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Collection of registration, compression, and classification algorithms allows users to evaluate approaches and select best one for particular application. Program includes six registration algorithms, six compression algorithms, and two classification algorithms. Package also includes routines for evaluating effects of processing on image data. Collection is written in FORTRAN IV for batch execution.
An operational procedure for use by the Corps of Engineers to acquire land use information for hydrologic planning purposes is described. The operational constraints preclude the use of dedicated, interactive image processing facilities. The procedure combines manual interpretation techniques and the batch-mode computer analysis of Landsat digital data. An example of the application of the procedure to an urban watershed is described.
The clip technique is a popular method for visualizing complex structures and phenomena within 3D unstructured meshes. Meshes can be clipped by specifying a scalar isovalue to produce an output unstructured mesh with its external surface as the isovalue. Similar to isocontouring, the clipping process relies on scalar data associated with the mesh points, including scalar data generated by implicit functions such as planes, boxes, and spheres, which facilitates the visualization of results interior to the grid. In this paper, we introduce a novel batch-driven parallel algorithm based on a sequential clip algorithm designed for high-quality results in partial volume extraction. Our algorithm comprises five passes, each progressively processing data to generate the resulting clipped unstructured mesh. The novelty lies in the use of fixed-size batches of points and cells, which enable rapid workload trimming and parallel processing, leading to a significantly improved memory footprint and run-time performance compared to the original version. On a 32-core CPU, the proposed batch-driven parallel algorithm demonstrates a run-time speed-up of up to 32.6x and a memory footprint reduction of up to 4.37x compared to the existing sequential algorithm. The software is currently available under an open-source license in the VTK visualization system.
The Tank Closure Cesium Removal (TCCR) system uses ion exchange columns filled with crystalline silicotitanate media to process radioactive waste solutions for the removal of Cs-137. TCCR currently focuses on dissolving Savannah River Site (SRS) Tank 10H waste (primarily sodium saltcake solids) within the tank followed by at-tank ion exchange column treatment. Equilibrium batch contact tests conducted in the SRNL Shielded Cells laboratory and associated analyses indicated that both the Tank 10H Batch 1 (pre-production) and 1A (production) waste supernates are unique solutions for which CST cesium removal performance is lower than predicted by ZAM modeling. Cesium distribution coefficients (K d ), percent removal, and CST loading data for the TCCR production supernate batch are provided in Table ES-1. ZAM-based cesium loading predictions are compared to the observed loading for the production batch in Figure ES-1, where significantly lower performance was observed than predicted by the model. Even lower cesium loading results (versus ZAM) were observed previously for the in-tank “teabag” batch contact samples.
Savannah River Mission Completion (SRMC) currently manages the risk for retained hydrogen in the Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) vessels by implementing a Retained Hydrogen Program. The current program relies on Sludge Batch (SB) 8 Gas Chromatograph data and on conservative assumptions concerning gas release and retention to determine allowable vessel Quiescent time (Q-time). The authors identified M-Star ® CFD as a software that could simulate processes such as fluid flow, heat transfer, species transport, chemical reactions, particle transport, and retained hydrogen gas release. Preliminary simulation results suggest that more realistic assumptions on gas retention and release may be feasible for the DWPF retained hydrogen program. Because of the desire to use the M-Star ® software to perform analyses that support nuclear safety, SRMC has requested Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) to upgrade the software classification level of M-Star ® CFD from level D to level A to perform analyses that support nuclear safety.
Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) was requested by Savannah River Remediation (SRR) to qualify the next batch of sludge – Sludge Batch 9 (SB9). Current practice is to prepare sludge batches in Tank 51 by transferring sludge to Tank 51 from other tanks. The sludge is washed and transferred to Tank 40, the current Defense Waste Process Facility (DWPF) feed tank. Prior to sludge transfer from Tank 51 to Tank 40, the Tank 51 sludge must be qualified. SRNL qualifies the sludge in multiple steps. First, a Tank 51 sample is received, then characterized, washed, and again characterized. SRNL then demonstrates the DWPF Chemical Process Cell (CPC) flowsheet with the sludge. The final step of qualification involves chemical durability measurements of glass fabricated in the DWPF CPC demonstrations. In past sludge batches, SRNL had completed the DWPF demonstration with Tank 51 sludge. For SB9, SRNL has been requested to process a blend of Tank 51 and Tank 40 at a targeted ratio of 44% Tank 51 and 56% Tank 40 on an insoluble solids basis.
