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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 631 records · Page 35
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Effect of Fermi surface topology change on the Kagome superconductor CeRu 2 under pressure

The cubic Laves phase compound CeRu 2 with a Kagome substructure of Ru has been investigated to understand myriad fascinating phenomena resulting from competition among its various physical and geometric features. Such phenomena include flat bands, van Hove singularities, Dirac cones, reentrant superconductivity, magnetism, the Fulde–Ferrell–Larkin–Ovchinnikov state, valence fluctuations, time-irreversible anisotropic s-state superconductivity, etc. Extensive studies have thus been carried out since 1958 when the highly unusual coexistence of superconductivity and ferromagnetism was proposed for the mixed compounds (Ce,Gd)Ru 2 . Activity has accelerated in recent years due to increasing interest in topological states in superconductors. However, there has been little investigation of the mutual influence of these fascinating states. Therefore, we systematically investigated the superconductivity and possible Fermi surface topological change in CeRu 2 via magnetic, resistivity, and structural measurements under pressure up to ~168 GPa. An unusual phase diagram that suggests an intriguing interplay between the compound’s superconducting order and Fermi surface topological order has been constructed. A resurgence in its superconducting transition temperature was observed above 28 GPa. Our experiments have identified a structural transition above 76 GPa and a few tantalizing phase transitions driven by high pressure. Our high-pressure results further suggest that superconductivity and Fermi surface topology in CeRu 2 are strongly intertwined.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1974

A new magnetic spectrometer system for cosmic ray studies

The balloon flight prototype or a cosmic ray superconducting magnet experiment designed for operation on the Space Shuttle is described. The physical and operating parameters of the scintillation, Cerenkov, emulsion and multiwire proportional counters used in the system for charge and rigidity measurements is given as well as the on-board data handling procedures.

Golden, R. L.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Superconducting bearings for application in cryogenic experiments in space

Linear superconducting magnetic bearings suitable for use in a proposed orbital equivalence principle experiment and for general application in space were developed and tested. Current flows in opposite directions in adjacent superconducting wires arranged parallel to the axis of a cylinder. This configuration provides maximum stiffness radially while allowing the test mass to move freely along the cylinder axis. In a space application, the wires are extended to cover the entire perimeter of the cylinder: for the earth-based tests it was desirable to use only the bottom half. Control of the axial position of the test mass is by small control coils which may be positioned inside or outside the main bearing. The design is suitable for application to other geometries where maximum stiffness is desired. A working model scaled to operate in a 1-g environment was perfected approximate solutions for the bearings were developed. A superconducting transformer method of charging the magnets for the bearing, and a position detector based on a SQUID magnetometer and associated superconducting circuit were also investigated.

Everitt, C. W. F.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Persistent Current Simulation for CCT Testing Magnet Used in EIC

The Electron-Ion Collider (EIC), a powerful new facility to be built in the United States at the U.S. Department of Energy's Brookhaven National Laboratory in collaboration with Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, will explore the most fundamental building blocks of nearly all visible matter. Here, there are many different types of superconducting magnets near the interaction region (IR) of EIC. Due to space constraints and special lattice requirements, Tapered CCT (canted-cosine theta) magnets have been used for EIC. At beam injection, the magnetic field is only ~5.5% of the maximum operating field. Considerable field errors will be generated from persistent current in superconducting strands even using very fine filament for those superconductors. A tapered CCT demonstrator magnet has been built and tested successfully at BNL since July 2020 to evaluate the key technologies for future tapered CCT magnets. In October 2023, BNL team also measured the persistent current in this demonstrator magnet. To validate the persistent current simulation methods for CCT magnets in EIC, this paper used a full 3D Opera Model and measured magnetization data from superconducting strand for the simulation. Simulation results showed reasonable agreement with recent measurement results.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2019

FULL ACCEPTANCE INTERACTION REGION DESIGN OF JLEIC

Nuclear physics experiments envisioned at a proposed future Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) require high luminosity of 10^33-10^34 cm^-2s^-1 and a full-acceptance detector capable of reconstruction of a whole electron-ion collision event. Due to a large asymmetry in the electron and ion momenta in an EIC, the particles associated with the initial ion tend to go at very small angles and have small rigidity offsets with respect to the initial ion beam. They are detected after they pass through the apertures of the final focusing quadrupoles. Therefore, the apertures must be sufficiently large to provide the acceptance required by experiments. In addition, to maximize the luminosity, the final focusing quadrupoles must be placed as close to the interaction point as possible. A combination of these requirements presents serious detection, optics and engineering design challenges. We present a design of a full-acceptance interaction region of Jefferson Lab Electron-Ion Collider (JLEIC). The paper presents how this design addresses the above requirements up to an ion momentum of 200 GeV/c. We summarize the magnet parameters, which are kept consistent with the Nb-Ti superconducting magnet technology.

