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DOE OSTI2023

AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F US-xSR NEON Santa Rita Experimental Range (SRER)

This is the AmeriFlux Management Project (AMP) created FLUXNET-1F version of the carbon flux data for the site US-xSR NEON Santa Rita Experimental Range (SRER). This is the FLUXNET version of the carbon flux data for the site US-xSR NEON Santa Rita Experimental Range (SRER) produced by applying the standard ONEFlux (1F) software. Site Description - Santa Rita Experimental Range encompasses 21,000 hectares of upland Sonoran Desert, approximately 32 km south of Tucson, Arizona. Santa Rita Experimental Range was founded in 1903. It is the longest continuously active rangeland research facility and among the five oldest biological field stations in the United States. The site is broken into distinct pastures, through which cattle graze throughout the year in various densities and durations.

Network), NEON (National Ecological Observatory↗

DOE OSTI2018

Beam-Dynamics Analysis of Long-Range Wakefield Effects on the SCRF Cavities at the Fast Facility

Long-range wakefields in superconducting RF (SCRF) cavities create complicated effects on beam dynamics in SCRF-based FEL beamlines. The driving bunch excites effectively an infinite number of structure modes (including HOMs) which oscillate within the SCRF cavity. Couplers with loads are used to damp the HOMs. However, these HOMs can persist for long periods of time in superconducting structures, which leads to long-range wakefields. Clear understanding of the long-range wakefield effects is a critical element for risk mitigation of future SCRF accelerators such as XFEL at DESY, LCLS-II XFEL, and MaRIE XFEL. We are currently developing numerical tools for simulating long-range wakefields in SCRF accelerators and plan to experimentally verify the tools by measuring these wakefields at the Fermilab Accelerator Science and Technology (FAST) facility. This paper previews the experimental conditions at the FAST 50 MeV beamline based on the simulation results.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2014

Multilevel summation methods for efficient evaluation of long-range pairwise interactions in atomistic and coarse-grained molecular simulation.

The availability of efficient algorithms for long-range pairwise interactions is central to the success of numerous applications, ranging in scale from atomic-level modeling of materials to astrophysics. This report focuses on the implementation and analysis of the multilevel summation method for approximating long-range pairwise interactions. The computational cost of the multilevel summation method is proportional to the number of particles, N, which is an improvement over FFTbased methods who s cost is asymptotically proportional to N logN. In addition to approximating electrostatic forces, the multilevel summation method can be use to efficiently approximate convolutions with long-range kernels. As an application, we apply the multilevel summation method to a discretized integral equation formulation of the regularized generalized Poisson equation. Numerical results are presented using an implementation of the multilevel summation method in the LAMMPS software package. Preliminary results show that the computational cost of the method scales as expected, but there is still a need for further optimization.

Bond, Stephen D.↗

DOE OSTI2014

Tonopah Test Range Air Monitoring: CY2013 Meteorological, Radiological, and Airborne Particulate Observations

In 1963, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) (formerly the Atomic Energy Commission [AEC]), implemented Operation Roller Coaster on the Tonopah Test Range (TTR) and an adjacent area of the Nevada Test and Training Range (NTTR) (formerly the Nellis Air Force Range). This test resulted in radionuclide-contaminated soils at Clean Slate I, II, and III. This report documents observations made during on-going monitoring of radiological, meteorological, and dust conditions at stations installed adjacent to Clean Slate I and Clean Slate III and at the TTR Range Operations Control center. The primary objective of the monitoring effort is to determine if winds blowing across the Clean Slate sites are transporting particles of radionuclide-contaminated soils beyond both the physical and administrative boundaries of the sites. Results for the calendar year (CY) 2013 monitoring include: (1) the gross alpha and gross beta values from the monitoring stations are approximately equivalent to the highest values observed during the CY2012 reporting at the surrounding Community Environmental Monitoring Program (CEMP) stations (this was the latest documented data available at the time of this writing); (2) only naturally occurring radionuclides were identified in the gamma spectral analyses; (3) the ambient gamma radiation measurements indicate that the average annual gamma exposure is similar at all three monitoring stations and periodic intervals of increased gamma values appear to be associated with storm fronts passing through the area; and (4) the concentrations of both resuspended dust and saltated sand particles generally increase with increasing wind speed. However, differences in the observed dust concentrations are likely due to differences in the soil characteristics immediately adjacent to the monitoring stations. Neither the resuspended particulate radiological analyses nor the ambient gamma radiation measurements suggest wind transport of radionuclide-contaminated soils.

