ICT) systems. The NIPs agreement was a bit different from traditional research projects because it was specifically structured to enable partnerships for ESIF testing and as such required at least a 1:1 funds-in cost share from industry partners. In the end, the project engaged six different industry partnerships and resulted in testing a large number of innovative technologies. These included tiny inverters; power-to-gas technologies; and advanced simulation, analysis, and power-hardware-in-the-loop testing techniques. The agreement also provided significant impact for both research and industrial communities. This summary report provides a brief, high-level overview of these projects and their highlights along with lists of citations and other impacts. Readers are referred to the corresponding project reports for more in-depth information.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2017

PCOR Partnership Best Practices Manual for Subsurface Technical Risk Assessment of Geologic CO 2 Storage Projects

In 2003, the U.S. Department of Energy established the Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships (RCSP) Initiative to help develop technology, infrastructure, and regulations needed to facilitate large-scale carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) geologic storage (herein “storage”) and support deployment of commercial carbon capture and storage projects. The Plains CO 2 Reduction (PCOR) Partnership, led by the Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC), is one of seven partnerships created by this program. The PCOR Partnership is publishing a series of best practices manuals for each of the four PCOR Partnership-defined primary technical elements of a storage site: site characterization; modeling and simulation; risk assessment; and monitoring, verification, and accounting. This document describes the risk assessment process for evaluating subsurface technical risks associated with a CO 2 storage project. This best practices manual identifies the key elements comprising a risk assessment for a CO 2 storage complex and defines important risk management terminology and technical factors that are unique to the geologic storage of CO 2 . It also provides best practices for implementing a risk assessment based on lessons learned from conducting risk assessments for storage complexes within the PCOR Partnership region. Case studies of these real-world examples, which highlight key aspects of applying the risk assessment process to storage projects, are provided to support the proposed best practices. The development of a best practice requires the execution of multiple projects where the knowledge gained and lessons learned are accumulated over time and integrated to yield a best practice. This development progression is an adaptive management process whereby best practices constantly evolve over time in response to knowledge gained and lessons learned. This document encompasses the current body-of-knowledge and best practices for applying a standardized risk assessment approach within risk management for storage projects. Application of these best practices will provide reliable and consistent standards for identifying project-related risks, analyzing the probabilities and potential impacts of these risks, evaluating which risks require treatment, and determining priority for treatment implementation. These best practices will continue to evolve and be refined over time as commercialization of the CO 2 storage industry proceeds.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2021

Analysis of Benefits Associated With Projects and Technologies Supported by the Clean Transportation Program

The California Energy Commission's Clean Transportation Program (CTP) supports a wide range of alternative, low-carbon fuel and vehicle projects. This report improves upon the 2014 Alternative and Renewable Fuel and Vehicle Technology Program (ARFVTP) Benefits Report(the former name of the Clean Transportation Program), which focused on two components of benefit calculation: expected benefits and market transformation benefits. The "expected benefits" are defined as benefits that accrue because of the direct displacement of petroleum-based fuels or vehicle technologies. The "market transformation benefits" accrue because of CTP funding shifting the underlying market dynamics and accelerating the adoption of alternative fuel vehicles. This report documents the updated methods used in the benefits analysis in 2014 and applies them for this 2021 Clean Transportation Program Benefits Report. The project team used data collected from CTP projects funded from 2009 to the third quarter of 2021 to estimate the benefits between 2021 and 2030. CTP projects valued at $\$898.3 million$ were assessed (out of $\$1.04 billion$ funded) to estimate expected benefits of 249 million gallons per year petroleum reduction and 2.79 million metric tons per year of carbon dioxide equivalent greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction in 2030. Market transformation benefits are additive to the expected benefits and were estimated with high and low ranges for the 315 relevant projects evaluated. The market transformation benefits' GHG reductions are estimated as 2.2 million to 6.2 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent per year and the petroleum reductions as 145.3 million to 671.5 million gasoline gallon equivalents per year in 2030. Combining both benefit types, the CTP projects can make significant progress toward meeting California's long-term GHG and petroleum fuel use reduction goals.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

DOE OSTI2023

Housing Energy Connection Project (Final Technical Report)

