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At least 613 records · Page 34

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NASA NTRS1982

A large normal-fault earthquake at the junction of the Tonga trench and the Louisville ridge

Long-period vertical-component Rayleigh waves are inverted in order to determine the source mechanism of the October 10, 1977 earthquake that occurred in the oceanic plate at the junction of the Tonga-Kermadec trench systems with the aseismic Louisville ridge. The cause was predominantly normal faulting on a plane striking roughly parallel to the trench, with a seismic moment of 1.7 x 10 to the 27th dyn cm. A focal depth of 20 km is determined by waveform modeling, but the actual rupture may have extended to 30 or 40 km. Two sources separated by 16 s comprised the event, which experienced an inferred rupture velocity of 3.5 km/sec. The interpretation that the earthquake was caused by gravitational pull due to the sinking slab implies that the Louisville ridge causes some degree of local decoupling between the plates. This event may be associated with the breakup of the Osbourn seamount. Alternatively, the earthquake may have resulted from tensional plate bending stress, as implied by its relatively shallow depth.

Eissler, H.↗

NASA NTRS1982

Effect of reduced cobalt contents on hot isostatically pressed powder metallurgy U-700 alloys

The effect of reducing the cobalt content of prealloyed powders of UDIMET 700 (U-700) alloys to 12.7, 8.6, 4.3, and 0% was examined. The powders were hot isostatically pressed into billets, which were given heat treatments appropriate for turbine disks, namely partial solutioning at temperatures below the gamma prime solvus and four step aging treatments. Chemical analyses, metallographic examinations, and X-ray diffraction measurements were performed on the materials. Minor effects on gamma prime content and on room temperature and 650 C tensile properties were observed. Creep rupture lives at 650 C reached a maximum at the 8.4% concentration, while at 760 C a maximum in life was reached at the 4.3% cobalt level. Minimum creep rates increased with decreasing cobalt content at both test temperatures. Extended exposures at 760 and 815 C resulted in decreased tensile strengths and rupture lives for all alloys. Evidence of sigma phase formation was also found.

Harf, F. H.↗

NASA NTRS1982

Effects of cobalt in nickel-base superalloys

A study has been carried out to assess the role of cobalt in Udimet 700, a representative nickel-base superalloy containing 17 percent or more cobalt. The study spans the spectrum of microstructural, microchemical, and mechanical behavior aspects which together form a basis for superalloy performance in jet engines. The results suggest that cobalt affects the solubility of elements in the gamma matrix, which leads to enhanced gamma-prime volume fraction and to the stabilization of MC-type carbides and sigma phase. However, these microstructural and microchemical changes are too slight to significantly affect the strength and ductile properties. Depending on the heat treatment, the creep and stress rupture resistance can be cobalt-sensitive. In the coarse-grained, fully solutioned and aged condition, all of the alloy's 17 percent Co can be replaced by nickel without decreasing the creep and stress rupture resistance. These findings are discussed with reference to existing theories and experimental data obtained by other workers.

Tien, J. K.↗

NASA NTRS1983

Strength and fracture toughness of reaction-bonded Si3N4

Fracture strength and fracture toughness measurements were made on reaction-bonded Si3N4 materials with a range of alpha/beta ratios. The results do not indicate any clear relation between the modulus of rupture and the alpha/beta ratio over the range 1.5-9. Values for the modulus of rupture range from 219 to 290 MN per sq m, with an overall average of 238 MN per sq m. The notched beam fracture toughness is found to be constant over the range of microstructures produced, indicating that of the various microstructural features (e.g., alpha/beta ratio and pore size and distribution) no single element has a controlling influence over fracture toughness and the fracture surface energy.