(1)↗

DOE OSTI2014

Radiological and Environmental Monitoring at the Clean Slate I and III Sites, Tonopah Test Range, Nevada, With Emphasis on the Implications for Off-site Transport

In 1963, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) (formerly the Atomic Energy Commission [AEC]) implemented Operation Roller Coaster on the Tonopah Test Range (TTR) and an adjacent area of the Nevada Test and Training Range (NTTR) (formerly the Nellis Air Force Range [NAFR]). Operation Roller Coaster consisted of four tests in which chemical explosions were detonated in the presence of nuclear devices to assess the dispersal of radionuclides and evaluate the effectiveness of storage structures to contain the ejected radionuclides. These tests resulted in the dispersal of plutonium over the ground surface downwind of the test ground zero (GZ). Three tests—Clean Slate I, II, and III—were conducted on the TTR in Cactus Flat. The fourth, Double Tracks, was conducted in Stonewall Flat on the NTTR. The Desert Research Institute (DRI) installed two monitoring stations in 2008, Station 400 at the Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) Range Operations Center (ROC) and Station 401 at Clean Slate III. Station 402 was installed at Clean Slate I in 2011 to measure radiological, meteorological, and dust conditions. The monitoring activity was implemented to determine if radionuclide contamination in the soil at the Clean Slate sites was being transported beyond the contamination area boundaries. Some of the data collected also permits comparison of radiological exposure at the TTR monitoring stations to conditions observed at Community Environmental Monitoring Program (CEMP) stations around the NTTR. Annual average gross alpha values from the TTR monitoring stations are higher than values from the surrounding CEMP stations. Annual average gross beta values from the TTR monitoring stations are generally lower than values observed for the surrounding CEMP stations. This may be due to use of sample filters with larger pore space because when glass-fiber filters began to be used at TTR Station 400, gross beta values increased. Gamma spectroscopy typically identified only naturally occurring radionuclides. The radionuclides cesium-134 and -137 were identified in only two samples at each station collected in the weeks following the destruction of the nuclear power reactor in Fukushima, Japan, on March 11, 2011. Observed gamma energy values never exceeded the local background by more than 4 μR/h. The higher observed gamma values were coincident with wind from any of the cardinal directions, which suggests that there is no significant transport from the Clean Slate contamination areas. Annual average daily gamma values at the TTR stations are higher than at the surrounding CEMP stations, but they are equivalent to or just slightly higher than the background estimates made at locations at equivalent elevations, such as Denver, Colorado. Winds in excess of approximately 15 mph begin to resuspend soil particles and create dust, but dust generation is also affected by soil temperature, relative humidity, and soil water content. Power curves provide good predictive equations for dust concentration as a function of wind speed. However, winds in the highest wind speed category occur infrequently.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2015

Tonopah Test Range Air Monitoring. CY2014 Meteorological, Radiological, and Airborne Particulate Observations

In 1963, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) (formerly the Atomic Energy Commission [AEC]), implemented Operation Roller Coaster on the Tonopah Test Range (TTR) and an adjacent area of the Nevada Test and Training Range (NTTR) (formerly the Nellis Air Force Range). This test resulted in radionuclide-contaminated soils at Clean Slate I, II, and III. This report documents observations made during ongoing monitoring of radiological, meteorological, and dust conditions at stations installed adjacent to Clean Slate I and Clean Slate III and at the TTR Range Operations Control center. The primary objective of the monitoring effort is to determine if winds blowing across the Clean Slate sites are transporting particles of radionuclide-contaminated soils beyond both the physical and administrative boundaries of the sites. Results for the calendar year (CY) 2014 monitoring are: (1) the gross alpha and gross beta values from the monitoring stations are approximately equivalent to the highest values observed during the CY2014 reporting at the surrounding Community Environmental Monitoring Program (CEMP) stations; (2) only naturally occurring radionuclides were identified in the gamma spectral analyses; (3) the ambient gamma radiation measurements indicate that the average annual gamma exposure is similar at all three monitoring stations and periodic intervals of increased gamma values appear to be associated with storm fronts passing through the area; and (4) the concentrations of both resuspended dust and saltated sand particles generally increase with increasing wind speed. Differences in the observed dust concentrations are likely the result of differences in the soil characteristics immediately adjacent to the monitoring stations. Neither the resuspended particulate radiological analyses nor the ambient gamma radiation measurements suggest wind transport of radionuclide-contaminated soils.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2017

