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NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Update on NASA’s ISRU Development and Mission Plans for the Artemis Program

In 2017, NASA initiated the Artemis program to send astronauts back to the lunar surface, create a sustainable human lunar exploration program, and lead the first human exploration mission to the Mars surface. While much of NASA’s plans for the Artemis program currently focus on the Human Lunar Return and the ability for astronauts to explore the lunar surface for limited durations each year, the longer-term vision for the Artemis program is to enable sustained human exploration and commercial operations in cis-lunar space and the lunar surface. An important aspect of achieving this long-term vision, is to better understand and characterize the resources on the Moon and Mars and learn how to extract and use these resources. Known as In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU), the identification, mapping, extraction, and processing of space resources has the potential to greatly reduce the cost and risk of human exploration. These are achieved by reducing what needs to be delivered from Earth and the dependency on these supplies, lowering costs through commercial operations, and expanding infrastructure for safer and more capable exploration and surface operations. To guide development of ISRU technologies and systems on the ground and demonstrate these capabilities on the Moon and Mars, the NASA Space Technology Mission Directorate (STMD) created and released the ISRU Envisioned Future Priorities (EFP) strategic plan in 2022 and updated it in 2023. While lunar ISRU technology development had already started, these publicly released strategic plans have been used to guide and prioritize technology development, and assess the progress in achieving the vision. Since the release of the ISRU EFP, there have been several significant activities/events that have occurred with respect to human lunar exploration, surface infrastructure, and ISRU. One was the release of the Artemis Architecture Definition Document Revision 1 that included ISRU as a sub-architecture. The second was the release of several STMD solicitations including the Announcement of Collaborative Opportunities (ACO) and Tipping Point (TP). The third was the release of a Request for Information for the Lunar Infrastructure Foundational Technology-1 (LIFT-1) mission with the primary objective of extracting oxygen from lunar regolith. The fourth was the release of STMD technology and capability Shortfalls, and the review, ranking by numerous stakeholders and individuals, and subsequent prioritization of the Shortfalls that will be utilized in future solicitation and development plans. This paper will provide an overview and status of on-going technology and system development activities, an update of ISRU into the Artemis campaign, an update on ISRU-related mission, and the impacts of the Shortfall prioritization.

NASA↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Moon to Mars In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) Status Update

In 2017, NASA initiated the Artemis program to send astronauts back to the lunar surface, create a sustainable human lunar exploration program, and lead the first human exploration mission to the Mars surface. While much of NASA’s plans for the Artemis program currently focus on the Human Lunar Return and the ability for astronauts to explore the lunar surface for limited durations each year, the longer-term vision for the Artemis program is to enable sustained human exploration and commercial operations in cis-lunar space and the lunar surface. An important aspect of achieving this long-term vision, is to better understand and characterize the resources on the Moon and Mars and learn how to extract and use these resources. Known as In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU), the identification, mapping, extraction, and processing of space resources has the potential to greatly reduce the cost and risk of human exploration. These are achieved by reducing what needs to be delivered from Earth and the dependency on these supplies, lowering costs through commercial operations, and expanding infrastructure for safer and more capable exploration and surface operations. To guide development of ISRU technologies and systems on the ground and demonstrate these capabilities on the Moon and Mars, the NASA Space Technology Mission Directorate (STMD) created and released the ISRU Envisioned Future Priorities (EFP) strategic plan in 2022 and updated it in 2023. While lunar ISRU technology development had already started, these publicly released strategic plans have been used to guide and prioritize technology development, and assess the progress in achieving the vision. Since the release of the ISRU EFP, there have been several significant activities/events that have occurred with respect to human lunar exploration, surface infrastructure, and ISRU. This presentation will provide an overview and status of on-going technology and system development activities, an update of ISRU into the Artemis campaign, an update on ISRU-related activities.

