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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 631 records · Page 35
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Development of High-Performance Ni-base Alloys for Gas Turbine Wheels Using a Coprecipitation Approach (Final Technical Report)

In this project, a synergistic approach involving experiments informed by modelling was used to develop γ'/γ'' coprecipitation-strengthened Ni-base superalloys for land-based gas turbine wheels. In thick sections of such turbine wheels, the slow cooling rate normally observed, as well as variations in cooling rate could potentially result in drastically inhomogeneous and coarsened microstructure. Thus, ten alloy compositions were selected based on coprecipitation and sluggish γ’ growth and coarsening during three iterations of alloy development, assisted by extensive CALPHAD modeling. Phase equilibrium calculations, informed by the characterization of early alloys, were successful in predicting suitable aging treatments to obtain bimodal coprecipitate distribution in several alloys. These aging treatments were applied to the subsequent round of alloys and the resulting microstructures were characterized in detail. Two different cooling rates were used during each of these heat treatments to simulate the range of cooling rates observed in a thick section forging. The microstructures were used to calibrate a multi-phase field model (MPF), which was used to study the formation mechanisms of various coprecipitate morphologies observed in the experiments. Following this, the most promising alloys in each round were selected and studied using high temperature tensile and creep tests. Considering that a slower cooling rate would lead to a strength debit, while a faster cooling rate might lead to a decline in creep rupture life of a full-scale wheel, tensile tests were carried out for slower cooled samples, while creep tests were carried out for faster cooled samples. The deformation microstructures were then characterized using advanced characterization techniques such as Diffraction Contrast-Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (DC-STEM) and Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging (ECCI). Further, a mean-field creep model was developed and calibrated using these experimental findings to predict long-term creep behavior of these coprecipitation-strengthened alloys.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Microstructural Characterization of the Second High Fluence Baffle-Former Bolt Retrieved from a Westinghouse Two-loop Downflow Type PWR

As one of the pressurized water reactor (PWR) internal components, baffle-former bolts (BFBs) are subjected to significant mechanical stress and neutron irradiation from the reactor core during the plant operation. Over the long operation period, these conditions lead to potential degradation and reduced load-carrying capacity of the bolts. In support of evaluating long-term operational performance of materials used in core internal components, the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), through the Department of Energy (DOE), Light Water Reactor Sustainability (LWRS) Program, Materials Research Pathway (MRP) has harvested two high fluence BFBs from a commercial Westinghouse two-loop downflow type PWR. The two bolts of interest, i.e. bolts # 4412 and 4416, were withdrawn from service in 2011 as part of a preventative replacement plan. No identification of cracking or potential damage was found for these bolts during their removal in 2011. However, the bolts required a lower torque for removal from the baffle structure than the original torque specified during installation. Irradiation displacement damage levels in the bolts range from 15 to 41 displacements per atom. The goal of this project is to perform detailed microstructural and mechanical property characterization of BFBs following in-service exposures. The information from these bolts will be integral to the LWRS program initiatives in evaluating end of life microstructure and properties. Furthermore, valuable data will be obtained that can be incorporated into model predictions of long-term irradiation behavior and compared to results obtained in high flux experimental reactor conditions. In this report, we present our latest study in FY22 on microstructural characterizations of the second high fluence baffle-former bolt, i.e., bolt # 4412. Analytical electron microscopy and atom probe tomography characterization were performed. The radiation-induced defects in the material add to the large wealth of knowledge for neutron-induced defects in 304/316 grades of stainless steels, specifically for radiation-induced precipitation after high fluence commercial PWR irradiation. The main findings are summarized as follows: 1) The cavity size was considerably larger in the bolt thread section than in the bolt head, with the bolt thread section having a bimodal distribution of cavities greater than ~6 nm in diameter and less than ~3 nm in diameter. The bolt head only had the small-sized cavities. In addition, there was a denuded zone of large cavities near grain boundaries in the thread section of the bolt. 2) Radiation-induced precipitation in the BFB #4412 was highly complex, with the volume fraction, size, and number density of Ni/Si and Cu-rich precipitates depending strongly on the radiation temperature/dose. In many cases, co-precipitates of adjoined clusters were found with Ni/Si-rich precipitates sandwiched between Cu-rich clusters and Mo/Cr/P-rich clusters. 3) Solute segregation out of solution was highest for most solutes in the thread section of the bolt #4412 with the exception of Cu, which experienced more separation out of solution into Curich clusters in the bolt head section. This highlights the difference in the mechanisms for precipitation of Ni/Si clusters, which have the Ni 3 Si phase composition, and precipitation of Cu-rich clusters. 4) There appear to be multiple simultaneous influences that affect the microstructural variation along the length of the bolt that overcomes the ~2X difference in irradiation dose between the bolt head and the bolt thread. The irradiation temperature, thermal/fast neutron ratio variation, potential strain gradient, and exposure to PWR coolant water that each section of the bolt sees may have more influence on the microstructural evolution than the total irradiation dose. The bolt thread and shank, with higher temperature, higher relative fast neutron flux, higher strain, and exposure to coolant but lower dose, underwent more enhanced cavity formation, precipitation, and solute segregation than the bolt head section.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Sulphate resistance of low‐clinker engineered cementitious composites examined by MicroXRF imaging

