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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 73 records · Page 4
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Muon track reconstruction in a segmented bolometric array using multi-objective optimization

Recent advances in segmented solid-state detector arrays for rare-event searches have allowed the technology to approach the ton-scale in detector mass and the scale of meters in size. Often focused around searches for neutrinoless double-beta decay or direct dark matter detection, such experiments also have the capability to search for exotic particles that leave track-like signatures across their volume. However, the segmented nature of such detector arrays often sets the spatial resolution and makes the problem of reconstructing track-like paths non-trivial. Here, in this paper, we present an algorithm that improves reconstruction of track-like events in segmented detectors using multi-objective optimization — a computational technique that optimizes more than one cost function at a time without specifying a quantitative weighting between them. Such a technique allows the reconstruction of tracks through a detector and the determination of path-lengths through individual elements. When combined with the reconstructed energy depositions in each element this allows for a calculation of the stopping power of track-like particles and opens the door to searches for particles with abnormal stopping power like monopoles or lightly-ionizing particles (LIPs). Results are presented which evaluate the precision of the reconstruction tools as they currently stand against Monte Carlo generated data. The algorithm is presented in the context of the CUORE experiment, but has applications to other segmented calorimeter detectors.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2025

PNNL-Predictive-Phenomics/ProteoMeter

ProteoMeter is a Python package that assists in the statistical analysis of global proteomics, protein post-translation modification (PTM), and limited proteolysis (LiP) data. It contains batch correction, normalization, and statistical testing methods, as well as functions that "roll up" peptide-level data to the single-site level. It has a robust user configuration system, allowing it to flexibly integrate different types of experiment designs. For basic usage, a simple configuration file provides the essential functionality. Advanced users have access to the entire statistical pipeline for fine-tuning analyses. Processed data is easily exported to many common spreadsheet and data-frame formats.

Rozum, Jordan [Pacific Northwest National Lab]↗
DOE OSTI2021

Simultaneous imaging of two-phase velocities in particle-laden flows by two-color optical phase discrimination

In this Letter, we present a particle image/tracking velocimetry (PIV/PTV) technique for simultaneous velocity measurement of both fluid and particle phases, adopting newly developed optical phase discrimination methods and novel optical particles. Spherical acrylic (PMMA) particles of diameter ∼ <#comment/> O ( 100 µ <#comment/> m ) were used as the particle phase, while fine B A M : E u 2 + phosphors of diameter ∼ <#comment/> O ( 1 µ <#comment/> m ) were used as the fluid tracer. Under Nd:YAG 355 nm laser excitation, both the laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) from PMMA and laser-induced phosphorescence (LIP) from B A M : E u 2 + provided sufficiently strong signals for PIV imaging with two non-intensified cameras and were clearly separable for phase discrimination using spectral filters and temporal profiles. The advantages of the PIV/PTV method include the relatively low cost of B A M : E u 2 + phosphors, high sphericity and narrow size distribution of PMMA particles with LIF emission, and direct optical discrimination eliminating artifacts, while requiring much less computational capacity for PIV/PTV processing of complex particle-laden flows.

Bi, Xiaopeng (ORCID:0000000190847325)↗
DOE OSTI2024

Rational Design of High-Performing Electrodes in Energy Storage Devices

Our approach in this project is to control conductivities of different ions by modulating the pore sizes in MOFs as sulfur hosts in cathodes. To validate our hypothesis that controlling the pore size of MOFs can effectively prevent LiPSs shuttling while allowing sufficient Li ion transport, which will ensure electrochemical cycling performance, we performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using a series of UiO MOFs with different linker sizes including LiPSs and electrolyte components (1M LiTFSI in DME/DOL 1:1 volume) in pores. Specifically, UiO-66, UiO-67, and UiO-68 are Zr-based MOFs with a linker length of 5.67 Å, 10.07 Å, and 14.35 Å, respectively, leading to different pore diameters of 8.4 Å, 12.8 Å, and 17.8 Å. We calculated the mean-squared displacements of Li and LiPS from MD simulations at 300 K for 50 ns or over to assess their mobility in MOFs.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2024

High-density Lipoprotein (HDL) Structure and Function Proteomics (JM-DP1)

The purpose of this experiment was to investigate how the interactions between APOA1 and APOA2 on the surface of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) impact particle function by studying the effect of exogenous APOA2 on HDL structure through limited proteolysis. Interactions were investigated on HDL isolated from human blood plasma using structural proteomics tools such as chemical cross-linking and limited proteolysis (LiP). The structural proteomics data was acquired using a Q-Exactive HF-X mass spectrometer and processed using MaxQuant software (v.1.6.17.0).