This project expanded existing medium-voltage distribution to 33 households, a daycare, a mechanical shop, irrigation pumps, and a sewer lift station, all of which previously received electric service from the local electric utility. As part of the project, automatic meter reading (AMR) and advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) was installed to allow the Tribe to set up its own electric metering like a utility. The primary objective of this project was to expand the Tribe-owned electrical distribution to provide highly reliable electrical service to these existing loads. The objective was successfully met after project completion. The project reduced high costs for electric energy previously supplied by the utility, by supplanting utility-supplied electric power with Tribe-generated electric power. The project gave the Tribe greater independence from traditional power sources and provided jobs for the community.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2023

Solar Canopy Expansion Project (Final Technical Report)

This project is a parking-lot canopy solar photovoltaic system, consisting of four canopy structures and 1,080 470-watt (W) modules. The nameplate rating of the project is 507.6 kilowatts direct current (kWDC) at Standard Test Condition (STC), and 448 kilowatts alternating current (kWAC). It is interconnected to the existing Tribe-owned medium-voltage micro-grid generation system via a step-up transformer and short medium-voltage line. This project offsets energy usage from more expensive existing sources, specifically the Tribe-owned gas-fired engine generators providing the primary power source for existing Tribal facilities and the electric utility, which provides an alternate source. The solar photovoltaic system is a renewable source, which has the benefit of reducing reliance on fossil-fuel burning sources. By reducing demand on existing Tribe-owned conventional generators, the project has avoided the need to add more conventional generation and has prolonged the lifespan of existing gas-fired engine generators. The project reduced energy costs and reliance on fossil-fuel burning power sources, increasing Tribe-owned generating sources and self-reliance, and prolonging the lifespan of existing generators. A side benefit to the project is the production of dozens of covered parking spaces in the existing parking lot.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2019

EGS Collab SIGMA-V Project: Stimulation Investigations for Geothermal Modeling Analysis and Validation Phase 1 Report. For the period February 2017 – March 2019

The EGS Collab project was initiated in March 2017 to enable the subsurface modelling and research community to establish validations against controlled, small-scale, in-situ experiments focused on rock fracture behavior and permeability enhancement. The EGS Collab project is to provide the opportunity for reservoir model prediction and validation, in coordination with in depth analysis of geophysical and other fracture characterization data with an ultimate goal of further elucidating the basic relationship between stress, seismicity and permeability enhancement. In addition, the project is to identify and quantify other key governing parameters that impact permeability as well as understanding how these parameters change throughout the three EGS development phases (identify/characterize site, create reservoir, operate power plant). The project is to use comprehensive instrumentation and data collection effort to inform baseline, predictive, and post stimulation reservoir modeling is essential. This report describes the activities performed in Phase 1 of the project. The work done to date is extensive, and a large number of participants have contributed significant effort to enable project success. From planning to execution, we have stayed on track to address the objectives established by the Department of Energy in the paragraph above.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2019

EGS Collab SIGMA-V Project: Stimulation Investigations for Geothermal Modeling Analysis and Validation: For the period February 2017 – March 2019 (Phase 1 Report)

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2024

Offshore Geologic Carbon Storage Data Collection and International Project Inventory

We present an interactive data collection to aggregate, understand, and disseminate the data that are publicly available to support offshore GCS which can be leveraged by stakeholders to understand where GCS may be viable offshore, create GCS project analogs, and address challenges to GCS in offshore environments. The Offshore Geologic Carbon Storage Data Collection is an Experience Builder web application of multiple web mapping applications, aggregated into a single tool for each data type for access, visualization, and exploration. We also present a spatial inventory of global offshore GCS efforts to visualize the scale and locations of actualized and potential offshore GCS. It includes project location, project type and stage, CO2 storage resource potential, injection rate, reservoir and seal geology, and key literature references. Quantitative and qualitative comparisons of the distribution and magnitude of projects by their attributes lends spatial insight into the status of global GCS operations and storage resource potential, thereby enabling comparative assessments and cross-cutting knowledge transfer for projects in development. These datasets illuminate trends in ongoing offshore projects and can be leveraged by stakeholders to estimate storage resources, identify subsurface analogs, review regulations, and address challenges to offshore GCS. Additionally, opportunities for concurrent decarbonization strategies can be identified.