NASA↗

DOE OSTI2025

CMB low multipole alignments across WMAP and Planck data releases

ABSTRACT The first observations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) from NASA's Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) led to finding ‘alignment’ anomalies not expected from fluctuations in the isotropic cosmological model. We study the data of all 8 full-sky public releases since then to test for anomalous alignments and shapes of the first 60 multipoles, i.e. over the range $2\le l \le 61$. We use rotationally invariant and covariant statistics to test isotropy of all subsequent WMAP data releases, along with those from the ESA’s Planck mission. Anomalous alignments among the multipoles $l=1, 2, 3$ are very consistent and robust. More alignments are detected, some of them new, while significance is diluted by the large range of the search. Power entropy, a measure of the randomness of the multipoles, is consistently anomalous at about $2\sigma$ level or better across all data releases. It appears that the CMB is not as random as the cosmological principle predicts on large angular scales.

Patel, Sanjeet Kumar↗

DOE OSTI2021

Confirmation of Radiological Non-Impact Status for TA-37 Magazines

Environmental Protection and Compliance, Environmental Stewardship (EPC-ES) has evaluated radiological process knowledge and surveys and found that the structures and associated building materials in magazines at Technical Area 37 (TA-37) are candidates for unrestricted use and public release. TA-37 magazines included in this analysis are: buildings TA- 0006, -0008, -0009, -0019, and -0020. This finding is consistent with the requirements of DOE Order 458.1 Radiation Protection of the Public and the Environment and LANL Procedure FSD-004 Environmental Radiation Protection.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2023

SALT2 versus SALT3: updated model surfaces and their impacts on type Ia supernova cosmology

ABSTRACT For the past decade, SALT2 has been the most common model used to fit Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) light curves for dark energy analyses. Recently, the SALT3 model was released, which upgraded a number of model features but has not yet been used for measurements of dark energy. Here, we evaluate the impact of switching from SALT2 to SALT3 for a SN cosmology analysis. We train SALT2 and SALT3 on an identical training sample of 1083 well-calibrated Type Ia supernovae, ensuring that any differences found come from the underlying model framework. We publicly release the results of this training (the SALT ‘surfaces’). We then run a cosmology analysis on the public Dark Energy Survey 3-Yr Supernova data sample (DES-SN3YR), and on realistic simulations of those data. We provide the first estimate of the SN + CMB systematic uncertainty arising from the choice of SALT model framework (i.e. SALT2 versus SALT3), Δw = + 0.001 ± 0.005 – a negligible effect at the current level of dark energy analyses. We also find that the updated surfaces are less sensitive to photometric calibration uncertainties than previous SALT2 surfaces, with the average spectral energy density dispersion reduced by a factor of two over optical wavelengths. This offers an opportunity to reduce the contribution of calibration errors to SN cosmology uncertainty budgets.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2021

BETO 2021 Peer Review - Strategic Analysis Support WBS 4.1.1.30

Strategic Analysis Support. The objective of the NREL strategic support project is to provide sound, unbiased, and consistent analyses to inform the strategic direction of the DOE BETO office. This project addresses key technological questions, provides critical data needed to inform strategy, and highlights barriers, gaps and data needs in support of the DOE BETO's mission to improve the affordability of bio-based fuels and products. This task employs various quantitative (techno-economic analysis, TEA) and qualitative (gap analysis) approaches to allow for direct comparisons of biomass conversion technologies across a wide slate of processing platforms and products. Furthermore, this project develops and utilizes novel analyses beyond traditional biorefinery focused TEA/LCAs to identify both technical (e.g., in sustainable design) and non-technical (e.g., in value proposition) barriers, as well as to outline mitigation strategies and R&D needs for emerging technologies. Additionally, the project is tasked with evaluating drivers that support the growing bio-economy, which is achieved by the development and public release of tools to advance the understanding and facilitate comparisons of socio-economic impacts along the supply chain. Critical to the success of this project is the development of defensible methodologies, analyses, and tools that are publicly available to support stakeholders and bioeconomy growth. To develop such high-quality analyses, the biggest challenge to this project, as with most analysis focused projects, is the availability and reliability of the underlying data. Therefore, the project team works extensively with key stakeholders (e.g., policy makers, bioenergy technology developers, and investors) in developing and reviewing the results of these analyses to overcome this challenge. Any remaining uncertainties associated with the analysis efforts are clearly defined and quantified.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

DOE OSTI2024

The Atacama Cosmology Telescope DR6 and DESI: structure formation over cosmic time with a measurement of the cross-correlation of CMB lensing and luminous red galaxies