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Experimental investigation of elemental and isotopic evaporation processes by laser heating in an aerodynamic levitation furnace

In this report we carried out evaporation experiments on a B-type calcium–aluminium-rich inclusion (CAI) melt in a gas-mixing aerodynamic levitation laser furnace, at 1873 K and an oxygen partial pressure of 10 -9.1 atm, for durations ranging from 60 to 600 s. Evaporation of SiO 2 and MgO follow the same trend as those observed in vacuum furnace experiments at the same temperature and starting composition, showing that their evaporation relative to one another from the melt is independent of pressure, oxygen fugacity, and hydrodynamical regime specific to the furnace. Isotopic ratios of Mg and Si in evaporation residues are used to derive fractionation factors of α 26/24 Mg vap-liq = 0.9906± 0.0004 and α 30/28 Si vap-lip = 0.9943±0.0003, which are both significantly closer to unity than those found for evaporation in a vacuum, which translates to less isotope fractionation. The residues are also less isotopically fractionated than expected for cases in which transport of the gas species away from the melt is diffusion-controlled at 1-atm. By analysing the flow regimes in our furnace, we find that advection by the levitating gas is the primary mode of mass transport away from the melt surface, as opposed to diffusion-limited transport in a vacuum or 1-atm tube furnace. A modified Hertz–Knudsen–Langmuir formulation accounts for this process, and shows that isotopic fractionation of both Si and Mg reflect a saturation factor (ratio of the pressure of the evaporating species to vapour saturation pressure) equal to 0.75. This is in perfect accord with recent measurements of Cu isotopic fractionation using a similar furnace. The fact that three elements (Mg, Si, Cu) with varying equilibrium vapour pressures, activity coefficients in the liquid, and diffusion coefficients in the gas have the same scaling behaviour to saturation pressure is a strong indication that the mechanism controlling evaporation is driven by the hydrodynamical regime imposed in the furnace. Therefore, this class of experiments can be used to constrain processes in which advection dominates over diffusion, such as (but not limited to) planetary ejecta, tektites, giant impacts, nebular condensation in a turbulent flow, or nuclear fallout material. Finally, the possibility to reach high temperatures (in excess of 3500 K) in this furnace allows it to be used to evaluate the activity coefficients of melt components in extreme conditions relevant to molten planetary interiors (i.e., magma oceans), with a specific focus on refractory elements.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Solvent-Free and Non-Sintered 500 Wh/kg All Solid-State Battery

Navitas teamed up with UMD and ORNL to establish a reliable scientific research team. The project addressed processing limitations of state-of-the-art solid electrolytes by extending solvent-free electrode fabrication technology to the scalable production of cathode/solid electrolyte laminates. The innovation started with a solid-state sulfide electrolyte (LiPS) with Cl stabilization able to meet the keystone conductivity challenge in a film of practical thickness (μ 50 µm). The electrolyte was based on a composite of PTFE, and stabilized LiPSCl. With optimization, the ionic conductivity reached 3.3 ×10 -3 S/cm. The solid electrolyte with as low as 0.4% binder allowed long term cycling (> 500 cycles) of Li/SSE/Li cell at > 4 mA/cm 2 with the utilization of Li > 80%. The Li and SSE interfaces were successfully protected with LiF-rich SEI layer. NCM811cathode active materials were coated with a thin layer of Al 2 O 3 (5 nm). The free standing cathode film was fabricated through dry-process with Al2O3-coated NCM811, LiPSCl, active carbon, and small amount PTFE. The all-solid-state batteries were laminated with free standing surface coated NCM811 cathode film, free standing LiPSCl SSE film, and surface protected Li anode together in a single lamination step, and demonstrated high specific capacity (> 200 mAh/g) with coulombic efficiency > 99.5%. The all-solid-state batteries through solvent-free and no-sintering process are promising for large format cell with 500 Wh/Kg specific energy density.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Measurement of Reactor Antineutrino Oscillation at SNO+