Abstract Engineered cementitious composites (ECC) are a class of high‐performing fibre‐reinforced cementitious materials recognised for their increased ductility and durability compared to conventional cement‐based materials, owing to their autogenously controlled tight crack widths, even when subjected to high strains. To reduce ECC's environmental impact, this research examines the use of a low‐clinker binder − limestone‐calcined clay cement (LC3) − as an alternative to portland cement (PC), along with fly ash to further reduce the clinker proportion and the embodied CO 2 of the formulations. In conventional concrete, LC3 hydrates to a denser microstructure resulting from the synergistic reaction between limestone and calcined clay. At the lower water contents typical of ECC and with the presence of fly ash, the influence of the binder composition on the microstructure is difficult to anticipate. To examine the influence of these compositional variables on microstructure, permeability and durability, the sulphate resistance of LC3‐based ECC is explored. Specifically, the ECC‐LC3 blends are designed with high clinker replacement rate of 75% by mass of binder and contain either conventional fly ash or reclaimed fly ash at 50% by mass of binder. Expansion of ECC‐LC3 samples subjected to standard sodium sulphate test conditions was measured up to 12 months and the depth of penetration of sulphates into the ECC‐LC3 of varying compositions was quantified using micro‐X‐Ray Fluorescence (microXRF) imaging and modelling. The expansion results show that the ECC‐LC3 formulations performed better than the PC samples and can provide adequate resistance to external sulphate attack, even when reclaimed fly ashes are used in place of the conventional ash. In addition, the shallow penetration of sulphate into these cementitious composites demonstrates the low diffusion coefficients values that were determined using the quantitative data from MicroXRF imaging.

Microscopy↗
DOE OSTI2023

Predicting Failure Using Deep Learning SAND Report

Accurate prediction of ductile failure is critical to Sandia’s NW mission, but the models are computationally heavy. The costs of including high-fidelity physics and mechanics that are germane to the failure mechanisms are often too burdensome for analysts either because of the person-hours it requires to input them or because of the additional computational time, or both. In an effort to deliver analysts a tool for representing these phenomena with minimal impact to their existing workflow, our project sought to develop modern data-driven methods that would add microstructural information to business-as-usual calculations and expedite failure predictions. The goal is a tool that receives as input a structural model with stress and strain fields, as well as a machine-learned model, and output predictions of structural response in time, including failure. As such, our project spent substantial time performing high-fidelity, three-dimensional experiments to elucidate materials mechanisms of void nucleation and evolution. We developed crystal-plasticity finite-element models from the experimental observations to enrich the findings with fields not readily measured. We developed engineering length-scale simulations of replicated test specimens to understand how the engineering fields evolve in the presence of fine-scale defects. Finally, we developed deep learning convolutional neural networks, and graph-based neural networks to encode the findings of the experiments and simulations and make forward predictions in time for structural performance. This project demonstrated the power of data-driven methods for model development, which have the potential to vastly increase both the accuracy and speed of failure predictions. These benefits and the methods necessary to develop them are highlighted in this report. However, many challenges remain to implementing these in real applications, and these are discussed along with potential methods for overcoming them.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2024