Danforth, S. C.↗

NASA NTRS1984

Hydrodynamic lubrication of rigid nonconformal contacts in combined rolling and normal motion

A numerical solution to the problem of hydrodynamic lubrication of rigid point contacts with an isoviscous, incompressible lubricant was obtained. The hydrodynamic load-carrying capacity under unsteady (or dynamic) conditions arising from the combined effects of squeeze motion superposed upon the entraining motion was determined for both normal approach and separation. Superposed normal motion considerably increases net load-carrying capacity during normal approach and substantially reduces net load-carrying capacity during separation. Geometry was also found to have a significant influence on the dynamic load-carrying capacity. The ratio of dynamic to steady state load-carrying capacity increases with increasing geometry parameter for normal approach and decreases during separation. The cavitation (film rupture) boundary is also influenced significantly by the normal motion, moving downstream during approach and upstream during separation. For sufficiently high normal separation velocity the rupture boundary may even move upstream of the minimum-film-thickness position. Sixty-three cases were used to derive a functional relationship for the ratio of the dynamic to steady state load-carrying capacity in terms of the dimensionless normal velocity parameter (incorporating normal velocity, entraining velocity, and film thickness) and the geometry parameter.

Ghosh, M. K.↗

NASA NTRS1983

Development of a simplified procedure for rocket engine thrust chamber life prediction with creep

An analytical method for predicting engine thrust chamber life is developed. The method accounts for high pressure differentials and time-dependent creep effects both of which are significant in limiting the useful life of the shuttle main engine thrust chamber. The hot-gas-wall ligaments connecting adjacent cooling channels ribs and separating the coolant flow from the combustion gas are subjected to a high pressure induced primary stress superimposed on an alternating cyclic thermal strain field. The pressure load combined with strain-controlled cycling produces creep ratcheting and consequent bulging and thinning of these ligaments. This mechanism of creep-enhanced ratcheting is analyzed for determining the hot-gas-wall deformation and accumulated strain. Results are confirmed by inelastic finite element analysis. Fatigue and creep rupture damage as well as plastic tensile instability are evaluated as potential failure modes. It is demonstrated for the NARloy Z cases analyzed that when pressure differentials across the ligament are high, creep rupture damage is often the primary failure mode for the cycle times considered.

Badlani, M. L.↗

NASA NTRS1984

The role of cobalt on the creep of Waspaloy

Cobalt was systematically replaced with nickel in Waspaloy (which normally contains 13% Co) to determine the effects of cobalt on the creep behavior of this alloy. Effects of cobalt were found to be minimal on tensile strengths and microstructure. The creep resistance and the stress rupture resistance determined in the range from 704 to 760 C (1300 to 1400 C) were found to decrease as cobalt was removed from the standard alloy at all stresses and temperatures. Roughly a ten-fold drop in rupture life and a corresponding increase in minimum creep rate were found under all test conditions. Both the apparent creep activation energy and the matrix contribution to creep resistance were found to increase with cobalt. These creep effects are attributed to cobalt lowering the stacking fault energy of the alloy matrix. The creep resistance loss due to the removal of cobalt is shown to be restored by slightly increasing the gamma' volume fraction. Results are compared to a previous study on Udimet 700, a higher strength, higher gamma' volume fraction alloy with similar phase chemistry, in which cobalt did not affect creep resistance. An explanation for this difference in behavior based on interparticle spacing and cross-slip is presented.

Jarrett, R. N.↗

NASA NTRS1984

Experiments on water/melt explosions, nature of products, and models of dispersal

Experiments were carried out in a steel pressure device using controlled amounts of water and thermite melt to examine the mechanical energy released on explosive mixing following the initial contact of the two materials. An experimental design was used to allow the direct calculation of the mechanical energy by the dynamic lift of the device as recorded both optically and physically. A large number of experiments were run to accurately determine the optimum mixture of water and melt for the conversion of thermal to mechanical energy. The maximum efficiency observed was about 12% at a water/thermite mass ratio of 0.50. These experiments are the basis for the development of models of hydroexplosions and melt fragmentation. Particles collected from the experimental products are similar in size and shape to pyroclasts produced by much larger hydrovolcanic explosions. Melt rupture at optimum ratios produces very fine particles whereas rupture at high or low water/melt ratios produces large melt fragments. Grain surface textures in the experimental products are also related to the water/melt ratio and the mechanism of explosive mixing. It is thus possible to have qualitative information about the nature of the explosion from the sizes and shapes of the fragments produced.