Summary Report on the SAE 2016 Range Extenders for Electric Vehicles Symposium

The SAE 2016 Range Extenders for Electric Vehicles Symposium was a 2-day technical meeting focused on the role of advanced internal combustion engines (ICEs) and other novel energy converter technologies for extending the range of electric vehicles (EVs). The first-of-its-kind symposium was notable for focusing solely on the range extender (REx) technologies and not the EVs. The technical program featured presentations from international leaders from industry, government, national laboratories, and academia. The opening keynote presentations covered a broad range of topics including consumer behavior, policy implications, regulatory considerations, and REx architectures as enablers for advanced technologies. The technical sessions focused on an array of REx technologies including conventional ICEs, as well as less conventional or emerging technologies such as microturbines, fuel cells, low-temperature combustion engines, and aluminum-air batteries. The symposium included two panel sessions. The trend toward increasing vehicle electrification and the changing role of ICEs and other auxiliary power unit technologies for use as REx’s is leading to new research and design development needs. The symposium captured the interest of the industry and research communities in exploring the opportunities and challenges associated with REx’s for EVs. This report includes key takeaways, summarized below, and draft notes for each presentation and panel discussion.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗

DOE OSTI2017

Tonopah Test Range Air Monitoring: CY2016 Meteorological, Radiological, and Wind Transported Particulate Observations

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2018

Sandia National Laboratories Tonopah Test Range Station 22 Contraves Tower (Building 22-00): Photographs Written Historical and Descriptive Data

The Contraves Tower (Building 22-00) was built in 1960 as part of the initial expansion after the initial building at Tonopah Test Range (TTR). Located just west of the main road well to the south of the main Control Point (Area 3) at TTR, the tower was designed to hold a Contraves phototheodolite used in tracking and recording test units dropped from aircraft at the range. The tower was in steady use for the first decade of its existence, after which it was largely replaced by mobile Contraves units that could be placed at the stations as needed for particular tests. The Contraves Tower (Building 22-00) is a contributing element to the Sandia National Laboratories Tonopah Test Range Historic District. Building 22-00 supported TTR's role as an outdoor laboratory and was built in 1960 as part of the range's initial expansion to support increasing test demands. The building provided and represents a key tracking and data capture facility at TTR during its period of significance. The period of significance for the historic district is 1956-1989; 22-00 is a contributing element for 1960-1970.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2016

Mapping Cheatgrass Across the Range of the Greater Sage-Grouse: Linking Biophysical, Climate and Remote Sensing Data to Predict Cheatgrass Occurrence

Increasing spread of invasive annual grasses, such as Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass), can contribute to increased fire frequency and hinder the reestablishment of native sagebrush, forbs, and grasses in subsequent years. Knowledge of the current distribution of cheatgrass on the landscape is a key component in planning and executing strategies to protect sagebrush ecosystems and sensitive wildlife species such as the Greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus). Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) worked with US Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) to assemble and derive information to map cheatgrass occurrence across the historic range of sage-grouse. The information and map products described in this report can help land managers prioritize conservation efforts at the species’ range scale. We constructed an ecological model based on a suite of climatic and biophysical variables and satellite measures of peak NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) – an index of vegetation greenness – to predict cheatgrass occurrence across the historic range of sage-grouse in the United States. More than 24,000 field measurements of cheatgrass cover across the study area were acquired from various agencies and research groups and reviewed for use in the modeling efforts. A subset of 6650 field measurement points were identified and verified for use in statistical analyses. For each measurement location we derived a suite of 50 biophysical and NDVI variables correlated with cheatgrass occurrence. Pairwise correlation of variables was examined to remove highly-correlated variables from the model. A total of 13 variables were retained for use in forward-stepping discriminant analysis and modeling. Discriminant scores were used to determine probability of cheatgrass occurrence, which was broken into two relative cover classes: 0% to 2% cover and > 2% cheatgrass cover. This report describes the data and methods used to develop the model and the cheatgrass occurrence map. We provide a brief discussion of the accuracy of classification, and describe the appropriate scale of use for map results. The range-wide map of occurrence will be made available online for FWS and partner agencies.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2019

Unitary Thermal Energy Management for Propulsion Range Augmentation (UTEMPRA)

Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) encounter weather-dependent driving range. A major drain on the vehicle battery is the HVAC system which, when typically using resistive heating only, can result in a reduction of up to 50% of the driving range in winter weather. In this project, a BEV thermal management system is designed and demonstrated on a Fiat 500e BEV. The system comprises a simple, compact, semi-hermetic refrigerant sub-system and an accompanying a coolant circulatory system which, through an innovative valve arrangement, is used to transfer heat between the several heat sources and sinks in the BEV. The system is capable of A/C and heat pump operation, thermal management of the traction battery and powertrain electronics and also recycles waste heat of the vehicle powertrain to heat the cabin to further converse energy. An automated control system is implemented and tested that selects the relevant mode of operation and optimizes energy usage while meeting vehicle thermal requirements. In wind tunnel tests, the vehicle and UTEMPRA system demonstrated 13% (the target of the project was set at 15%) range increase at -10°C driving at a steady 40 kph speed. The vehicle also demonstrated full capability to automatically control thermal conditions at a wide range of ambient temperatures thus demonstrating the viability of such a system in practice.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗

DOE OSTI2020

Tagged Short-Range Correlations for Medium to Heavy Ions at an Electron Ion Collider

Understanding short-range correlations between pairs of nucleons in the nucleus is an important nuclear physics topic that can address longstanding mysteries in nuclear physics such as the behavior of dense nuclear systems and the modification of parton distributions. As a collider and with a large acceptance detector, the Jefferson Lab version of the Electron Ion Collider has unique capabilities that are complementary to previous short-range correlation studies, most notably the ability to more fully reconstruct the final state. Optimization of the collider’s detector to maximally exploit these capabilities called for important extensions of existing simulation tools. For this one year laboratory directed research and development project, we upgraded the benchmark electron-nucleon event generator for lepto-production simulation code Benchmark eA Generator for LEptoproduction (BeAGLE) to be able to handle tagged medium-to-heavy nucleons. This included updating the code to correctly handle Fermi motion of nucleons in the nucleus as well as the large momentum caused by short-range correlations. In addition, we also investigated the possibility of improved kinematic reconstruction methods for electron nucleon collisions and looked at pair-spectator tagging of short-range correlations with the Jefferson Lab electron ion collider design. The project progressed very much as planned.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2019

SAR Image Scaling Dynamic Range Radiometric Calibration and Display

Once Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images are formed, they typically need to be stored in some file format which might restrict the dynamic range of what can be represented. Thereafter, for exploitation by human observers, the images might need to be displayed in a manner to reveal the subtle scene reflectivity characteristics the observer seeks, which generally requires further manipulation of dynamic range. Proper image scaling, for both storage and for display, to maximize the perceived dynamic range of interest to an observer depends on many factors, and an understanding of underlying data characteristics. While SAR images are typically rendered with gray-scale, or at least monochromatic intensity variations, color might also be usefully employed in some cases. We analyze these and other issues pertaining to SAR image scaling, dynamic range, radiometric calibration, and display.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

DOE OSTI2021

Tonopah Test Range Air Monitoring: Meteorological, Radiological, and Wind Transported Particulate Observations (CY 2019)

In 1963, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) (formerly the Atomic Energy Commission [AEC]), implemented Operation Roller Coaster on the Tonopah Test Range (TTR) and an adjacent area of the Nevada Test and Training Range (NTTR) (formerly the Nellis Air Force Range). This operation resulted in radionuclide-contaminated soils at the Double Tracks site and Clean Slate I, II, and III sites. This report documents observations made during ongoing monitoring of radiological, meteorological, and dust conditions at stations installed adjacent to the Clean Slate sites and at the TTR Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) Range Operations Center (ROC). The main objectives of the monitoring effort are to support the DOE Environmental Management Nevada Program (EM NV) in the safe remediation of the environmental legacy of nuclear device development and testing by determining if wind blowing across the Clean Slate sites is transporting particles of radionuclide-contaminated soil beyond the physical and administrative boundaries of the sites, and providing information for designing long-term monitoring of the sites. The monitoring program in 2019 included five stations. Station 400, located within TTR Area 3 and near the ROC, monitors conditions near the local workforce center. Stations 401 and 403 are located on the northern and southeastern perimeter fence lines, respectively, of the Clean Slate III site. Stations 404 and 405 are along the northern and eastern boundary fence, respectively, at Clean Slate II. The stations are generally downwind of the contaminated areas during either northwesterly or southerly winds, which are the predominant wind directions.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2021