We present a high-significance cross-correlation of CMB lensing maps from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) Data Release 6 (DR6) with luminous red galaxies (LRGs) from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) Legacy Survey spectroscopically calibrated by DESI. We detect this cross-correlation at a significance of 38σ; combining our measurement with the Planck Public Release 4 (PR4) lensing map, we detect the cross-correlation at 50σ. Fitting this jointly with the galaxy auto-correlation power spectrum to break the galaxy bias degeneracy with σ 8 , we perform a tomographic analysis in four LRG redshift bins spanning 0.4 ≤ z ≤ 1.0 to constrain the amplitude of matter density fluctuations through the parameter combination S 8 × = σ 8 (Ω m / 0.3) 0.4 . Prior to unblinding, we confirm with extragalactic simulations that foreground biases are negligible and carry out a comprehensive suite of null and consistency tests. Using a hybrid effective field theory (HEFT) model that allows scales as small as k max = 0.6 h/ Mpc, we obtain a 3.3% constraint on S 8 × = σ 8 (Ω m / 0.3) 0.4 = 0.792 +0.024 -0.028 from ACT data, as well as constraints on S 8 × (z) that probe structure formation over cosmic time. Our result is consistent with the early-universe extrapolation from primary CMB anisotropies measured by Planck PR4 within 1.2σ. Jointly fitting ACT and Planck lensing cross-correlations we obtain a 2.7% constraint of S 8 × = 0.776 +0.019 -0.021 , which is consistent with the Planck early-universe extrapolation within 2.1σ, with the lowest redshift bin showing the largest difference in mean. The latter may motivate further CMB lensing tomography analyses at z < 0.6 to assess the impact of potential systematics or the consistency of the ΛCDM model over cosmic time.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

NASA NTRS2021

GEWEX (Global Energy and Water Exchanges Project): Surface Radiation Budget (SRB) Release 4 Integrated Product (IP4) - Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document and Evaluation

The World Climate Research Programme’s (WCRP) Global Energy and Water Exchanges (GEWEX) program is an integrated program of research, observations, and science activities with the mission to “Observe, understand and model the hydrological cycle and energy fluxes in the Earth’s atmosphere and at the surface.” Since the public release in 2010 of SRB Release 3, GEWEX reorganized to formulate the Data and Assessments Panel (GDAP) aimed at performing community assessments of the long-term global data products with focus on integrating various data products to address issues in the closing of the global energy and water cycles. SRB Release 4 Intergrated Product (Rel4-IP) integrates data products from the cloud, aerosol, atmosphere, ocean surface, and land surface projects within GDAP to produce a long-term time series of Top-of-Atmosphere (TOA) and surface radiative estimates. This Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD) describes the various inputs, algorithms and resulting top-of-atmosphere and surface flux products that span from July 1983 through June 2017. Comparisons of the TOA flux products are made to overlapping CERES data products when possible. The surface radiative flux products are assessed relative to the globally distribution Baseline Surface Radiation Network measurements sites. Variability of the various products are compared to ERBE and CERES during overlapping time periods. The variability of the product show excellent correspondent to CERES during overlap years and improved statistical agreement with surface measurements. This document also discusses known issues with the data products to help the user understand the uncertainty and known issues.

Surface radiation budget↗

NASA NTRS1993

(abstract) Scientific Objectivity and the Impact Hazard: Responsible Reporting Versus Crying Wolf

f comets and asteroids on the Earth pose a real hazard, comparable in probability to other hazards which society deems worthy of concern. As such, it is prudent and reasonable to investigate and institute means for evaluation of the exact nature of the hazard and possible means of mitigating the effects of impacts, primarily by preventing their occurrence through orbital deflection. Decisions as to the hazard and possible detection and deflection programs must be made through a rational public discussion of the issues, provided with the best possible information. Unfortunately, some individuals have tended to overstate the problem either in terms of the probability of impact or the expected effects of impacts. The net result of such actions is often to undermine public confidence in those attempting to promote an informal discussion of the impact hazard. This is particularily true in a time of declining budgets for both science and defense, and increased competition for federal R&D dollars. It is thus important that the community find means of promoting responsible actions by the members of the community, and for dealing with public release of information, within the bounds of academic and individual freedom. The purpose of this abstract is to promote a discussion of these issues within the community and to invite additional suggestions for methods to improve the providing of accurate information to the public, the media, and most importantly, to decision makers.