Stress relaxation cracking susceptibility evaluation in 347H stainless steel welds

Abstract Stress relaxation cracking (SRC) has been reported as a dominant failure mechanism for 347H stainless steel welds at elevated service temperatures, occurring in either the heat-affected zone (HAZ) or fusion zone (FZ). In this study, SRC susceptibility of physically simulated HAZ and cross-welded E347-347H stainless steel welds was studied using a four-step accelerated SRC test with a thermomechanical physical simulator. The stress and temperature range studied represents weld-induced residual stress at 150–600 MPa and post-weld heat treatment temperatures between 800 and 1050 °C. For all temperature conditions, the cross-welded samples failed at a lower critical stress threshold than the simulated HAZ. A finite element model of a 50.8-mm-thick single-V groove weld was used to generate the residual stress maps induced by a 40-pass welding procedure, which in combination with the experimental threshold stress map predicted potential SRC failure locations. Postmortem microstructural evaluations were performed to identify contributing characteristics to SRC. It was found that HAZ samples exhibited a combination of creep void development, secondary cracks with intergranular fracture near grain boundary carbides, and eutectic phases. FZ samples showed brittle fracture with cracks propagating along straight, non-tortuous interdendritic grain boundaries.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2025

Elucidating texture and grain morphology contributions to the micromechanical response of additively manufactured Inconel 625

Microstructural variation of additively manufactured (AM) metal components in comparison to wrought counterparts makes certification for critical applications a challenge. Microscale simulations leveraging modern computational tools may be used to supplement testing of AM microstructures, thus accelerating certification by reducing the number of experiments needed. However, as micromechanical response is closely tied to critical properties like fatigue-life and fracture, utilization of these simulations with macroscale experimental data alone is insufficient. One means to attain microscale experimental data is in situ diffraction data collected from synchrotron X-ray sources. In this work, such data were collected during in situ compression of AM Inconel 625 superalloy. Interpretation of experimental results was assisted by massive (8M element) complementary micromechanical simulations performed on sets of virtual microstructures generated using cellular automata. Together, micromechanical data from diffraction experiments and simulations were used to probe the effects of textured “track” microstructures generated during laser powder bed fusion and directional strength-to-stiffness on micromechanical response. Though fiber-averaged directional strength-to-stiffness ratios were expected to dominate given the high elastic anisotropy of the material, the combination of small variations in texture and specific grain configurations unique to AM microstructures lead to significant variability in micromechanical response after yield. The findings emphasize the importance of high-fidelity microstructural representation that captures key texture components and AM-specific morphology for property prediction of AM metals.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Understanding Model Inadequacy in TRISO Nuclear Fuel Fission Products Release Models: Empirical and Mechanistic Approaches

The increasing use of tristructural isotropic (TRISO) particle fuel in both advanced and existing reactors necessitates a thorough evaluation of uncertainties and shortcomings in TRISO fission product release models. These inadequacies arise from the simplifications made in computational models compared to experimental data. Utilizing the BISON fuel performance code and experimental data from the Advanced Gas Reactor (AGR) program provides a unique chance to rigorously assess these inadequacies within a Bayesian uncertainty quantification (UQ) framework. This study contrasts the standard Bayesian framework with the Kennedy-O'Hagan (KOH) framework, which explicitly accounts for modeling inadequacies, in the context of UQ for TRISO silver release models. It examines both the traditional Arrhenius equation and a more advanced lower-length-scale (LLS)-informed model that incorporates microstructure information. The inverse UQ process applied to AGR-2 and AGR-3/4 datasets identified modeling inadequacy as the primary source of uncertainty, with experimental noise also being significant, while model parameter uncertainty was minimal. Both the Arrhenius and LLS-informed models showed similar levels of modeling inadequacy. For forward predictive UQ using the AGR-1 dataset, the KOH framework enhanced the accuracy and quality of quantified uncertainties by approximately 30% and 40%, respectively, compared to the standard Bayesian framework. This improvement was observed for both the Arrhenius and LLS-informed models. At the engineering scale, both models performed similarly, but the LLS-informed model outperformed the Arrhenius equation at the mesoscale. These findings underscore the importance of explicitly considering modeling inadequacy in the UQ process and highlight the need for ongoing refinement of physics-based models to address these shortcomings.