The primary objective of this work is to calculate the maximum loading expected on the Hanford Tank Side Cesium Removal (TSCR) ion exchange columns. A key consideration in the design of the columns is the amount of 137 Cs that loads onto the Crystalline Silicotitanate (CST) and the heat generated by the loaded column during storage. Per request of Washington River Protection Solutions (WRPS), Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) has utilized ZAM, a computer program developed by the research group of Professor Rayford G. Anthony of Texas A&M University, to predict the cesium loading on the CST for a variety of waste compositions expected to be processed by TSCR. The study evaluated cesium loadings for the following waste compositions: 1. Seventeen DFLAW campaign batches to cover projected supernate composition ranges within which TSCR may be expected to operate within the first ten years, 2. Hanford tank AP-105 and AP-107 waste solutions that will be processed by the TSCR system.
This report summarizes recent activities in the development of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) in Japan. For the purposes of this study, 'MEMS' means batch-fabricated miniature devices that convert physical parameters to or from electrical signals and that depend on mechanical structures or parameters in important ways for their operation. The report covers advanced materials and process technology; sensors and sensing microstructures; microactuators and actuation mechanisms; sensor-circuit integration and system partitioning; advanced packaging, microassembly, and testing technologies; and MEMS design techniques, applications, and infrastructure. The panel found that Japanese industry is emphasizing approaches to MEMS that are similar to those taken by U.S. industry (i.e., approaches based on silicon integrated-circuit technology); these efforts are comparable in their level of development to those in the United States. However, the ten-year, $250 million, MITI-sponsored program in micromachines emphasizes the miniaturization of more traditional (nonlithographic) machining processes, an area in which there is no comparable U.S. effort. Packaging technology and applications for batch-fabricated MEMS devices is considered a major challenge in both countries. The panel concluded that these and other issues will require global leadership and international cooperation to realize the benefits of MEMS in a timely way.
Simulated Darex, Purex, Thorex, and TBP-25 wastes were batch-evaporated and calcined to solids. The weight of residue was decreased to ~ 8% of the original waste for Darex, to ~ 4% for Purex, to ~ 2% for Thorex, and ~ 7% for TBP-25 by calcination to 1200°C. Semicontinuous evaporation and calcination to solids at 900°C of Darex and Purex wastes gave volume reduction factors of ~ 8 and 7 to 10, respectively. The nitrate contents of the residues from batch calcination to 800°C were from ~ 0.07 to 0.5 wt % while the nitrate contents of the residues from semicontinuous calcination to 900°C were from ~ 0.1 to 0.7 wt %. Sodium, calcium, and magnesium additives to Purex waste decreased the percent of sulfate volatilized into the condensate from ~ 30% to <0.5%. Replacement of the atmosphere above the waste with nitric oxide decreased ruthenium volatility from 50 to 60% of that originally present in Purex waste to 0.5 to 3.5%. The thermal conductivities for the calcined wastes, measured in situ, were all >0.1 Btu/hr ft °F at ~ 400°F and increased almost linearly with increasing temperature to >0.3 Btu/hr ft °F at ~ 1600°F in all cases studied.
This work developed an adsorptive separation and recovery process for anaerobically generated volatile fatty acids (VFAs) from swine wastewater fermentation. Batch adsorption studies were conducted using several weak anion exchange resins and synthetic adsorbent resins to identify a suitable candidate. Relite RAM2 with a tertiary amine functional group showed the highest adsorption (over 98%) of hexanoic acid. Under the different pH values (1.8–7.5) and extraction temperatures (30–50 ↑C), the highest adsorption was observed at a pH of 3.2, which is below the pKa of hexanoic acid, at all the evaluated temperatures. A full factorial design was used to optimize the resin and VFA concentrations, wherein over 99% adsorption could be achieved when the ratio of VFA to resin was below 0.23 (g/g) for model solution (VFAs in water). The adsorption equilibrium could be achieved within 30 min of contact time and 0.5% w/v NaOH was identified as a suitable desorption agent. Under the optimal conditions, 65–72% of VFAs present in fermentation broth was adsorbed, which was increased to 72–76% by using fresh resins. The VFAs adsorption and recovery efficiency were maintained for 9 successive cycles without requiring extensive resin washing and regeneration for both model solution and fermentation broth. Altogether, the work presents a comprehensive study for resin adsorption to recover VFAs and provides a potential industrial-relevant process to recover VFAs from fermentation broth.