comets asteroids impacts dangers effects scientifi↗

NASA NTRS2008

Actions Needed to Ensure Scientific and Technical Information is Adequately Reviewed at Goddard Space Flight Center, Johnson Space Center, Langley Research Center, and Marshall Space Flight Center

This audit was initiated in response to a hotline complaint regarding the review, approval, and release of scientific and technical information (STI) at Johnson Space Center. The complainant alleged that Johnson personnel conducting export control reviews of STI were not fully qualified to conduct those reviews and that the reviews often did not occur until after the STI had been publicly released. NASA guidance requires that STI, defined as the results of basic and applied scientific, technical, and related engineering research and development, undergo certain reviews prior to being released outside of NASA or to audiences that include foreign nationals. The process includes technical, national security, export control, copyright, and trade secret (e.g., proprietary data) reviews. The review process was designed to preclude the inappropriate dissemination of sensitive information while ensuring that NASA complies with a requirement of the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 (the Space Act)1 to provide for the widest practicable and appropriate dissemination of information resulting from NASA research activities. We focused our audit on evaluating the STI review process: specifically, determining whether the roles and responsibilities for the review, approval, and release of STI were adequately defined and documented in NASA and Center-level guidance and whether that guidance was effectively implemented at Goddard Space Flight Center, Johnson Space Center, Langley Research Center, and Marshall Space Flight Center. Johnson was included in the review because it was the source of the initial complaint, and Goddard, Langley, and Marshall were included because those Centers consistently produce significant amounts of STI.

Information management↗

DOE OSTI2021

Confirmation of Radiological Non-Impact Status for TA-22 Magazines

Environmental Protection and Compliance, Environmental Stewardship (EPC-ES) has evaluated radiological process knowledge and surveys and found that the structures and associated building materials in magazines and process building at Technical Area 22 (TA-22) are candidates for unrestricted use and public release. TA-22 magazines included in this analysis are: buildings TA-0011, -0012, -0014, -0015, -0016, -0017, -0019, -0021, -0022, -0023, -0024, -0035, and -0069 and building TA-22-0025, which is an a process building. This finding is consistent with the requirements of DOE Order 458.1 Radiation Protection of the Public and the Environment and LANL Procedure FSD-004 Environmental Radiation Protection.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

NASA’s Human Data Repositories: An In Depth Look at the New Data Request Process

As NASA transitions its focus to travel back to the moon and on to new destinations, the need to ensure the capture, analysis, and application of research and medical data is of greater urgency than at any other previous time. In this era of limited resources and challenging schedules, the Human Research Program (HRP), based at NASA’s Johnson Space Center (JSC), recognizes the need to extract the greatest possible amount of information from the data already captured. To this end, the HRP Chief Scientist Office (CSO), HRP Program Planning and Control (PP&C) Office, and the Space Medicine Operations Division have been working together to make reuse of both research data and medical monitoring data more accessible to the user community through the Life Science Data Archive (LSDA) and the Lifetime Surveillance of Astronaut Health (LSAH) Repositories. The task of both LSDA and LSAH repositories is to acquire, preserve, and distribute retrospective research (LSDA) and medical (LSAH) data and information both within the NASA community and to the science community at large, for knowledge discovery, retrospective analysis, and planning of future research studies. An additional goal is to encourage collaboration with non-NASA institutions also faced with enhancing human performance in extreme environments. In September 2022, the LSDA website and its contents transitioned to a new NASA Life Sciences Portal (https://nlsp.nasa.gov/explore/lsdahome). This site continues to feature publicly releasable information such as non-attributable datasets, experiment descriptions (from Project Mercury to ISS, as well as from multiple flight analog missions), descriptions of medical monitoring data, and LSAH newsletters (1992 - 2022). The website also provides an updated portal to request additional research and medical data not accessible from the public website. This presentation will provide an in-depth look at the new system as it relates to finding and requesting retrospective data. We will also detail processes from making a request to delivering data for different types of data requests (i.e., attributable, or non-attributable). This includes descriptions of various approval boards, what information and actions the requestor is responsible for, and key milestones in making data available for reuse.