11 - NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Direct ink writing of boron carbide monoliths

Direct ink writing – an extrusion-based additive manufacturing process – followed by pressureless sintering was investigated to produce boron carbide monoliths. The effects of ceramic powder loading and Pluronic binder concentration on the rheology of boron carbide pastes were studied and linked to both processing behaviour and final outcome in terms of sintered density and hardness. The effects of printing parameters, in particular orifice diameter and printing speed, were also investigated. Reducing the size of the extrusion nozzle from 584 μm to 406 μm led to significantly better shape retention, lower surface roughness, as well as higher density and hardness. A 203 μm printing orifice was also trialled but was unsuccessful due to faster drying kinetics that occurred with smaller ceramic struts resulting in rapid warping and nozzle clogging. Carbon-black – 8 wt% relative to B 4 C – acted as an effective sintering aid to increase both density and hardness. After optimisation of feedstock and printing parameters, few-layer samples (3–5 layers) had a density as high as ~ 97 % TD and a hardness of ~ 30 GPa. On the other hand, 18-layer specimens had a sintered density of ~ 87 % TD, despite a fully dense microstructure, due to the formation of a 3D array of inter-strut pores. Nevertheless, several issues that arose during manufacturing and post-processing were detrimental to the density and structural integrity of printed specimens; these issues were identified, discussed, and suggestions for future work are provided in this report.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Temperature-independent giant dielectric response in transitional BaTiO 3 thin films

Ferroelectric materials exhibit the largest dielectric permittivities and piezoelectric responses in nature, making them invaluable in applications from supercapacitors or sensors to actuators or electromechanical transducers. The origin of this behavior is their proximity to phase transitions. However, the largest possible responses are most often not utilized due to the impracticality of using temperature as a control parameter and to operate at phase transitions. This has motivated the design of solid solutions with morphotropic phase boundaries between different polar phases that are tuned by composition and that are weakly dependent on temperature. Thus far, the best piezoelectrics have been achieved in materials with intermediate (bridging or adaptive) phases. But so far, complex chemistry or an intricate microstructure has been required to achieve temperature-independent phase-transition boundaries. Here, we report such a temperature-independent bridging state in thin films of chemically simple BaTiO3. A coexistence among tetragonal, orthorhombic, and their bridging low-symmetry phases are shown to induce continuous vertical polarization rotation, which recreates a smear in-transition state and leads to a giant temperature-independent dielectric response. The current material contains a ferroelectric state that is distinct from those at morphotropic phase boundaries and cannot be considered as ferroelectric crystals. We believe that other materials can be engineered in a similar way to contain a ferroelectric state with gradual change of structure, forming a class of transitional ferroelectrics. Similar mechanisms could be utilized in other materials to design low-power ferroelectrics, piezoelectrics, dielectrics, or shape-memory alloys, as well as efficient electro- and magnetocalorics.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Multiscale design of nonlinear materials using a Eulerian shape optimization scheme

Motivated by recent advances in manufacturing, the design of materials is the focal point of interest in the material research community. One of the critical challenges in this field is finding optimal material microstructure for a desired macroscopic response. This work presents a computational method for the mesoscale-level design of particulate composites for an optimal macroscale-level response. The method relies on a custom shape optimization scheme to find the extrema of a nonlinear cost function subject to a set of constraints. Three key “modules” constitute the method: multiscale modeling, sensitivity analysis, and optimization. Multiscale modeling relies on a classical homogenization method and a nonlinear NURBS-based generalized finite element scheme to efficiently and accurately compute the structural response of particulate composites using a nonconformal discretization. A three-parameter isotropic damage law is used to model microstructure-level failure. An analytical sensitivity method is developed to compute the derivatives of the cost/constraint functions with respect to the design variables that control the microstructure's geometry. The derivation uncovers subtle but essential new terms contributing to the sensitivity of finite element shape functions and their spatial derivatives. Several structural problems are solved to demonstrate the applicability, performance, and accuracy of the method for the design of particulate composites with a desired macroscopic nonlinear stress-strain response.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2022