Nanolime and a phosphate-based chelating agent were used to synthesize B-type carbonated apatite. Developed Rietveld refinement strategies allowed one to determine process yield, product crystallinity as well as structural (unit cell) and microstructural (size, strain) parameters. The effect of synthesis temperature (20–60 °C) as well as Ca/P ratio (1.5–2.5) and solid content (10–30 wt%) of the starting batch on these properties were investigated. FTIR, TEM and gas adsorption data provided supporting evidence. The process yield was 42–60 wt% and found to be governed by the Ca/P ratio. The purified products had high specific surface area (107–186 m{sup 2}/g) and crystallinity (76–97%). The unit cell parameters, correlated to the degree of structural carbonate, were sensitive to the Ca/P ratio. Instead, temperature governed the microstructural parameters. Less strained and larger crystals were obtained at higher temperatures. Long-term aging up to 6 months at 20 °C compensated for higher crystal growth kinetics at higher temperature. - Graphical abstract: Controlled synthesis of carbonated apatite at moderate temperatures using nanolime and sodiumhexametaphosphate as starting reagent. - Highlights: • Chemical synthesis of nano-sized apatite with tailored microstructure was performed. • Colloidal Ca(OH){sub 2} and a phosphorus-based chelating agents were used as reagents. • The method is simple and reproducible which facilitate industrial process scale-up. • Rietveld refinement strategies for product characterization were developed. • Rietveld analyses provided yield, microstructural and structure information.
Purpose: To provide an automatic image analysis toolkit to process thoracic 4-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) and extract patient-specific motion information to facilitate investigational or clinical use of 4DCT. Methods: We developed an automatic toolkit in MATLAB to overcome the extra workload from the time dimension in 4DCT. This toolkit employs image/signal processing, computer vision, and machine learning methods to visualize, segment, register, and characterize lung 4DCT automatically or interactively. A fully-automated 3D lung segmentation algorithm was designed and 4D lung segmentation was achieved in batch mode. Voxel counting was used to calculate volume variations of the torso, lung and its air component, and local volume changes at the diaphragm and chest wall to characterize breathing pattern. Segmented lung volumes in 12 patients are compared with those from a treatment planning system (TPS). Voxel conversion was introduced from CT# to other physical parameters, such as gravity-induced pressure, to create a secondary 4D image. A demon algorithm was applied in deformable image registration and motion trajectories were extracted automatically. Calculated motion parameters were plotted with various templates. Machine learning algorithms, such as Naive Bayes and random forests, were implemented to study respiratory motion. This toolkit is complementary to and will be integrated with the Computational Environment for Radiotherapy Research (CERR). Results: The automatic 4D image/data processing toolkit provides a platform for analysis of 4D images and datasets. It processes 4D data automatically in batch mode and provides interactive visual verification for manual adjustments. The discrepancy in lung volume calculation between this and the TPS is <±2% and the time saving is by 1–2 orders of magnitude. Conclusion: A framework of 4D toolkit has been developed to analyze thoracic 4DCT automatically or interactively, facilitating both investigational and clinical use. More software tools are under development for automatic analysis of other 4D imaging modalities. This research is in part supported by NIH (U54CA137788/132378) and City Seed FY13(Grant No. 93348-14 01). AY would like to thank MSKCC summer medical student research program supported by National Cancer Institute and hosted by Department of Medical Physics at MSKCC.
A process upset occurred in the Modular Caustic-Side Solvent Extraction Unit (MCU) facility on April 6th, 2014. During recovery efforts, a significant amount of solids were found in the Salt Solution Feed Tank (SSFT), Salt Solution Receipt Tanks (SSRTs), two extraction contactors, and scrub contactors. The solids were identified by Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) as primarily sodium oxalate and sodium alumina silicate (NAS) with the presence of some aluminum hydroxide. NAS solids have been present in the SSFT since simulant runs during cold chemical startup of MCU in 2007, and have not hindered operations since that time. During the process upset in April 2014, the oxalate solids partially blocked the aqueous outlet of the extraction contactors, causing salt solution to exit through the contactor organic outlet to the scrub contactors with the organic phase. This salt solution overwhelmed the scrub contactors and passed with the organic phase to the strip section of MCU. The partially reversed flow of salt solution resulted in a Strip Effluent (SE) stream that was high in Isopar™ L, pH and sodium. The primary cause of the excessive solids accumulation in the SSRTs and SSFT at MCU is attributed to an increase in the frequency of oxalic acid cleaning of the 512-S primary filter. Agitation in the SSRTs at MCU in response to cold weather likely provided the primary mechanism to transfer the solids to the contactors. Sources of the sodium oxalate solids are attributed to the oxalic acid cleaning solution used to clean the primary filter at the Actinide Removal Process (ARP) filtration at 512-S, as well as precipitation from the salt batch feed, which is at or near oxalate saturation. The Solids Recovery Team was formed to determine the cause of the solids formation and develop recommendations to prevent or mitigate this event in the future. A total of 53 recommendations were generated. These recommendations were organized into 4 focus areas: • Improve understanding of oxalate equilibrium and kinetics in salt solutions • Reduction/elimination of oxalic acid cleaning in 512-S • Flowsheet optimization • Improving diagnostic capability The recommendations implemented prior to resumption of MCU operations provide a risk mitigation or detection function through additional sampling and observation. The longer term recommendations provide a framework to increase the basic process knowledge of both oxalate chemistry and filtration behavior and then facilitate decisions that improve the salt flowsheet as a system.