Sheridan, M. F.↗

NASA NTRS1984

High temperature ceramic interface study

Monolithic SiC and Si3N4 are susceptible to contact stress damage at static and sliding interfaces. Transformation-toughened zirconia (TTZ) was evaluated under sliding contact conditions to determine if the higher material fracture toughness would reduce the susceptibility to contact stress damage. Contact stress tests were conducted on four commercially available TTZ materials at normal loads ranging from 0.455 to 22.7 kg (1 to 50 pounds) at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 1204C (2200 F). Static and dynamic friction were measured as a function of temperature. Flexural strength measurements after these tests determined that the contact stress exposure did not reduce the strength of TTZ at contact loads of 0.455, 4.55, and 11.3 kg (1, 10, and 25 pounds). Prior testing with the lower toughness SiC and Si3N4 materials resulted in a substantial strength reduction at loads of only 4.55 and 11.3 kg (10 and 25 pounds). An increase in material toughness appears to improve ceramic material resistance to contact stress damage. Baseline material flexure strength was established and the stress rupture capability of TTZ was evaluated. Stress rupture tests determined that TTZ materials are susceptible to deformation due to creep and that aging of TTZ materials at elevated temperatures results in a reduction of material strength.

Lindberg, L. J.↗

NASA NTRS1984

Effects of tin on microstructure and mechanical behavior of Inconel 718

Columbium, for which the United States is 100 percent import reliant, is of strategic importance to the U.S. aerospace industry. A major amount of the Cb is used in Inconel 718. Should Cb sources be disrupted, it may be desired to use a grade of Cb melting stock having greater Sn content then the preferred vacuum rade. Additions of Sn to Inconel 718 were varied from none added to 1 wt %. The Sn additions below 800 ppm had no detrimental effects on 650 C stress rupture behavior; however, 1-wt % Sn severely degraded both life and ductility. Additions of Sn in excess of 200 ppm were slightly detrimental to the 425 C tensile yield strength and ductility. The Sn additions had no effect on the microstructure of Inconel 718 even after stress rupture testing for over 6000 hr at 650 C.

Dreshfield, R. L.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Safety of Li-SOCl2 cells

The safety of lithium thionyl chloride cells has been a concern of JPL for some time in the development of these cells for NASA's use. Because the safety problems are complex and several issues are interrelated it was decided that it would be best to put together an organized review of the safety issues, which are reviewed here. Hazards are classified in three categories: (1) cell leakage, a problem dealing with construction or materials; (2) venting of toxic gases through seals and welds, considered a mild hazard in which electrolyte and gas is released; and (3) violent rupture or controlled rupture of cells with the possibility of explosion of the materials inside. These hazards and their effects are detailed along with possible ways of dealing with them.

Subbarao, S.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Analytical simulation of weld effects in creep range

The inelastic analysis procedure used to investigate the effect of welding on the creep rupture strength of a typical Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor (LMFBR) nozzle is discussed. The current study is part of an overall experimental and analytical investigation to verify the inelastic analysis procedure now being used to design LMFBR structural components operating at elevated temperatures. Two important weld effects included in the numerical analysis are: (1) the residual stress introduced in the fabrication process; and (2) the time-independent and the time-dependent material property variations. Finite element inelastic analysis was performed on a CRAY-1S computer using the ABAQUS program with the constitutive equations developed for the design of LMFBR structural components. The predicted peak weld residual stresses relax by as much as 40% during elevated temperature operation, and their effect on creep-rupture cracking of the nozzle is considered of secondary importance.

