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NASA NTRS2016

Earth Science Data Analytics: Preparing for Extracting Knowledge from Information

Data analytics is the process of examining large amounts of data of a variety of types to uncover hidden patterns, unknown correlations and other useful information. Data analytics is a broad term that includes data analysis, as well as an understanding of the cognitive processes an analyst uses to understand problems and explore data in meaningful ways. Analytics also include data extraction, transformation, and reduction, utilizing specific tools, techniques, and methods. Turning to data science, definitions of data science sound very similar to those of data analytics (which leads to a lot of the confusion between the two). But the skills needed for both, co-analyzing large amounts of heterogeneous data, understanding and utilizing relevant tools and techniques, and subject matter expertise, although similar, serve different purposes. Data Analytics takes on a practitioners approach to applying expertise and skills to solve issues and gain subject knowledge. Data Science, is more theoretical (research in itself) in nature, providing strategic actionable insights and new innovative methodologies. Earth Science Data Analytics (ESDA) is the process of examining, preparing, reducing, and analyzing large amounts of spatial (multi-dimensional), temporal, or spectral data using a variety of data types to uncover patterns, correlations and other information, to better understand our Earth. The large variety of datasets (temporal spatial differences, data types, formats, etc.) invite the need for data analytics skills that understand the science domain, and data preparation, reduction, and analysis techniques, from a practitioners point of view. The application of these skills to ESDA is the focus of this presentation. The Earth Science Information Partners (ESIP) Federation Earth Science Data Analytics (ESDA) Cluster was created in recognition of the practical need to facilitate the co-analysis of large amounts of data and information for Earth science. Thus, from a to advance science point of view: On the continuum of ever evolving data management systems, we need to understand and develop ways that allow for the variety of data relationships to be examined, and information to be manipulated, such that knowledge can be enhanced, to facilitate science. Recognizing the importance and potential impacts of the unlimited ways to co-analyze heterogeneous datasets, now and especially in the future, one of the objectives of the ESDA cluster is to facilitate the preparation of individuals to understand and apply needed skills to Earth science data analytics. Pinpointing and communicating the needed skills and expertise is new, and not easy. Information technology is just beginning to provide the tools for advancing the analysis of heterogeneous datasets in a big way, thus, providing opportunity to discover unobvious scientific relationships, previously invisible to the science eye. And it is not easy It takes individuals, or teams of individuals, with just the right combination of skills to understand the data and develop the methods to glean knowledge out of data and information. In addition, whereas definitions of data science and big data are (more or less) available (summarized in Reference 5), Earth science data analytics is virtually ignored in the literature, (barring a few excellent sources).

data analytics↗
NASA NTRS1975

Geological mapping in northwestern Saudi Arabia using LANDSAT multispectral techniques

Various computer enhancement and data extraction systems using LANDSAT data were assessed and used to complement a continuing geologic mapping program. Interactive digital classification techniques using both the parallel-piped and maximum-likelihood statistical approaches achieve very limited success in areas of highly dissected terrain. Computer enhanced imagery developed by color compositing stretched MSS ratio data was constructed for a test site in northwestern Saudi Arabia. Initial results indicate that several igneous and sedimentary rock types can be discriminated.

Blodget, H. W.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Geological mapping in northwestern Saudi Arabia using LANDSAT multispectral techniques

Various computer enhancement and data extraction systems using LANDSAT data were assessed and used to complement a continuing geologic mapping program. Interactive digital classification techniques using both the maximum-likelihood and thresholding statistical approaches achieve very limited success in areas of highly dissected terrain. Computer enhanced imagery developed by color compositing stretched MSS ratio data was constructed for a test site in northwestern Saudi Arabia. Initial results indicate that several igneous and sedimentary rock-types can be discriminated.

Blodget, H. W.↗
NASA NTRS1977

A 'digital' technique for manual extraction of data from aerial photography

The interpretation procedure described uses a grid cell approach. In addition, a random point is located in each cell. The procedure required that the cell/point grid be established on a base map, and identical grids be made to precisely match the scale of the photographic frames. The grid is then positioned on the photography by visual alignment to obvious features. Several alignments on one frame are sometimes required to make a precise match of all points to be interpreted. This system inherently corrects for distortions in the photography. Interpretation is then done cell by cell. In order to meet the time constraints, first order interpretation should be maintained. The data is put onto coding forms, along with other appropriate data, if desired. This 'digital' manual interpretation technique has proven to be efficient, and time and cost effective, while meeting strict requirements for data format and accuracy.