Mulhern, Julia↗

DOE OSTI2024

International Offshore Geologic Carbon Storage Project Inventory and Data Collection

Mulhern, Julia↗

DOE OSTI2025

Cost Projections for Utility-Scale Battery Storage: 2025 Update

In this work we describe the development of cost and performance projections for utility-scale lithium-ion battery systems, with a focus on 4-hour duration systems. The projections are developed from an analysis of recent publications that include utility-scale storage costs. The suite of publications demonstrates wide variation in projected cost reductions for battery storage over time. We present the suite of projected cost reductions collected from the literature as well as the low, mid, and high cost projections developed in this work. Storage cost projections are $\$$152/kWh, $\$$247/kWh, and $\$$349/kWh in 2035 and $\$$111/kWh, $\$$184/kWh, and $\$$333/kWh in 2050 for the low, mid, and high cases respectively. Battery variable operations and maintenance costs, lifetimes, and efficiencies are also discussed, with recommended values selected based on the publications surveyed.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

DOE OSTI2024

Optimizing Alabama’s CO 2 Storage in Shelby County (Project OASIS) Milestone 6.0: Evaluation of Class VI Readiness

Introduction. Project OASIS is approximately 30 miles southeast of Birmingham, Alabama, and approximately 5 miles north-northwest of Alabama Power Company's Plant Gaston. Geologically, the Project area is in the Alabama fold and thrust belt province. This work builds on the initiatives of the Southeast Regional Carbon Utilization and Storage Acceleration Partnership (SECARB-USA, DE-FE0031830) that identified nearly 500 million metric tonnes of CO 2 emitted on an annual basis that is not collocated with prospective storage geology (the Coastal Plain of the Southeastern US in this context). This observation suggests costly investments in connective infrastructure (e.g., pipelines) or exploratory well drilling campaigns to identify CO 2 storage opportunities in under explored areas. While not traditionally thought of for saline storage, these studies suggest that storage prospects in the Valley and Ridge Province occur in relatively flat lying structural panels between thrust faults. For the Project OASIS region, available geologic studies related to hydrocarbon exploration suggest that Cambro-Ordovician carbonates and Cambrian clastic units offer multiple potential storage intervals, and that regional confining systems are present, such as the tectonically thickened Floyd-Parkwood Shale. The Project OASIS surface property is owned by a timber and land stewardship company, The Westervelt Company, Inc., who worked with the Project Team to select and prepare adequate sites for geologic assessment. The purpose of drilling the Westover Stratigraphic Test Well #2 was to collect geologic data to model the feasibility of commercial scale CO 2 injection and storage in an under explored region. This initiative benefits the regions emitters as the data generated from this study can inform their own internal decision making. The field program included geological and geophysical evaluations, reservoir engineering analyses, and risk assessments. This report evaluates existing data, as well as a variety of modeling scenarios to evaluate project readiness. Importantly, the impact of this study is not limited to Alabama as there are numerous large emitters throughout Appalachia, in similar geologic settings, contemplating their decarbonization options.

20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Optimizing Alabama’s CO 2 Storage in Shelby County (Project OASIS) - Deliverable Task 7: Risk Assessment

The “Optimizing Alabama’s CO 2 Storage in Shelby County: Project OASIS” CarbonSAFE Phase II Project seeks to build on regional data sets that demonstrate that the subsurface within Shelby County, Alabama has the potential to store commercial volumes of CO 2 safely, permanently, and economically. The primary target CO 2 Storage Complex is the deep Ketona Dolomite located within a 140 square mile area of the Valley and Ridge Region of Alabama. This deep saline reservoir is beneath a confining system encompassing at least 6,500 ft of shales and other low permeability sediments. Project OASIS drilled a deep stratigraphic test well to confirm the geological properties of the confining system and storage reservoir(s) within the Storage Complex. The geological data was incorporated into numerical models to establish the areal extent of the CO 2 plume and help design the storage site and its monitoring system. The project is managed by the Southern States Energy Board (SSEB), an interstate compact organization consisting of governors and state legislative leaders from sixteen southern states, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands, as well as an appointee by the President of the United States. The organizational compact provides it with access to state government organizations and legislatures. The Board also maintains an Associate Members program comprised of energy resource companies, utilities, trade groups, academic R&D science and technology experts and energy consultants. Further, the SSEB staff is experienced in managing and coordinating complex energy and environmental programs, from research programs to full-scale design and demonstrations of new and innovative technologies. Project OASIS is a public-private partnership of six entities with multiple principal investigators (PIs). SSEB’s Lead PI and Co-PI are responsible for all aspects of project performance in accordance with the DOE-NETL Cooperative Agreement. SSEB has issued subgrants to Advanced Resources International, Inc., Alabama A&M University, Auburn University, Crescent Resource Innovation, and Oklahoma State University. Advanced Resources International, Inc., issued subgrants to Baker Hughes and Loudon Technical Services for field services