Morozov, V.S.↗
DOE OSTI2016

Active Magnetic Regenerative Liquefier

This final report for the DOE Project entitled Active Magnetic Regenerative Liquefier (AMRL) funded under Grant DE-FG36-08GO18064 to Heracles Energy Corporation d.b.a. Prometheus Energy (Heracles/Prometheus) describes an active magnetic regenerative refrigerator (AMRR) prototype designed and built during the period from July 2008 through May 2011. The primary goal of this project was to make significant technical advances toward highly efficient liquefaction of hydrogen. Conventional hydrogen liquefiers at any scale have a maximum FOM of ~0.35 due primarily to the intrinsic difficulty of rapid, efficient compression of either hydrogen or helium working gases. Numerical simulation modeling of high performance AMRL designs indicates certain designs have promise to increase thermodynamic efficiency from a FOM of ~0.35 toward ~0.5 to ~0.6. The technical approach was the use of solid magnetic working refrigerants cycled in and out of high magnetic fields to build an efficient active regenerative magnetic refrigeration module providing cooling power for AMRL. A single-stage reciprocating AMRR with a design temperature span from ~290 K to ~120 K was built and tested with dual magnetic regenerators moving in and out of the conductively-cooled superconducting magnet subsystem. The heat transfer fluid (helium) was coupled to the process stream (refrigeration/liquefaction load) via high performance heat exchangers. In order to maximize AMRR efficiency a helium bypass loop with adjustable flow was incorporated in the design because the thermal mass of magnetic refrigerants is higher in low magnetic field than in high magnetic field. Heracles/Prometheus designed experiments to measure AMRR performance under a variety of different operational parameters such as cycle frequency, magnetic field strength, heat transfer fluid flow rate, amount of bypass flow of the heat transfer fluid while measuring work input, temperature span, cooling capability as a function of cold temperature as a function of the amount of bypass flow of the heat transfer fluid. The operational AMRR prototype can be used to answer key questions such as the best recipe for multiple layers of different magnetic refrigerants in one or more integrated regenerators with varying amounts of bypass flow of the heat transfer fluid. Layered regenerators are necessary to span the AMRR range from 290 K to 120K. Our AMRR performance simulation model predicts that ~10-15 % of bypass flow should significantly improve the thermodynamic performance. Initial results obtained with regenerators made of gadolinium spheres were very encouraging; a temperature span of ~ 50 K (between 295K and 245 K) across both regenerators was achieved with zero bypass flow of the heat transfer fluid and with the magnetic field strength of ~4 T.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2025

A Weakly Supervised Machine Learning Procedure for Magnet Quench Diagnostics

Voltage taps remain the standard and reliable diagnostic tool for detecting quenches in superconducting magnets. However, they identify a quench only at the time of voltage rise and do not provide information on earlier physical precursors. In this work, we investigate whether acoustic emission data can reveal precursor activity that occurs before conventional voltage detection using machine learning techniques. We introduce an event selection method and a weakly supervised machine learning procedure to learn data-driven criteria for identifying potential acoustic precursors to quenches. Two Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architectures are trained: one on acoustic sensor events from our selection procedure and one on the Fast Fourier Transforms (FFTs) of these events. Both networks are trained iteratively using confidence-weighted loss functions to associate certain subsets of training data with a precursor label. We evaluate the performance of these models by examining the time distribution of events classified as potential precursors relative to the quench onset. Results indicate that the proposed approach can possibly distinguish acoustic emission events occurring closer to the quench from earlier acoustic activity during ramping, suggesting the potential for flagging quench precursors in acoustic data.

Khan, Maira [Fermilab] (ORCID:0009000891602387)↗
NASA NTRS1972

Applied Superconductivity Conference, 5th, Annapolis, Md., May 1-3, 1972, Proceedings.