SNO+ Collaboration reports its second spectral analysis of reactor antineutrino oscillation using 286 ton-yr of new data. The measured energies of reactor antineutrino candidates were fitted to obtain the second-most precise determination of the neutrino mass-squared difference Δ⁢𝑚$^{2}_{21}$=⁢(7.96$^{+0.48}_{ −0.42}$) × 10 −5 eV2. Constraining Δ⁢𝑚$^{2}_{21}$ and sin 2 ⁡𝜃 12 with measurements from long-baseline reactor antineutrino and solar neutrino experiments yields Δ⁢𝑚$^{2}_{21}$=(7.58$^{+0.18}_{−0.17}$) × 10 −5 eV 2 and sin 2 ⁡𝜃 12 = 0.308 ± 0.013. This fit also yields a first measurement of the flux of geoneutrinos in the Western Hemisphere, with 73$^{+47}_{−43}$ TNU at SNO+.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

First Evidence of Solar Neutrino Interactions on 13 C

The SNO+ Collaboration reports the first evidence of 8 B solar neutrinos interacting on 13 C nuclei. The charged current interaction proceeds through 13 C +𝜈 𝑒 → 13 N+𝑒 − which is followed, with a 10 minute half life, by 13 N → 13 C +𝑒 + +𝜈 𝑒 . The detection strategy is based on the delayed coincidence between the electron and the positron. Evidence for the charged current signal is presented with a significance of 4.2⁢𝜎. Using the natural abundance of 13 C present in the scintillator, 5.7 metric tons of 13 C over 231 days of data were used in this analysis. The 5.6$^{+3.0}_{−2.3}$ observed events in the data set are consistent with the expectation of 4.7$^{+0.6}_{−1.3}$ events. This result is the second real-time measurement of CC interactions of 8 B neutrinos with nuclei and constitutes the lowest energy observation of neutrino interactions on 13 C generally. This enables the first direct measurement of the CC 𝜈 𝑒 reaction to the ground state of 13 N , yielding an average cross section of (16.1$^{+8.5}_{−6.7}$⁢(stat.)$^{+1.6}_{−2.7}$⁢(syst.))×10 −43 cm 2 over the relevant 8 B solar neutrino energies.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Measurement of the B 8 solar neutrino flux using the full SNO + water phase dataset

The SNO+ detector operated initially as a water Cherenkov detector. The implementation of a sealed cover gas system midway through water data taking resulted in a significant reduction in the activity of 222 Rn daughters in the detector and allowed the lowest background to the solar electron scattering signal above 5 MeV achieved to date. This paper reports an updated SNO+ water phase 8 B solar neutrino analysis with a total livetime of 282.4 days and an analysis threshold of 3.5 MeV. The 8 B solar neutrino flux is found to be (2.3⁢2$^{+0.18}_{-0.17}⁢$(stat)$^{+0.07}_{-0.05}$⁢(syst))×10 6 cm -2 s -1 assuming no neutrino oscillations, or (5.3⁢6$^{+0.41}_{-0.39}⁢$(stat)+$^{0.17}_{-0.16}$⁢(syst))×10 6 cm -2 s -1 assuming standard neutrino oscillation parameters, in good agreement with both previous measurements and standard solar model calculations. The electron recoil spectrum is presented above 3.5 MeV.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Cosmogenic neutron production in water at SNO+

Accurate measurement of the cosmogenic muon-induced neutron yield is crucial for constraining a significant background in a wide range of low-energy physics searches. Although previous underground experiments have measured this yield across various cosmogenic muon energies, SNO+ is uniquely positioned due to its exposure to one of the highest average cosmogenic muon energies at 364 GeV. Using ultrapure water, we have determined a neutron yield of 𝑌 𝑛 = (3.3⁢8$^{+0.23}_{−0.30}$) × 10 −4 cm 2 g −1 𝜇 −1 at SNO+. Comparison with simulations demonstrates clear agreement with the FLUKA neutron production model, highlighting discrepancies with the widely used GEANT 4 model. Furthermore, this measurement reveals a lower cosmogenic neutron yield than that observed by the SNO experiment, which used heavy water under identical muon flux conditions. This result provides new evidence that nuclear structure and target material composition significantly influence neutron production by cosmogenic muons, offering fresh insight with important implications for the design and background modeling of future underground experiments.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Measuring the muon content of inclined air showers using AERA and the water-Cherenkov detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory

We present a novel approach for assessing the muon content of air showers with large zenith angles on a combined analysis of their radio emission and particle footprint. We use the radiation energy reconstructed by the Auger engineering radio array (AERA) as an energy estimator and determine the muon number independently with the water-Cherenkov detector array of the Pierre Auger Observatory, deployed on a 1500 m grid. We focus our analysis on air showers with primary energy above 4 EeV to ensure full detection efficiency. Over approximately ten years of accumulated data, we identify a set of 40 high-quality events that are used in the analysis. The estimated muon contents in data are compatible with those for iron primaries as predicted by current-generation hadronic interaction models. This result can be interpreted as a deficit of muons in simulations as a lighter mass composition has been established from X max measurements. This muon deficit was already observed in previous analyses of the Auger Collaboration and is confirmed using hybrid events that include radio measurements for the first time.

Abdul Halim, A. [Adelaide U.]↗
DOE OSTI2025

New full-sky studies of the distribution of ultra-high-energy cosmic-ray arrival directions

Ground-based full-sky studies of the angular distribution of arrival directions of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays require combining data from different observatories, such as the Pierre Auger Observatory (Auger) and the Telescope Array (TA), because no single array can cover all declinations. A working group comprising members from the Auger and TA collaborations has been tasked with performing such studies for more than a decade and has found several indications of full-sky anisotropies. Here, we update the results for the large- and medium-scale anisotropy analyses using the latest data from TA, which include corrections for daily and yearly atmospheric effects in data for large-scale anisotropies and looser selection criteria in data for medium-scale anisotropies. We extend the latter one by considering two more galaxy catalogues, consisting of jetted or all AGNs. Finally we also introduce a new angular harmonic space analysis that allows us to measure both the auto-correlation and cross-correlation with all catalogues for all multipoles independently ($\ell_\text{max} = 20$ in this work) and scanning the energy threshold.

Abdul Halim, A. [Adelaide U.]↗
DOE OSTI2026

Detection of scintillation light in noble gases with wavelength-shifting optical fibers

Wavelength-shifting (WLS) techniques enable particle detectors based on noble gases, whose scintillation light is predominantly emitted in the vacuum-ultraviolet. We investigate WLS fibers coated with tetraphenyl butadiene (TPB) for scintillation light detection in gaseous xenon and argon at pressures up to 8.5 bar, motivated by future high-pressure xenon time-projection chambers of the NEXT program. Two detector configurations are studied: an elongated high-pressure vessel with four PTFE panels equipped with WLS fibers read by temperature-stabilized SiPMs, and a compact box-shaped detector operated at 1 bar Xe with WLS fibers read out by PMTs. Both operate with continuous gas purification. The detector response is characterized using cosmic muons and alpha particles from a $^{241}$Am source. With the SiPM setup, we measure a light collection efficiency (LCE) of ${1.18 \pm 0.01~\mathrm{(sta.)}~^{+0.07}_{-0.09}~\mathrm{(sys.)}~\%}$ for xenon and ${1.07 \pm 0.01~\mathrm{(sta.)}~^{+0.06}_{-0.08}~\mathrm{(sys.)}~\%}$ for argon. With PMT readout, we measure a LCE of ${0.45 \pm 0.01~\mathrm{(sta.)} \pm 0.05~\mathrm{(sys.)}~\%}$ in xenon, in agreement with the SiPM result once photon detection efficiency is accounted for. Average scintillation waveforms in xenon and argon are studied to assess the time structure of the emitted light. Cosmic-muon measurements yield a mean energy required to produce a scintillation photon $45\pm7~\mathrm{(sta.)}~^{+4}_{-5}~\mathrm{(sys.)}~\mathrm{eV}$ at 1.5 bar, in agreement with the literature. The results demonstrate that TPB-coated WLS fiber systems can reliably detect scintillation light in high-pressure gaseous noble detectors, with a LCE representing an upper limit for realistic large-scale TPCs, where additional photon losses from materials and fiber attenuation are expected.