20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Akiachak Energy Efficiency Retrofit Project

The goal of the project is to reduce the overall energy use of the Akiachak Native Community (ANC) by implementing energy efficiency measures in five high-use Tribal buildings. This project will have the following outcomes: Projected annual energy savings of $17,369; projected annual reduction in fuel oil #1 of 1,200 gallons and electricity of 17,751 kWh; annual reduction in carbon dioxide emissions of approximately 60,340 pounds/year. ANC will install energy efficiency measures in the Laundry, Tribal Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) Office, Clinic, Daycare, and Police Station. ANC obtained energy audits on these buildings in 2018, and this project will implement high-payback recommendations such as replacing lighting with LEDs, installing setback thermostats and occupancy sensors, replacing furnaces with more efficient models, replacing the circulation pumps with variable speed ones, air tightening, and adding insulation. Buildings will see energy cost reductions from 15% to 40%. These retrofits will help build ANC’s long-term vision for sustainable energy usage and address the first goal of the Tribal IRA Council’s Energy Efficiency and Conservation Strategy, to “create and maintain functionally appropriate, sustainable, accessible, high quality tribal infrastructure and facilities.” ANC intends to replicate this project by using the resulting energy savings to address audit recommendations in other buildings as well as to demonstrate the value of energy efficiency to community members. Other outcomes will include an increase in community resiliency, reduced dependence on outside shipments of fuel oil, training for maintenance staff, and no-touch control of building appliances to reduce transmission of diseases such as COVID-19.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2026

Algae Hydrothermal Liquefaction: End-of-Project Report

This document is a close-out report for two Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) projects funded by the Alternative Fuels and Feedstocks Office (formerly the Bioenergy Technologies Office) of the Department of Energy (DOE). The two projects are: • Thermochemical Interface (DOE ref. no. 1.3.4.101, PNNL ref. no. 64490) • HTL Model Development (DOE ref. no. 1.3.5.202, PNNL ref. no. 71612) At the end of fiscal year 2025, both projects ended. Additional activities related to the topics of algae, hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL), and the techno-economic assessment of HTL of algal feedstocks will be studied in other projects. Key technical findings of the projects were published in early 2025 and highlights will be summarized in this document. A summary of recent technical findings from 2025 are also included herein. This close-out report summarizes key outcomes from both projects highlighting the value and technical impact achieved.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Community engagement in the development of bioenergy projects from cellulosic urban waste feedstock in Hawaii for sustainable aviation fuel

The purpose of the research project was to reveal the perceptions of residents and communities of the City and County of Honolulu concerning bioenergy projects, feedstock, and sustainable aviation fuel. The perception study was conducted via community-scale surveys, interviews, and town meetings to gather feedback on the preliminary design of a proposed bioenergy project, including feedstock choice and the need for sustainable aviation fuel in Hawaii. Residents on the west side of Oahu were targeted due to their proximity to the proposed plant site location. Findings from this study aim to identify resident perceptions, understanding, and desire for bioenergy projects and new infrastructure to, improve the energy efficiency and sustainability of Hawaiian islands. While Hawaii has created policies and mandates to move toward 100% renewable energy sources by 2045, the focus has been predominately on renewable electricity, largely overlooking other sustainable energy options such as sustainable aviation fuel. There is a lack of research on the community engagement and perceptions of Hawaiian residents on bioenergy projects and sustainable aviation fuel, contributing to the low adoption of bioenergy projects on the islands. Insights from this study aim to add literature on the need for community engagement in the design process, the importance of accepting new sustainable infrastructure, and the production and use of sustainable aviation fuels.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗

DOE OSTI2020

Dynamic projection of anthropogenic emissions in China: methodology and 2015–2050 emission pathways under a range of socio-economic, climate policy, and pollution control scenarios