Dhalla, A. K.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Hydrodynamic lubrication of rigid nonconformal contacts in combined rolling and normal motion

Ghosh, M. K.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Rift basins - Origin, history, and distribution

Rifts are elongate depressions overlying places where the lithosphere has ruptured in extension. Where filled with sediment they may contain exploitable quantities of oil and gas. Because rits form in a variety of tectonic settings, it is helpful to define the particular tectonic environment in which a specific rift or set of rifts has developed. A useful approach has been to relate that environment to the Wilson Cycle of the opening and the closing of oceans. This appreciation of tectonic setting can help in better understanding of the depositional, structural and thermal history of individual rift systems. The global distribution of rifts can also be related to tectonic environment. For example, rifts associated with continental rupture at a temporary still-stand of a continent over the mantle convective system (rifts like those active in East Africa today) can be distinguished from those associated with continental collision (rifts like the Cenozoic rifts of China).

Burke, K. C.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Cryogenic insulation strength and bond tester

A method and apparatus for testing the tensile strength and bonding strength of sprayed-on foam insulation attached to metal cryogenic fuel tanks is described. A circular cutter is used to cut the insulation down to the surface of the metal tank to form plugs of the insulation for testing in situ on the tank. The apparatus comprises an electromechanical pulling device powered by a belt battery pack. The pulling device comprises a motor driving a mechanical pulling structure comprising a horizontal shaft connected to two bell cracks which are connected to a central member. When the lower end of member is attached to a fitting, which in turn is bonded to a plug, a pulling force is exerted on the plug sufficient to rupture it. The force necessary to rupture the plug or pull it loose is displayed as a digital read-out.

Schuerer, P. H.↗

NASA NTRS1986

The effect of diffusive hydrogen segregation on fracture of polycrystalline nickel

Hydrogen embrittlement of polycrystalline nickel was studied under conditions which allowed the diffusion and segregation of hydrogen to grain boundaries to be controlled. It was shown that even at high solute concentrations of hydrogen, the fracture mode was ductile shear rupture, if transport of hydrogen to the grain boundaries was not allowed. As the amount of hydrogen segregation to the grain boundaries was increased, the fracture mode became increasingly intergranular. Analysis of the temperature dependence of this transition from ductile rupture to transgranular fracture yields a hydrogen segregation enthalpy of 11.6 kJ/mol. The transition in the fracture mode was also observed at a constant aging temperature by increasing the solute hydrogen concentration. The kinetics of this fracture transition suggest that the hydrogen segregation layer extends about 35 nm from the grain boundary. It is suggested that the fracture mechanism is a softening of the material in this segregation region due to the high hydrogen concentration.

Lassila, D. H.↗

NASA NTRS1986

High-pressure creep tests

The automotive Stirling engine, presently being developed by the U.S. Department of Energy and NASA, uses high-pressure hydrogen as a working fluid; its long-term effects on the properties of alloys are relatively unknown. Hence, creep-rupture testing of wrought and cast high-temperature alloys in high-pressure hydrogen is an essential part of the research supporting the development of the Stirling cycle engine. Attention is given to the design, development, and operation of a 20 MPa hydrogen high-temperature multispecimen creep-rupture possessing high sensitivity. This pressure vessel allows for the simultaneous yet independent testing of six specimens. The results from one alloy, XF-818, are presented to illustrate how reported results are derived from the raw test data.

Bhattacharyya, S.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Mechanical property anisotropy in superalloy El-929 directionally solidified by an exothermic technique

Directional solidification (DS) of the nickel-based superalloy El-929 was carried out by employing the exothermic technique for preparing several 150 mm long x 55 mm diameter rods. Specimens machined from blanks cut at 0, 45, 75 and 90 deg to the chill surface were tensile and stress-rupture tested at different temperatures. The air-melted DS alloy, when loaded parallel to the growth direction, shows considerable improvement in stress-rupture life and tensile ductility as compared with the vacuum induction melted, forged and heat-treated alloy. However, these property advantages rapidly degrade with the increasing deviation of the load axis from the growth direction.

Pradhan, D. C.↗