Recently developed practical applications of superconductivity are described in papers dealing with transportation and propulsion, power generation, power transmission, special-purpose magnets, superconducting materials, Josephson junctions, and microwave systems. Important topics considered include tracked magnetic-cushion vehicles, electrical machines, cryogenic underground power transmission systems, magnets for fusion reactors and particle accelerators, thin-film superconductors, effects of the structural characteristics of materials on transition temperatures, frequency measurement with Josephson devices, and superconducting scientific instruments. Individual items are announced in this issue.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1974

Manufacture and deflagration of an atomic hydrogen propellant

It is observed that the use of very low temperatures (in the range from 0.1 to 1.5 K) produced by advanced cryogenic apparatus and the use of very strong magnetic fields (in the range from 50 to 100 kG) produced by superconducting magnets can yield a significant improvement in the atomic hydrogen trapping effectiveness of an H2 matrix. The use of a radioactive beta-ray emiter isotope may yield H-H2 propellants (with a specific impulse of about 740 sec) by secondary electron impact dissociations of H2 in an impregnated matrix maintained below 1 K in a strong magnetic field. Another method for manufacturing an H-H2 propellant involves bombardment of supercooled solid H2 with a cyclotron-produced beam of 10-MeV hydrogen atoms. The matrix-isolated atomic hydrogen must be used directly without prior melting as a solid propellant, and an analysis of the steady deflagration is presented.

Rosen, G.↗
DOE OSTI2019

FCC-hh: The Hadron Collider

Particle physics has arrived at an important moment of its history. The discovery of the Higgs boson, with a mass of 125 GeV, completes the matrix of particles and interactions that has constituted the “Standard Model” for several decades. This model is a consistent and predictive theory, which has so far proven successful at describing all phenomena accessible to collider experiments. However, several experimental facts do require the extension of the Standard Model and explanations are needed for observations such as the abundance of matter over antimatter, the striking evidence for dark matter and the non-zero neutrino masses. Theoretical issues such as the hierarchy problem, and, more in general, the dynamical origin of the Higgs mechanism, do likewise point to the existence of physics beyond the Standard Model. This report contains the description of a novel research infrastructure based on a highest-energy hadron collider with a centre-of-mass collision energy of 100 TeV and an integrated luminosity of at least a factor of 5 larger than the HL-LHC. It will extend the current energy frontier by almost an order of magnitude. The mass reach for direct discovery will reach several tens of TeV, and allow, for example, to produce new particles whose existence could be indirectly exposed by precision measurements during the earlier preceding e+e– collider phase. This collider will also precisely measure the Higgs self-coupling and thoroughly explore the dynamics of electroweak symmetry breaking at the TeV scale, to elucidate the nature of the electroweak phase transition. WIMPs as thermal dark matter candidates will be discovered, or ruled out. As a single project, this particle collider infrastructure will serve the world-wide physics community for about 25 years and, in combination with a lepton collider (see FCC conceptual design report volume 2), will provide a research tool until the end of the 21st century. Collision energies beyond 100 TeV can be considered when using high-temperature superconductors. The European Strategy for Particle Physics (ESPP) update 2013 stated “To stay at the forefront of particle physics, Europe needs to be in a position to propose an ambitious post-LHC accelerator project at CERN by the time of the next Strategy update”. The FCC study has implemented the ESPP recommendation by developing a long-term vision for an “accelerator project in a global context”. This document describes the detailed design and preparation of a construction project for a post-LHC circular energy frontier collider “in collaboration with national institutes, laboratories and universities worldwide”, and enhanced by a strong participation of industrial partners. Now, a coordinated preparation effort can be based on a core of an ever-growing consortium of already more than 135 institutes worldwide. The technology for constructing a high-energy circular hadron collider can be brought to the technology readiness level required for constructing within the coming ten years through a focused R&D programme. The FCC-hh concept comprises in the baseline scenario a power-saving, low-temperature superconducting magnet system based on an evolution of the Nb3Sn technology pioneered at the HL-LHC, an energy-efficient cryogenic refrigeration infrastructure based on a neon-helium (Nelium) light gas mixture, a high-reliability and low loss cryogen distribution infrastructure based on Invar, high-power distributed beam transfer using superconducting elements and local magnet energy recovery and re-use technologies that are already gradually introduced at other CERN accelerators. On a longer timescale, high-temperature superconductors can be developed together with industrial partners to achieve an even more energy efficient particle collider or to reach even higher collision energies.The re-use of the LHC and its injector chain, which also serve for a concurrently running physics programme, is an essential lever to come to an overall sustainable research infrastructure at the energy frontier. Strategic R&D for FCC-hh aims at minimising construction cost and energy consumption, while maximising the socio-economic impact. It will mitigate technology-related risks and ensure that industry can benefit from an acceptable utility. Concerning the implementation, a preparatory phase of about eight years is both necessary and adequate to establish the project governance and organisation structures, to build the international machine and experiment consortia, to develop a territorial implantation plan in agreement with the host-states’ requirements, to optimise the disposal of land and underground volumes, and to prepare the civil engineering project. Such a large-scale, international fundamental research infrastructure, tightly involving industrial partners and providing training at all education levels, will be a strong motor of economic and societal development in all participating nations. The FCC study has implemented a set of actions towards a coherent vision for the world-wide high-energy and particle physics community, providing a collaborative framework for topically complementary and geographically well-balanced contributions. This conceptual design report lays the foundation for a subsequent infrastructure preparatory and technical design phase.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2019