D. M. Thomas↗

NASA NTRS2019

JPSS-2 VIIRS Version 1 spectral characterization and performance assessment

The JPSS-2 VIIRS instrument is set to be the third VIIRS instrument when it launches in 2022 following S-NPP and NOAA-20 VIIRS which launched in October 2011and November 2017, respectively. To date JPSS-2 VIIRS has undergone extensive pre-launch testing at the instrument system level to determine the radiometric, spatial, and spectral performance. Spectral testing was conducted by the instrument vendor, Raytheon Corporation, at their test facility in mid-to-late 2017 with a test configuration that utilized a double monochrometer with illumination provided by tungsten lamp and ceramic glow bar to cover the full spectral range. The purpose of these measurements was to measure the relative spectral response curve and assess the spectral characteristics necessary to determine compliance with the sensor design requirements. In addition to Raytheon team, the spectral measurements were analyzed by an independent government team with members from NASA, the University of Wisconsin, and Aerospace Corporation. Two RSR curves were released by the government team from this data set: a version 0 release which was the verified RSR as calculated by Raytheon, and version 1 which was the RSR assessment from the government team. The results discussed here are those of the government team (version 1) including the independent assessment of sensor compliance and a comparison of the JPSS-2 VIIRS spectral characteristics with the two previous VIIRS instruments. The version 1 RSR was publicly released to the science community in the fall of 2018, and remains available for their use.

VIIRS↗

DOE OSTI2026

The South Pole Telescope AGN Monitoring Campaign: First Release of SPTpol Bright AGN Light Curves

The South Pole Telescope (SPT) collaboration has recently embarked upon a campaign to monitor the brightness of a sample of active galactic nuclei (AGN), both in real time and in archival SPT data. The original design of the SPT was optimized for observations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) at arc-minute and larger angular scales, and it has been used for this purpose for nearly twenty years, using three generations of CMB cameras. Recently it has been recognized that data from CMB experiments have the potential to be used for AGN monitoring. In this paper, we present the first public release of data from a full sample of SPT-monitored AGN, comprising 158 AGN light curves and associated data from the SPTpol camera, which was operational from 2012-2016. These light curves were created using observations from the SPTpol 500 deg$^{2}$ survey, in which the instrument was used to scan a 500 deg$^2$ patch of the sky several times per day with detectors sensitive to radiation in bands centered at 90 and 150 GHz. We provide a comprehensive description of the observations, the data processing methods, and the resulting light curve catalog. As an example of analyses that these data enable, we searched for a correlation between variability and spectral index, and we looked for ``bluer-when-brighter'' trends in the sample. Our analysis finds $> 10 σ$ correlation between fractional intrinsic variance and mean spectral index in the sample, but no significant evidence for bluer-when-brighter trends. The datasets from this study can be accessed through the SPT Treasury Record of AGN With Historical Activity and Time-Series or STRAWHAT catalog. This initial data release includes SPTpol light curves at 90 and 150 GHz, focusing on total intensity. In later updates, SPTpol polarization data and new observations from the SPT-3G instrument at 90, 150, and 220 GHz will be included.

Hood, J.C., II [Chicago U., KICP; Chicago U., Astr↗

DOE OSTI2021

MIGHTEE: total intensity radio continuum imaging and the COSMOS/XMM-LSS Early Science fields

ABSTRACT MIGHTEE is a galaxy evolution survey using simultaneous radio continuum, spectropolarimetry, and spectral line observations from the South African MeerKAT telescope. When complete, the survey will image ∼20 deg2 over the COSMOS, E-CDFS, ELAIS-S1, and XMM-Newton Large Scale Structure field (XMM-LSS) extragalactic deep fields with a central frequency of 1284 MHz. These were selected based on the extensive multiwavelength data sets from numerous existing and forthcoming observational campaigns. Here, we describe and validate the data processing strategy for the total intensity continuum aspect of MIGHTEE, using a single deep pointing in COSMOS (1.6 deg2) and a three-pointing mosaic in XMM-LSS (3.5 deg2). The processing includes the correction of direction-dependent effects, and results in thermal noise levels below 2 $\mathrm{\mu }$Jy beam−1 in both fields, limited in the central regions by classical confusion at ∼8 arcsec angular resolution, and meeting the survey specifications. We also produce images at ∼5 arcsec resolution that are ∼3 times shallower. The resulting image products form the basis of the Early Science continuum data release for MIGHTEE. From these images we extract catalogues containing 9896 and 20 274 radio components in COSMOS and XMM-LSS, respectively. We also process a close-packed mosaic of 14 additional pointings in COSMOS and use these in conjunction with the Early Science pointing to investigate methods for primary beam correction of broad-band radio images, an analysis that is of relevance to all full-band MeerKAT continuum observations, and wide-field interferometric imaging in general. A public release of the MIGHTEE Early Science continuum data products accompanies this article.