Istvan, L. B.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Analysis of GEOS-3 altimeter data and extraction of ocean wave height and dominant wavelength

When the amplitude and timing biases are removed from the GEOS-3 Sample and Hold (S&H) gates, the mean return waveforms can be excellently fitted with a theoretical template which represents the convolution of: (1) the radar point target response; (2) the range noise (jitter) in the altimeter tracking loop; (3) the sea surface height distribution; and (4) the antenna pattern as a function of the range to mean sea level. Several techniques of varying complexity to remove the effect of the tracking loop jitter in computing the wave height are considered. They include: (1) realigning the S&H gates to their actual positions with respect to mean sea level before averaging; (2) using the observed standard deviation on the altitude measurement to remove the integrated effect of the tracking loop jitter, and (3) using a look-up table to correct for the expected value of range noise. Analysis of skewness in the GEOS return waveform demonstrates the potential of a satellite radar altimeter to determine the dominant wavelength of ocean waves.

Walsh, E. J.↗
NASA NTRS1986

DIOGENES: Expert system for extraction of data system requirements

AA The initial operations concept expresses information about system objectives, and defines the system users, system interfaces, and operational performance constraints. We have developed a prototype expert system which has established the feasibility of automating a scenario-driven methodology for deriving top-level specifications and preliminary designs for user data systems. This scenario-driven methodology uses an initial design, an initial operations concept, and user scenarios as the starting point for system definition. The top-level initial design is a functional description of the system in the form of an annotated data flow diagram. The initial operations concept expresses informationabout system objectives, and defines the system users, system interfaces, and operational performance constraints. The user scenarios are detailed time-lined descriptions of user activities, developed by prospective end users. These scenarios, along with the initial design and operations concept, are analyzed and iterated by the expert system to form a consistent set. The resulting User Scenario-Operation Set plays a key role in the development of requirements and system tests.

Hobbs, Robert W.↗
NASA NTRS1996

Assessment of thermochemical nonequilibrium and slip effects for Orbital Reentry Experiment (OREX)

Results are provided from a viscous shock layer (VSL) analysis of the reentry flowfield around the forebody of the Japanese Orbital Reentry Experiment (OREX) vehicle. This vehicle is a 50 deg. spherically blunted cone with a nose radius of 1.35 m and a base diameter of 3.4 m. Calculations are done for the OREX trajectory from 105 to 48.4 km altitude range. A 7-species chemical model is found adequate for the flowfield analysis. However, for altitudes greater than 84 km, the low density effects (such as thermal nonequilibrium and slip) are to be implemented for good agreement between the predictions and flight inferred heat-transfer rate data. Further, at altitudes lower than 84 km, a finite surface recombination probability is to be employed in place of a non-catalytic surface for better comparison between the calculations and data. VSL results are also compared with the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) predictions at high altitudes (greater than 80 km) and the electron number density data for three altitudes in the OREX trajectory. Overall, there is a good comparison between the flight data and calculated results. With the ongoing refinements in data extraction procedures, the OREX data should prove valuable for validating theoretical models employed in flowfield codes for calculation of reacting-gas flowfields.

Gupta, Roop N.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Integration Time Required to Extract Accurate Data from Transonic Wind-Tunnel Tests

Because the forces and pressures on wind-tunnel models tested at transonic speeds are not steady, even for static aerodynamic tests, integration time is required to obtain data of acceptable accuracy. The integration time required for both static and dynamic tests is evaluated analytically and confirmed by experimental measurements. It is shown that, for static and dynamic tests, the accuracy obtained is a function of integration time, frequency of the signal, and the ratio of the dynamic amplitude to the full signal of interest. In addition, for the dynamic case, the frequency bandwidth used in analysis is important. Results of this study indicate that, for typical data accuracy desired from models in a large transonic wind tunnel (11- by 11-ft), up to the following integration times are required: static force and moment tests, 0.5 s; static pressure tests, 1 s; flutter tests, 30 to 60 s; and random-dynamic tests, 10 s.

Muhlstein, Lado, Jr.↗
NASA NTRS2001

Chip for CCSDS Compatible Serial Data Streams

A configurable service processor for telemetry ground stations is totally implemented in VLSI/ASIC hardware and finds use in spacecraft systems and other communications systems that operate according to CCSDS and CCSDS-like protocols. The service processor performs the traditional functions of data extraction at very high data and packet rates.

Jason T Dowling↗
NASA NTRS2005

Extracting Quantitative Data from Lunar Soil Spectra

Using the modified Gaussian model (MGM) developed by Sunshine et al. [1] we compared the spectral properties of the Lunar Soil Characterization Consortium (LSCC) suite of lunar soils [2,3] with their petrologic and chemical compositions to obtain quantitative data. Our initial work on Apollo 17 soils [4] suggested that useful compositional data could be elicited from high quality soil spectra. We are now able to expand upon those results with the full suite of LSCC soils that allows us to explore a much wider range of compositions and maturity states. The model is shown to be sensitive to pyroxene abundance and can evaluate the relative portion of high-Ca and low-Ca pyroxenes in the soils. In addition, the dataset has provided unexpected insights into the nature and causes of absorption bands in lunar soils. For example, it was found that two distinct absorption bands are required in the 1.2 m region of the spectrum. Neither of these bands can be attributed to plagioclase or agglutinates, but both appear to be largely due to pyroxene.