HE-LHC: The High-Energy Large Hadron Collider

Particle physics has arrived at an important moment of its history. The discovery of the Higgs boson, with a mass of 125 GeV, completes the matrix of particles and interactions that has constituted the “Standard Model” for several decades. This model is a consistent and predictive theory, which has so far proven successful at describing all phenomena accessible to collider experiments. However, several experimental facts do require the extension of the Standard Model and explanations are needed for observations such as the abundance of matter over antimatter, the striking evidence for dark matter and the non-zero neutrino masses. Theoretical issues such as the hierarchy problem, and, more in general, the dynamical origin of the Higgs mechanism, do likewise point to the existence of physics beyond the Standard Model. This report contains the description of a novel research infrastructure based on a high-energy hadron collider, which extends the current energy frontier by almost a factor 2 (27 TeV collision energy) and an integrated luminosity of at least a factor of 3 larger than the HL-LHC. In connection with four experimental detectors, this infrastructure will deepen our understanding of the origin of the electroweak symmetry breaking, allow a first measurement of the Higgs self-coupling, double the HL-LHC discovery reach and allow for in-depth studies of new physics signals arising from future LHC measurements. This collider would directly produce particles at significant rates at scales up to 12 TeV. The project re-uses the existing LHC underground infrastructure and large parts of the injector chain at CERN. This particle collider would succeed the HL-LHC directly and serve the world-wide physics community for about 20 years beyond the middle of the 21st century. The European Strategy for Particle Physics (ESPP) update 2013 stated “To stay at the forefront of particle physics, Europe needs to be in a position to propose an ambitious post-LHC accelerator project at CERN by the time of the next Strategy update”. The FCC study has implemented the ESPP recommendation by developing a vision for an “accelerator project in a global context”. This document describes the detailed design and preparation of a construction project for a post-LHC circular high-energy hadron collider “in collaboration with national institutes, laboratories and universities worldwide”, and enhanced by a strong participation of industrial partners. Now, a coordinated preparation effort can be based on a core of an ever-growing consortium of already more than 135 institutes worldwide. The technology for constructing a High-Energy LHC can be brought to the technology readiness level required for construction within the coming ten years through a committed and focused R&D programme. The concept comprises a power-saving, low-temperature superconducting magnet system based on an evolution of the Nb3Sn technology pioneered at the HL-LHC, an energy-efficient cryogenic refrigeration infrastructure based on a neon-helium (Nelium) light gas mixture, a high-reliability and low loss cryogen distribution infrastructure based on Invar, high-power distributed beam transfer using superconducting elements and local magnet energy recovery and re-use technologies that are already gradually introduced at other CERN accelerators. Re-use of the LHC underground civil infrastructure worth about 500 million CHF at the time of its construction, extension of the surface sites and use of the existing injector chain that also serve for a concurrently running physics programme are levers to come to a sustainable research infrastructure at the energy frontier. Strategic R&D for HE-LHC aims at minimising construction cost and energy consumption, while maximising the socio-economic impact. It needs to mitigate technology-related risks and ensure that industry can benefit from an acceptable economic utility. Concerning the implementation, a preparatory phase of about eight years is both necessary and adequate to establish the project governance and organisation structures, to build the international machine and experiment consortia, to develop a territorial implantation plan considering the constraints emerging from using the existing infrastructure and the host states’ requirements, optimising the use of land, resources and preparing the construction project. Such a large-scale, international fundamental research infrastructure, tightly involving industrial partners and providing training at all education levels, will be a strong motor of economic and societal development in all participating nations. The FCC study has implemented a set of actions towards a coherent vision for the world-wide high-energy and particle physics community, providing a collaborative framework for topically complementary and geographically well-balanced contributions. This conceptual design report lays the foundation for a subsequent infrastructure preparatory and technical design phase.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
NASA NTRS1992

Low Current Magnet

Because Goddard Space Flight Center needed a way to cool sensors aboard the AXAF, a low current superconducting magnet was developed under contract by Cryomagnetics, Inc. The magnet, now commercially available, reduced the rate of helium consumption, extending the lifetime of the AXAF's x-ray spectrometer. On Earth, it offers a way to reduce operating costs through smaller, less expensive power supplies and reduced use of coolant. The magnet has particular advantages for MRI systems, as it is safer and has lower maintenance requirements.