Heywood, I. (ORCID:0000000168645057)↗

DOE OSTI2021

OWL Change Control Process

The Online Waste Library (OWL) provides a consolidated source of information on Department of Energy-managed radioactive waste likely to require deep geologic disposal. With the release of OWL Version 1.0 in fiscal year 2019 (FY2019), much of the FY2020 work involved developing the OWL change control process and the OWL release process. These two processes (in draft form) were put into use for OWL Version 2.0, which was released in early FY2021. With the knowledge gained, the OWL team refined and documented the two processes in two separate reports. This report focuses on the change control process and discusses the following: (1) definitions and system components; (2) roles and responsibilities; (3) origin of changes; (4) the change control process including the Change List, Task List, activity categories, implementation examples, and checking and review; and (5) the role of the re lease process in ensuring changes in the Change List are incorporated into a public release.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2021

High-order algorithmic developments and optimizations for large-scale GPU-accelerated simulations (Milestone CEED-MS36)

The goal of this milestone was to improve the high-order software ecosystem for CEED-enabled ECP applications by making progress on efficient matrix-free kernels targeting forthcoming ECP architectures. These kernels included matrix-free preconditioning and the development of new set of CEED solver bake-off problems. As part of this milestone, we also released the next version of the CEED software stack, CEED-4.0, reported on results from several application collaborations, and documented the efforts of porting to AMD GPUs for Frontier and other modern architectures, such as Fugaku. The specific tasks addressed in this milestone were: (1) Port and run CEED benchmarks/miniapps on Frontier EA systems; (2) Demonstrate performant libCEED integration in MFEM, Nek and applications; (3) Matrix-free preconditioning of high-order operators; (4) Benchmark problems for fast high-order solvers on GPU platforms; and (5) Public release of CEED-4.0. The artifacts delivered include the next version of the CEED software stack, CEED-4.0, the next libCEED release, libCEED-0.8, and a number of developments integrated within applications to improve their GPU and CPU performance and capabilities. See the CEED website, https://ceed.exascaleproject.org and the CEED GitHub organization, https://github.com/ceed for more details.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2025

Location generalizability of image-based air quality models

This paper is to be submitted at the IEEE/CVF Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV) Computer Vision for Earth Observation workshop. The full paper abstract is below: The ability to rapidly quantify atmospheric pollutants is important both for global emissions monitoring and for mitigating the adverse effects that follow a hazardous chemical release. In the aftermath of a chemical release, imagery is often the only available resource to assess local conditions. Recent work has demonstrated initial success in predicting particulate matter pollution from imagery; however, these results are tied to a specific site and do not generalize to new geographic locations. In this work, we seek to understand how easily deep learning models generalize to new locations in the context of image-based air quality assessments, targeting two distinct tasks: (1) broad measures of particulate matter pollution, and (2) the mass of a given chemical released in hazardous plumes. For the latter, we focus on sulfur dioxide, a toxic aerosol and a major component of particulate matter pollution caused by industrial fossil fuel consumption. To develop a model that operates in the widest possible range of environments, we test different training strategies, including the use of new geolocation foundation models. The best performing models achieve >80% accuracy when evaluating unseen imagery at previously seen sites, but we find significant drops in performance when evaluating imagery from unseen sites, at best 65%. Additionally, we present the public release of the National Parks Air Quality Index Dataset, a new medium-sized dataset that pairs imagery with sensor-based air quality measurements at 15 different national parks.

Byler, Eleanor B. [BATTELLE (PACIFIC NW LAB)]↗