Soleti, S. R. [Donostia Intl. Phys. Ctr., San Seba↗
DOE OSTI2026

Bounds on Lorentz Invariance Violation from Muon Fluctuations at the Pierre Auger Observatory

Quantum gravity theories often modify spacetime symmetries. In particular, Lorentz invariance may be violated when approaching the Planck scale. Although the scales at which interactions occur in extensive air showers induced by ultra-high-energy cosmic rays in the atmosphere are many orders of magnitude below the Planck scale, these violations might still be observable. In this Letter, the fluctuations in the number of muons in the extensive air showers measured at the Pierre Auger Observatory are exploited, for the first time, to constrain Lorentz invariance violations. The bounds derived in the hadronic sector are the strongest ever obtained, and do not rely on assumptions about the mass composition of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. The fluctuations in the number of muons constitute a new and powerful observable to further explore Lorentz invariance in a region of the parameter space not accessible to other observables.

Abdul Halim, A. [Adelaide U.] (ORCID:0000000312181↗
DOE OSTI2025

The Pierre Auger Observatory open data

The Pierre Auger Collaboration has embraced the concept of open access to their research data since its foundation, with the aim of giving access to the widest possible community. A gradual process of release began as early as 2007 when 1% of the cosmic-ray data was made public, along with 100% of the space-weather information. In February 2021, a portal was released containing 10% of cosmic-ray data collected by the Pierre Auger Observatory from 2004 to 2018, during the first phase of operation of the Observatory. The Open Data Portal includes detailed documentation about the detection and reconstruction procedures, analysis codes that can be easily used and modified and, additionally, visualization tools. Since then, the Portal has been updated and extended. In 2023, a catalog of the highest-energy cosmic-ray events examined in depth has been included. A specific section dedicated to educational use has been developed with the expectation that these data will be explored by a wide and diverse community, including professional and citizen scientists, and used for educational and outreach initiatives. This paper describes the context, the spirit, and the technical implementation of the release of data by the largest cosmic-ray detector ever built and anticipates its future developments.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2026

Radon-induced backgrounds in the NEXT-100 experiment

The NEXT-100 detector at the LSC aims at the first competitive search for the 0νββ decay using a high-pressure $^{136}$Xe electroluminescent time projection chamber. The first low-background run of NEXT-100 at 3.95 bar has been devoted to the measurement of the radon-induced backgrounds impacting this search. The contributions from both the internal and external airborne radon have been evaluated. The internal $^{222}$Rn activity is found to be (0.95±0.04(stat)±0.09(sys)) Bq/m$^{3}$, while no traces of $^{220}$Rn have been observed. Most of the $^{222}$Rn progeny plate-out on the surface of the cathode of the detector, leading to a rate of Rn-induced $^{214}$Bi of (0.97±0.05(stat)±0.10(sys)) Hz for visible energies above 400 keV. The corresponding background index in the 0νββ region of interest is evaluated as (7.3±1.5(stat)±0.8(sys))×10$^{−4}$ counts/(keV·kg·yr) after selection of the fully contained events. This background index is reduced to ∼4×10$^{−5}$ counts/(keV·kg·yr) by applying a topological selection requiring only one double-electron-like track in the events. This value is one order of magnitude below the total radiogenic background expectation in NEXT-100. By analyzing the correlation of the airborne radon activity and the measured rate of events in NEXT-100, it is concluded that the detector operates in a virtually radon-free environment thanks to the radon abatement system of the LSC.[graphic not available: see fulltext]

Cortes-Parra, C. [Valencia U., IFIC] (ORCID:000000↗
DOE OSTI2025

Barium ion sensing with IPG K + molecular probes

Fluorophores covalently bound to azacrown ether ionophores can be assembled into sensitive turn-on chemosensors. The size specificity and electron-rich nature of the ionophore's binding domain contribute to both selectivity and strong turn-on fluorescence sensing by various mechanisms when properly constructed. Aza-18-crown-6 ethers are quite selective for binding to K + and Ba 2+ , yet the more electron-withdrawing dicationic nature of barium imposes a larger electronic effect on turn-on fluorescent sensors. Barium chemosensors can be important for measuring soluble Ba 2+ in drinking water and have gained recent attention for their potential to enhance the detection of rare events in xenon decay. Here we quantify the capability of three chemosensors, marketed for biologically useful K + sensing, as effective probes for Ba 2+ ions. Here, we present measurements from bulk spectrofluorometry to characterize the system in aqueous solutions and demonstrate the usefulness of these species for low-background single-ion fluorescence microscopy, revealing new candidates for Ba 2+ sensing.

Miller, R. L. [Department of Chemistry and Biochem↗