Source record↗
DOE OSTI2022

White Paper on High Temperature Superconducting Bi-2212 Magnets for Energy Frontier Circular Colliders

As the only high-temperature superconducting (HTS) material available as an isotropic, twisted, multifilamentary round wire, Bi-2212 is very promising for expanding the high-field superconducting accelerator magnet toolbox beyond the round-wire, isotropic Nb-Ti and Nb3Sn conductors used by HEP so far. In this paper, we describe the important roles that Bi-2212 might play for future high energy circular colliders including both high energy proton and muon colliders. We describe its present technology status (conductor development, magnet design concepts, prototype magnet status) and then provide a ten-year plan for >15 T accelerator magnets and >25 T solenoid magnets within an integrated strategy to engage industry and the entire US and international scientific enterprise interested in HTS magnet applications.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Fragile structural transition in Mo 3 Sb 7

Mo 3 Sb 7 single crystals lightly doped with Cr, Ru, or Te are studied in order to explore the interplay between superconductivity, magnetism, and the cubic-tetragonal structural transition. The structural transition at 53 K is extremely sensitive to Ru or Te substitution which introduces additional electrons, but robust against Cr substitution. We observed no sign of a structural transition in superconducting Mo 2.91 Ru 0.09 Sb 7 and Mo 3 Sb 6.975 Te 0.025 . In contrast, 3 at.% Cr doping only slightly suppresses the structural transition to 48 K while leaving no trace of superconductivity above 1.8 K. Analysis of magnetic properties suggests that the interdimer interaction in Mo 3 Sb 7 is near a critical value and essential for the structural transition. Futhermore, all dopants suppress the superconductivity of Mo 3 Sb 7 . The tetragonal structure is not necessary for superconductivity.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Structural distortion and incommensurate noncollinear magnetism in EuAg 4 As 2

Layered pnictide materials have provided a fruitful platform to study various emergent phenomena, including superconductivity, magnetism, charge density waves, etc. In this work, we report the observation of structural distortion and noncollinear magnetism in layered pnictide EuAg 4 As 2 via transport, magnetization, single crystal x-ray, and neutron diffraction data.EuAg 4 As 2 single crystal shows a structural distortion at 120 K, where two sets of superlattice peaks with the propagation vectors of q 1 =±(0, 0.25, 0.5) and q 2 =±(0.25, 0, 1) emerge. Between 9–15 K, the hexagonal Eu 2+ sublattice enters an unpinned incommensurate magnetic state, with magnetic Bragg reflections pictured as circular sectors. Furthermore, below 9 K, it orders in an incommensurate noncollinear antiferromagnetic state with a well-defined propagation wavevector of (0, 0.1, 0.12) and a very rare magnetic structure, which is helical along the c axis and cycloidal along the b axis with a moment of 6.4 μB/Eu 2+ . Furthermore, rich magnetic phases under magnetic fields, large magnetoresistance, and strong coupling between charge carriers and magnetism in EuAg 4 As 2 are revealed.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

High field superconductor development and understanding

All present circular accelerators use superconducting magnets to bend and to focus the particle beams. The most powerful of these machines is the large hadron collider (LHC) at CERN. The main ring dipole magnets of the LHC are made from Nb-Ti but, as the machine is upgraded to higher luminosity, more powerful magnets made of Nb 3 Sn will be required. Our work addresses how to make the Nb 3 Sn conductors more effective and more suitable for use in the LHC. The most important property of the superconducting conductor used for an accelerator magnet is that it must have very high critical current density, the property that allows the generation of high magnetic fields in small spaces. Nb 3 Sn is the original high field superconductor, the material which was discovered in 1960 to allow a high current density in the field of about 9 T. For the high luminosity upgrade of the LHC, much higher current densities in fields of about 12 Tesla will be required. The critical value of the current density is of order 2600 A/mm 2 in a field of 12 Tesla. But there are very important secondary factors that complicate the attainment of this critical current density. The first is that the effective filament diameter must be no larger than about 40 µm. The second factor is that 50% of the cross-section of the Nb 3 Sn conductor that is pure copper must be protected from any poisoning by any Sn leakage through the diffusion barrier that protects the package of niobium and tin from which the Nb 3 Sn is formed by a high temperature reaction. These three, somewhat conflicting requirements, mean that optimization of the conductor is complex. The work described in this contract report addresses these conflicting requirements. They show that very sophisticated characterizations can uncover the way to satisfy all 3 requirements and they also suggest that the ultimate optimization of Nb 3 Sn is still not yet in sight

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