Compressive properties of silicone Bouligand structures

Abstract This article presents an examination of silicone, Bouligand lattices in compression. Appearing frequently in biological organisms and manufacturing design, Bouligand structures comprise layers of parallel strands or fibers oriented in a helical fashion. They can exhibit exceptional fracture resistance when composed of rigid or composite materials. The behavior of elastomeric Bouligand structures, however, is less well understood. Additively manufactured (AM) elastomeric lattices have applications in stress mitigation, medical devices, and soft robotics. This article demonstrates that Bouligand structures are a useful addition to the design space of AM elastomers. By adjusting the layer-rotation parameters, lattice stress can increase by more than 300% without altering the porosity. Additionally, we introduce path length metrics that help explain the observed relationship between layer rotation and compression response. Impact statement Additive manufacturing (AM) continues to push the boundary of manufacturable structures and enhance the ability to robustly design for specific properties and behaviors. The more we understand the design space of a novel AM microstructure, the greater its application range. In this article, we describe the mechanical behavior of helicoidal, elastomeric lattices and introduce path length metrics to help explain their stress response. We show that these structures can exhibit a large range of mechanical behaviors in compression, making them well suited for applications such as stress mitigation and impact absorption. Additionally, the path length metrics could become useful design tools and may be applicable to a larger set of cellular structures. These findings expand our ability to rapidly design materials with highly specific and customizable properties to meet the needs of modern engineering challenges. Graphical abstract

Van Meerbeek, I. M. (ORCID:000000021258132X)↗
DOE OSTI2023

Sensing and Control During Bulk SPP

In this work, we use the thermoelectricity to directly measure the temperature at different radial positions within instrumented Al1100 billets during friction extrusion. Site-specific and uninterrupted temperature measurements were possible by measuring the local voltages at several thermoelectric junctions consisting of aluminum-nickel pairs during extrusion. Measurements were conducted for a constant die rotation speed of 150 RPM and different extrusion feed rates of 2, 8, 32, and 80 mm.min-1. X-ray computed tomography was used to locate the positions of the thermoelectric junctions inside the processed billet, thus allowing for site-specific microstructural characterization at the precise measurement points. Smooth particle hydrodynamic modeling allowed to determine the thermal, strain, and strain rate fields developing during FE. The applicability and limitations of this temperature measurement approach are discussed as a function of the peak extrusion and torsion stresses relative to the matrix of extrusion feed rates.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2023

Convoluted filtering for process cycle modeling

Principles of materials science and engineering, physics, mathematics, and information science are used to extract knowledge and insights from the process-structure–property-performance relationships hidden in materials data. The process-structure modeling can be accelerated without loss of interpretability, with artificial intelligence tools that mimic the salient features of the process and process-structure relations. In this work, a novel convoluted model-filtering technique was exploited to build and successfully train the Convoluted Filter (CoFi) artifacts for Fe-based alloy heat treatment cycles. The artifacts were pre-trained to filter out deep models that change the surrogate microstructure state after the heat treatment at ambient conditions. Direct representation of the thermal cycle features within knowledge Graph facilitated development of meaningful data models for microstructure evolution, which reduce overfitting to limited datasets.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Process-structure-property relationships for droplet-on-demand liquid-metal-jetted parts

Liquid metal jetting droplet-on-demand additive manufacturing is an attractive alternative to industry-standard, laser-based metal additive manufacturing techniques that use powder feedstocks and produce large heat affected zones. Liquid metal jetting provides a low feedstock footprint, minimal materials waste, less contamination and inclusions from feedstock, and is compatible with a large range of materials. However, little has been reported on the liquid metal jetting process-structure-property relationships that are crucial to understanding how to consistently print high quality metal parts. We investigate the effects of build plate temperature, infill pattern, and track raster rate on the macro- and microstructure, density, hardness, and tensile strength of metal parts created with our custom droplet-on-demand setup using pure tin feedstock as a surrogate for more relevant structural materials. We found that although the build plate temperature had the largest influence on the structure and properties, the infill pattern is an important factor for optimal structural integrity. It was observed that the track raster rate influenced track-to-track porosity and should be considered in toolpath development. Despite printing in ambient air, we could not identify oxide on the surface or in the bulk of the parts and saw no adverse effects on microstructure or tensile performance. The results and methods of this study will help guide future work in optimizing the liquid metal jetting process to reliably print parts using any liquid metal jetting system for a wide variety of metal feedstocks.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Design Approach for Circulating Fluidized Bed Riser Reactors such as NETL ASURE: A Review for Clustering Flow