SAR Geolocation Using Range-Doppler Multilateration

Radar is by its basic nature a ranging instrument. If radar range and range-rate measurements from multiple directions can be made and assembled, then multilateration allows locating a feature common to the set of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images to an accurate 3-D coordinate. The ability to employ effective multilateration algorithms is highly dependent on the geometry of the data collections, and the accuracy with which relative range measurements can be made. The problem can be cast as a least-squares exercise, and the concept of Dilution of Precision can describe the accuracy and precision with which a 3-D location can be made.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2021

Tonopah Test Range Air Monitoring: CY2020 Meteorological, Radiological, and Wind Transported Particulate Observations

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2024

High Performance Metal-Supported SOFC System for Range Extension of Commercial Aviation

The DOE ARPA-E REEACH program [1] has enabled this Phase 1 study that conceptualizes a commercial 154 passenger electric aircraft using renewable aviation fuel for range extension while meeting similar mission performance levels as current commercial aircraft. Commercial aviation accounts for about 2.5% of global CO2 emissions, and close to 5% of overall anthropogenic climate change due to the added accounting of contrail’s effects [2]. The sector has adopted a goal of carbon neutrality by 2050 [3]. 110 nations, and recently the new US administration, have embarked on work to address this important challenge. The US DOE has released a roadmap to enable the further development of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) in the hopes that it could meet all of aviation’s fuel needs by 2050 [4]. However, SAF fuel price and sufficient future feedstock availability remains a concern [5]. Considering the first commercial biofuel flight demonstration 14 years ago [6] and that SAF still only comprises less than 0.1% of jet fuel use, the question arises as how it can ramp up to 100% use in the next 27 years. One option that has the potential to substantially reduce the need for SAF is to implement light-weight Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) that can efficiently utilize SAF or other sulfur-free hydrocarbon fuels. As opposed to lower temperature PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) fuel cells that can use high-purity hydrogen, SOFC’s fuels are very flexible, ranging from low cost liquefied natural gas (LNG), renewable liquefied natural gas (RLNG), to SAF, to generate clean electrical power for use in aviation propulsion and auxiliary power units [7] [8]. Research progress is needed to enable SOFCs to achieve 3.0 kW/kg power density, making them viable for aviation [9]. The DOE’s Advanced Research Projects Agency – Energy (ARPA-E) has therefore initiated an aviation SOFC R&D program that is anticipated to dramatically reduce aircraft fuel use though the implementation of “Range Extenders for Electric Aviation with low Carbon and High efficiency” (REEACH) [1] for medium range commercial aircraft. This report summarizes the progress during phase 1 of the REEACH program.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2025

Basin & Range Investigation for Developing Geothermal Energy

Hidden geothermal systems represent a potentially prolific energy resource that could support critical U.S. public and government energy priorities. Basin and Range Investigations for Developing Geothermal Energy (BRIDGE) addressed some the challenges associated with hidden system exploration by prioritizing cost-effective exploration early on through strategic workflow and informed decision-making that mitigates early risk and shifts resources to later exploration stages (e.g., drilling). Sandia National Laboratories partnered with U.S. Navy Geothermal Office, Geologic Geothermal Group, and independent consultants, with additional collaboration with U.S. Geological Survey and private industry. The primary tool of the BRIDGE project was to deploy a regional-scale airborne electromagnetic method to investigate the shallow resistivity structure in areas with high prospectivity. This was followed up at several prospects by a multidisciplinary exploration approach, including additional geologic, geophysical and geochemical studies. A central tenet to the BRIDGE methodology is that zones of low resistivity frequently occur over geothermal systems in the Basin and Range, and when paired with other data constraints, imaging these zones can enable discovery of these systems. In addition to exploring greenfield areas (i.e., Grover Point), the BRIDGE project also flew HTEM resistivity surveys over known geothermal systems including those with established power plants (Don A. Campbell and Salt Wells) and prospects that are known to the literature but remain undeveloped, at least in part, due to a lack of understanding on the location of their producible reservoirs. BRIDGE produced a comprehensive set of data from prospects identified in the Nevada Play Fairway Analysis along with conceptual models for top ranking prospects, wherein all of the observations are used to inform an interpreted model of the system. These models present a range of possible system parameters such as temperature and size, and they are further informed by system analogues in the Basin and Range province and elsewhere. The results of this work leave space for further exploration that may now occur at prospects ‘down the list’ rather than distribution exploration resources evenly across all prospects.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