Phase equilibrium experiments on the most magnesian Apollo 15C green picritic glass composition indicate a multiple saturation point with olivine and orthopyroxene at 1520 C and 1.3 GPa (about 260 km depth in the moon). This composition has the highest Mg# of any lunar picritic glass and the shallowest multiple saturation point. Experiments on an Apollo 15A composition indicate a multiple saturation point with olivine and orthopyroxene at 1520 C and 2.2 GPa (about 440 km depth in the moon). The importance of the distinctive compositional trends of the Apollo 15 groups A, B, and C picritic glasses merits the reanalysis of NASA slide 15426,72 with modern electron microprobe techniques. We confirm the compositional trends reported by Delano (1979, 1986) in the major element oxides SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3, Cr2O3, FeO, MnO, MgO, and CaO, and we also obtained data for the trace elements P2O5, K2O, Na2O, NiO, S, Cu, Cl, Zn, and F. Petrogenetic modeling demonstrates that the Apollo 15 A-B-C glass trends could not have been formed by fractional crystallization or any continuous assimilation/fractional crystallization (AFC) process. The B and C glass compositional trends could not have been formed by batch or incremental melting of an olivine + orthopyroxene source or any other homogeneous source, though the A glasses may have been formed by congruent melting over a small pressure range at depth. The B compositional trend is well modeled by starting with an intermediate A composition and assimilating a shallower, melted cumulate, and the C compositional trend is well modeled by a second assimilation event. The assimilation process envisioned is one in which heat and mass transfer were separated in space and time. In an initial intrusive event, a picritic magma crystallized and provided heat to melt magma ocean cumulates. In a later replenishment event, the picritic magma incrementally mixed with the melted cumulate (creating the compositional trends in the green glass data set), ascended to the lunar surface, and erupted as a fire fountain. A barometer created from multiple saturation points provides a depth estimate of other glasses in the A-B-C trend and of the depths of assimilation. This barometer demonstrates that the Apollo 15 A-B-C trend originated over a depth range of approx.460 km to approx.260 km within the moon.
New analytical techniques and a processability laminate have been used in the development of a material specification for 350 F curing epoxy-graphite materials. The development of the specification required the evaluation of prepregs which had variations in their processing behavior that were detected only in production. Chemical techniques were used to analyze the prepregs and establish limits on the concentrations of the various chemical constituents. A batch acceptance test laminate was designed to determine suitability of prepregs for production useage. The new specification requires that the processability laminate be ultrasonically and micrographically inspected for voids and porosity. Incorporation of these and other requirements will help to insure material consistency and processability.
The heat conductivity of reacting melter feed affects the heat transfer and conversion process in the cold cap (the reacting feed floating on molten glass). To investigate it, we simulated the feed conditions and morphology in the cold-cap by preparing “fast-dried slurry blocks”, formed by rapidly evaporating water from feed slurry poured onto a 200°C surface. A heat conductivity meter was used to measure heat conductivity of samples cut from the fast-dried slurry blocks, samples of a cold cap retrieved from a laboratory-scale melter, and loose dry powder feed samples. Our study indicates that the heat conductivity of the feed in the cold cap is significantly higher than that of loose dry powder feed, resulting from the feed solidification during the water evaporation from the feed slurry. To assess the heat transfer at higher temperatures when feed turns into foam, we developed a theoretical model that predicts the foam heat conductivity based on morphology data from in-situ X-ray computed tomography. The implications for the mathematical modeling of the cold cap are discussed.