Abstract. Future trends in air pollution and greenhouse gas (GHG)emissions for China are of great concern to the community. A set of globalscenarios regarding future socio-economic and climate developments, combiningshared socio-economic pathways (SSPs) with climate forcing outcomes asdescribed by the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), was createdby the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Chinese researchers have also developed various emission scenarios by considering detailed local environmental and climate policies. However, a comprehensive scenario set connecting SSP–RCP scenarios with local policies and representing dynamic emission changes under local policies is still missing. In this work, to fill this gap, we developed a dynamic projection model, the Dynamic Projection model for Emissions in China (DPEC), to explore China'sfuture anthropogenic emission pathways. The DPEC is designed tointegrate the energy system model, emission inventory model, dynamicprojection model, and parameterized scheme of Chinese policies. The modelcontains two main modules, an energy-model-driven activity rate projectionmodule and a sector-based emission projection module. The activity rateprojection module provides the standardized and unified future energyscenarios after reorganizing and refining the outputs from the energy systemmodel. Here we use a new China-focused version of the Global ChangeAssessment Model (GCAM-China) to project future energy demand and supply inChina under different SSP–RCP scenarios at the provincial level. Theemission projection module links a bottom-up emission inventory model, theMulti-resolution Emission Inventory for China (MEIC), to GCAM-China andaccurately tracks the evolution of future combustion and production technologiesand control measures under different environmental policies. We developedtechnology-based turnover models for several key emitting sectors (e.g.coal-fired power plants, key industries, and on-road transportationsectors), which can simulate the dynamic changes in the unit/vehicle fleetturnover process by tracking the lifespan of each unit/vehicle on an annualbasis. With the integrated modelling framework, we connected five SSP scenarios(SSP1–5), five RCP scenarios (RCP8.5, 7.0, 6.0, 4.5, and 2.6), and threepollution control scenarios (business as usual, BAU; enhanced controlpolicy, ECP; and best health effect, BHE) to produce six combined emissionscenarios. With those scenarios, we presented a wide range of China's futureemissions to 2050 under different development and policy pathways. We foundthat, with a combination of strong low-carbon policy and air pollutioncontrol policy (i.e. SSP1-26-BHE scenario), emissions of major airpollutants (i.e. SO 2 , NO x , PM 2.5 , and non-methane volatile organic compounds – NMVOCs) in China willbe reduced by 34%–66% in 2030 and 58%–87% in 2050 compared to 2015. End-of-pipe control measures are more effective for reducing air pollutant emissions before 2030, while low-carbon policy will play a more important rolein continuous emission reduction until 2050. In contrast, China's emissionswill remain at a high level until 2050 under a reference scenario without activeactions (i.e. SSP3-70-BAU). Compared to similar scenarios set from theCMIP6 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6), our estimates ofemission ranges are much lower than the estimates from the harmonized CMIP6 emissions dataset in2020–2030, but their emission ranges become similar in the year 2050.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2015

Workshop to develop deep-life continental scientific drilling projects

The International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) has long espoused studies of deep subsurface life, and has targeted fundamental questions regarding subsurface life, including the following: "(1) What is the extent and diversity of deep microbial life and what are the factors limiting it? (2) What are the types of metabolism/carbon/energy sources and the rates of subsurface activity? (3) How is deep microbial life adapted to subsurface conditions? (4) How do subsurface microbial communities affect energy resources? And (5) how does the deep biosphere interact with the geosphere and atmosphere?" (Horsfield et al., 2014) Many ICDP-sponsored drilling projects have included a deep-life component; however, to date, not one project has been driven by deep-life goals, in part because geomicrobiologists have been slow to initiate deep biosphere-driven ICDP projects. Therefore, the Deep Carbon Observatory (DCO) recently partnered with the ICDP to sponsor a workshop with the specific aim of gathering potential proponents for deep-life-driven ICDP projects and ideas for candidate drilling sites. Twenty-two participants from nine countries proposed projects and sites that included compressional and extensional tectonic environments, evaporites, hydrocarbon-rich shales, flood basalts, Precambrian shield rocks, subglacial and subpermafrost environments, active volcano–tectonic systems, megafan deltas, and serpentinizing ultramafic environments. The criteria and requirements for successful ICDP applications were presented. Deep-life-specific technical requirements were discussed and it was concluded that, while these procedures require adequate planning, they are entirely compatible with the sampling needs of other disciplines. As a result of this workshop, one drilling workshop proposal on the Basin and Range Physiographic Province (BRPP) has been submitted to the ICDP, and several other drilling project proponents plan to submit proposals for ICDP-sponsored drilling workshops in 2016.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