Circulating fluidized bed riser reactors have been a commercial reality for some 80 to 90 years. Through all this time and hundreds if not thousands of research papers on the topic, no clear understanding exists on what is required to design and build a process reactor. There are numerous reasons for this, but the most significant reason is likely that riser reactors are chaotic in nature and unless this chaotic behavior is accounted for, there will be wide discrepancies in the predicted performance and in attempts to scale these reactors without significant trial and error. This work puts forth a new methodology to design riser reactors based upon the desired operating range using the chaotic microstructure behavior. This is accomplished through the use of a nondimensional regime map that was developed using chaotic parameters of memory and order/disorder along with higher moments of skewness and kurtosis. Validation of the approach is provided with circulating fluidized bed combustors and applied to the design of the NETL ASURE facility.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2023

The Piezoresponse in WO3 Thin Films Due to N2-Filled Nanovoids Enrichment by Atom Probe Tomography

Tungsten trioxide (WO3) is a versatile n-type semiconductor with outstanding chromogenic properties highly used to fabricate sensors and electrochromic devices. We present a comprehensive experimental study related to piezoresponse with piezoelectric coefficient d33 = 35 pmV−1 on WO3 thin films ~200 nm deposited using RF-sputtering onto alumina (Al2O3) substrate with post-deposit annealing treatment of 400 °C in a 3% H2/N2-forming gas environment. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirms a mixture of orthorhombic and tetragonal phases of WO3 with domains with different polarization orientations and hysteresis behavior as observed by piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM). Furthermore, using atom probe tomography (APT), the microstructure reveals the formation of N2-filled nanovoids that acts as strain centers producing a local deformation of the WO3 lattice into a non-centrosymmetric structure, which is related to piezoresponse observations.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Accelerating effects of galvanic corrosion and dissimilar materials on the corrosion of 316H in NaCl-MgCl2 salt

Corrosion of materials presents a significant challenge for the long-term operation of molten salt reactors. This study aims to identify the most effective techniques for evaluating the corrosion performance of materials in molten salts, with a focus on the effects of galvanic corrosion and dissimilar materials. A reliable testing methodology for assessing material corrosion in molten chloride salts has been successfully developed. The corrosion of Alloy 316H in molten NaCl-MgCl2 salt was found to be significantly accelerated by galvanic corrosion. Additionally, the presence of dissimilar materials resulted in a slight increase in the corrosion rate of Alloy 316H in NaCl-MgCl2 salt. Microstructural characterization was utilized to understand the corrosion behavior of test samples under different conditions. Common trends observed across samples include chromium depletion and iron enrichment near corroded surfaces. Molybdenum enrichment along grain boundaries and corrosion surfaces was also frequently noted.

11 - NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2025

High-throughput synthesis of high-entropy alloys via parallelized electric field assisted sintering

Materials discovery and design is an expensive and time-consuming process, though necessary to advance many engineering fields. In this work, a novel tooling design is utilized in conjunction with electric field assisted sintering (EFAS) to effectively create a new high-throughput synthesis technique: parallelized EFAS. Through this technique, a wide range of material compositions and geometries can be synthesized in parallel as isolated samples or as part of contiguous arrays. Multiple tooling designs are explored to examine both the flexibility and limitations of the technique. A series of increasing complex alloys is produced simultaneously using in situ alloying, beginning with pure Ni and adding equimolar constituents up to the septenary high-entropy alloy AlCoCrCuFeMnNi. Microstructural characterization reveals each sample is effectively fully dense and chemically homogenous while exhibiting phases in agreement with CALPHAD predictions. Scalability of parallelized EFAS is then experimentally demonstrated and the implications for materials discovery and automation are discussed.

36 - MATERIALS SCIENCE↗