This report summarizes the efforts to date in processing GPS measurements in High Earth Orbit (HEO) applications by the Colorado Center for Astrodynamics Research (CCAR). Two specific projects were conducted; initialization of the orbit propagation software, GEODE, using nominal orbital elements for the IMEX orbit, and processing of actual and simulated GPS data from the AMSAT satellite using a Doppler-only batch filter. CCAR has investigated a number of approaches for initialization of the GEODE orbit estimator with little a priori information. This document describes a batch solution approach that uses pseudorange or Doppler measurements collected over an orbital arc to compute an epoch state estimate. The algorithm is based on limited orbital element knowledge from which a coarse estimate of satellite position and velocity can be determined and used to initialize GEODE. This algorithm assumes knowledge of nominal orbital elements, (a, e, i, omega, omega) and uses a search on time of perigee passage (tau(sub p)) to estimate the host satellite position within the orbit and the approximate receiver clock bias. Results of the method are shown for a simulation including large orbital uncertainties and measurement errors. In addition, CCAR has attempted to process GPS data from the AMSAT satellite to obtain an initial estimation of the orbit. Limited GPS data have been received to date, with few satellites tracked and no computed point solutions. Unknown variables in the received data have made computations of a precise orbit using the recovered pseudorange difficult. This document describes the Doppler-only batch approach used to compute the AMSAT orbit. Both actual flight data from AMSAT, and simulated data generated using the Satellite Tool Kit and Goddard Space Flight Center's Flight Simulator, were processed. Results for each case and conclusion are presented.
The data presented indicate that modest attention to the chemistry of the electrode rinse solution can yield as much as 56% improvement in process efficiency. When operating electrodialysis (ED) with salt concentrations greater than 10,000 mg/l (as NaCl) the amperage can be relatively high even at low voltages. To maximize the overall rate of ion transport from diluate to concentrate, there is a need to minimize resistances in the electrode cells since these can represent as much as 30% of the total resistances in the entire process and in this particular ED unit, represented resistance roughly equivalent to that within the membrane stack. This work describes the performance of a 10-cell pair, 200 cm 2 (0.02 m 2 ) per membrane, pilot ED unit operated in batch mode at 5 V potential. The feedstock to the stack was varied from 0.5% to 6% NaCl. Results from Volt-amp profiles (2.0–15 V) were used as the rationale for choosing the preferred electrode rinse solution, 90 g/l (kg/m 3 ) disodium sulfate at pH 12.5. The recommended solution of 30 g/l (kg/m 3 ) disodium sulfate at neutral pH was tested against stronger solutions (60, 90, and 120 g/l (kg/m 3 ) disodium sulfate) at neutral pH and with 1 g/l (kg/m 3 ) sodium hydroxide added to yield solutions at pH 12.5. There were stark differences in the performance of the ED unit between the solutions at pH 7 and those at pH 12.5. The slopes of the Volt-amp profiles improved indicating less resistance to ion flow at pH 12.5. Most of the difference can be attributed to the greater conductivity of sodium hydroxide compared to disodium sulfate, where even a modest addition of 1 g/l (kg/m 3 ) sodium hydroxide increased the conductivity of the solution between 8 and 20% depending on the concentration of disodium sulfate. Most notably, the initiation voltage was 2.39 ± 0.08 V with solutions at pH 7 and 1.99 V ± 0.04 V when the rinse solutions were around pH 12.5, a difference of around 0.42 V. Since the full batch runs were performed at 5.0 V, this 0.42 V differential represented a loss of 8% in process efficiency. A series of tests showed a shift in initiation voltage occurred between pH 11.5 and 12.5. Nernst equations for water electrolysis are coupled with a simple flux model that estimates the concentration of hydroxide and hydronium ions at the electrode surfaces. This model indicates that the potential demanded by the electrodes is directly linked to the current. Furthermore, there is a steep drop in the potential demanded by the anode when there is sufficient hydroxide available to generate oxygen from hydroxide as opposed to generation from water. The voltage demand is minimal at pH 12.5 and reflective of the reference standard voltage (just over 1.23 V predicted at 0.1 amps). However, the flux model predicts that the voltage demanded by the electrodes at pH 7 is 1.61 V at 0.1 amps (the lowest amperage measurable with the power pack). In conclusion, comparing this result to the reference standard (E 0 = -1.23 V) yields a satisfactory explanation for the observed difference below reference standard of 0.42 V.