Noble, S. K.↗
NASA NTRS2004

APMS 3.0 Flight Analyst Guide: Aviation Performance Measuring System

The Aviation Performance Measuring System (APMS) is a method-embodied in software-that uses mathematical algorithms and related procedures to analyze digital flight data extracted from aircraft flight data recorders. APMS consists of an integrated set of tools used to perform two primary functions: a) Flight Data Importation b) Flight Data Analysis.

Jay, Griff↗
NASA NTRS2004

Real time on-chip sequential adaptive principal component analysis for data feature extraction and image compression

In this paper, we present a new, simple, and optimized hardware architecture sequential learning technique for adaptive Principle Component Analysis (PCA) which will help optimize the hardware implementation in VLSI and to overcome the difficulties of the traditional gradient descent in learning convergence and hardware implementation.

PCA feature extraction image compression real time↗
NASA NTRS2005

Data Format Standardization of Space Weather Model Output at the Community Coordinated Modeling Center

The disparate nature of space weather model output provides many challenges with regards to the portability and reuse of not only the data itself, but also any tools that are developed for analysis and visualization. We are developing and implementing a comprehensive data format standardization methodology that allows heterogeneous model output data to be stored uniformly in any common science data format. We will discuss our approach to identifying core meta-data elements that can be used to supplement raw model output data, thus creating self-descriptive files. The meta-data should also contain information describing the simulation grid. This will ultimately assists in the development of efficient data access tools capable of extracting data at any given point and time. We will also discuss our experiences standardizing the output of two global magnetospheric models, and how we plan to apply similar procedures when standardizing the output of the solar, heliospheric, and ionospheric models that are also currently hosted at the Community Coordinated Modeling Center.

Maddox, M.↗
NASA NTRS1972

A communication link between the GIM data base and a general application program

Utilizing the extract verb of GIM causes the requested information to be extracted from the GIM base and written on to tape. When the GIM extract has completed, a FORTRAN program is then compiled and executed. This program reads the tape generated by GIM, formats and prints the extracted data on the line printer. When an end of file on the extracted tape is encountered the job is terminated.

Argo, W. V.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Two dimensional digital computer

The development of a two dimensional data processing system is reported that extracts data from optical images by performing multiple logical operations simultaneously. A two dimensional logical circuits is described that contains a liquid crystal negation element and an OR-ing element. The negation element performs 20,000 negations simultaneously, and the OR does 20,000 OR operations simultaneously.

Schaefer, D. H.↗
NASA NTRS2010

Development of an In Flight Vision Self-Assessment Questionnaire for Long Duration Space Missions

OVERVIEW A NASA Flight Medicine optometrist teamed with a human factors specialist to develop an electronic questionnaire for crewmembers to record their visual acuity test scores and perceived vision assessment. It will be implemented on the International Space Station (ISS) and administered as part of a suite of tools for early detection of potential vision changes. The goal of this effort was to rapidly develop a set of questions to help in early detection of visual (e.g. blurred vision) and/or non-visual (e.g. headaches) symptoms by allowing the ISS crewmembers to think about their own current vision during their spaceflight missions. PROCESS An iterative process began with a Space Shuttle one-page paper questionnaire generated by the optometrist that was updated by applying human factors design principles. It was used as a baseline to establish an electronic questionnaire for ISS missions. Additional questions needed for the ISS missions were included and the information was organized to take advantage of the computer-based file format available. Human factors heuristics were applied to the prototype and then they were reviewed by the optometrist and procedures specialists with rapid-turn around updates that lead to the final questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS With about only a month lead time, a usable tool to collect crewmember assessments was developed through this cross-discipline collaboration. With only a little expenditure of energy, the potential payoff is great. ISS crewmembers will complete the questionnaire at 30 days into the mission, 100 days into the mission and 30 days prior to return to Earth. The systematic layout may also facilitate physicians later data extraction for quick interpretation of the data. The data collected along with other measures (e.g. retinal and ultrasound imaging) at regular intervals could potentially lead to early detection and treatment of related vision problems than using the other measures alone.

Byrne, Vicky E.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Monitoring the vernal advancement and retrogradation (green wave effect) of natural vegetation

The author has identified the following significant results. Primary emphasis during the period has been given to completing the resource and land use mask overlays for ultimate subsite MSS data extraction and analysis, refining the computer mask program, verifying resultant masks, and evaluating the initial subsite data. Standard deviations for the selected subsites were generally reduced significantly when compared to the values for the overall 7km x 7km test site areas. This indicates that the masking technique has been successful in reducing the variability of the ERTS-1 MSS data for ultimate subsite comparisons with ground data. The techniques used to locate the 7km x 7km test site areas and extract masked subsite data apparently limit the ability to reliably locate identical very small subsite areas for temporal comparisons. Current evidence indicates that areas which include less than about four pixel elements in either dimension are probably unreliable.

Rouse, J. W., Jr.↗