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At least 523 records · Page 29
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Meter-scale plasma waveguides for multi-GeV laser wakefield acceleration

Here, we present results from two new techniques for the generation of meter-scale, low density (~10 17 cm -3 on axis) plasma waveguides, the “two-Bessel” technique, and the “self-waveguiding” technique. Plasma waveguides of this density and length range are needed for demonstration of a ~10 GeV laser wakefield accelerator module, key for future staging for a ~TeV lepton collider. Both techniques require the use of high quality ultrashort pulse Bessel beams to efficiently and uniformly ionize hydrogen gas in meter-scale supersonic gas jets via optical field ionization. We review these two techniques, describe our meter-scale gas jets, and present a new method for correction of optical aberrations in Bessel beams. Finally, we briefly present results from recent experiments employing one of our techniques, demonstrating quasi-monoenergetic acceleration of ~5 GeV electron bunches in 20 cm long, low density plasma waveguides.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

The PDF4LHC21 combination of global PDF fits for the LHC Run III

A precise knowledge of the quark and gluon structure of the proton, encoded by the parton distribution functions (PDFs), is of paramount importance for the interpretation of high-energy processes at present and future lepton–hadron and hadron–hadron colliders. Motivated by recent progress in the PDF determinations carried out by the CT, MSHT, and NNPDF groups, we present an updated combination of global PDF fits: PDF4LHC21. It is based on the Monte Carlo combination of the CT18, MSHT20, and NNPDF3.1 sets followed by either its Hessian reduction or its replica compression. Extensive benchmark studies are carried out in order to disentangle the origin of the differences between the three global PDF sets. In particular, dedicated fits based on almost identical theory settings and input datasets are performed by the three groups, highlighting the role played by the respective fitting methodologies. We compare the new PDF4LHC21 combination with its predecessor, PDF4LHC15, demonstrating their good overall consistency and a modest reduction of PDF uncertainties for key LHC processes such as electroweak gauge boson production and Higgs boson production in gluon fusion. We study the phenomenological implications of PDF4LHC21 for a representative selection of inclusive, fiducial, and differential cross sections at the LHC. The PDF4LHC21 combination is made available via the LHAPDF library and provides a robust, user-friendly, and efficient method to estimate the PDF uncertainties associated to theoretical calculations for the upcoming Run III of the LHC and beyond.

quantum chromodynamics↗
DOE OSTI2023

Design, construction and commissioning of a technological prototype of a highly granular SiPM-on-tile scintillator-steel hadronic calorimeter

The CALICE collaboration is developing highly granular electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters for detectors at future energy frontier electron-positron colliders. After successful tests of a physics prototype, a technological prototype of the Analog Hadron Calorimeter has been built, based on a design and construction techniques scalable to a collider detector. The prototype consists of a steel absorber structure and active layers of small scintillator tiles that are individually read out by directly coupled SiPMs. Each layer has an active area of 72 × 72 cm^2 and a tile size of 3 × 3 cm^2. With 38 active layers, the prototype has nearly 22,000 readout channels, and its total thickness amounts to 4.4 nuclear interaction lengths. The dedicated readout electronics provide time stamping of each hit with an expected resolution of about 1 ns. The prototype was constructed in 2017 and commissioned in beam tests at DESY. It recorded muons, hadron showers and electron showers at different energies in test beams at CERN in 2018. In this paper, the design of the prototype, its construction and commissioning are described. The methods used to calibrate the detector are detailed, and the performance achieved in terms of uniformity and stability is presented.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2023

Field-theoretic analysis of hadronization using soft drop jet mass

One of the greatest challenges in quantum chromodynamics is understanding the hadronization mechanism, which is also crucial for carrying out precision physics with jet substructure. In this paper, we bring together recent advancements in our understanding of nonperturbative structure of the soft drop jet mass based on field theory, with precise perturbative calculations at next-to-next-to-leading logarithmic accuracy of its multidifferential variants. This allows for a model-independent analysis of power corrections associated with hadronization in a systematic manner. We test and calibrate hadronization models and their interplay with parton showers by comparing our universality predictions with various event generators for quark and gluon initiated jets in both lepton-lepton and hadron-hadron collisions. Our findings reveal that hadronization models perform better for quark jets relative to gluon jets. Our results provide a valuable toolbox for precision studies with the soft drop jet mass and pave the way for future analyses using real-world collider data. The stringent constraints derived in our framework are useful for improving the modeling of hadronization and its interplay with parton showers in next-generation event generators.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Summary of Working Group 3: Laser and High-Gradient Structure-Based Acceleration

Accelerating particles at high gradients with high efficiencies is essential for reduction of size and cost of future accelerators for science and industry. This includes a future multi-TeV e+e- collider for particle, free-electron lasers for basic energy sciences and national security, industrial accelerators for energy and environmental applications, and accelerators for other applications. One way to achieve this is to use advanced externally-powered structures, both laser and RF driven. Working Group 3 (WG3) discussed novel accelerating structures with new geometries, new materials, frequencies from microwave to THz and optical spectrum, and operating conditions from room temperature to cryogenic. Presentations included recent advances in understanding RF breakdown and multipactor phenomena at different frequencies and materials, and other physics limitations to the accelerating gradient. Other relevant topics, such as developing high-gradient photoinjectors, high-efficiency RF power sources, and RF structures for a potential muon collider were discussed also. More details on each of the WG3 topics can be found in the articles published in these proceedings.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Extraction of the strong coupling with HERA and EIC inclusive data

Sensitivity to the strong coupling $∝$ s ($M^{2}_{Z}$) is investigated using existing Deep Inelastic Scattering data from HERA in combination with projected future measurements from the Electron Ion Collider (EIC) in a next-to-next-to-leading order QCD analysis. A potentially world-leading level of precision is achievable when combining simulated inclusive neutral current EIC data with inclusive charged and neutral current measurements from HERA, with or without the addition of HERA inclusive jet and dijet data. The result can be obtained with substantially less than one year of projected EIC data at the lower end of the EIC centre-of-mass energy range. Some questions remain over the magnitude of uncertainties due to missing higher orders in the theoretical framework.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Overview of CMOS Sensors for Future Tracking Detectors

Depleted Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) sensors are emerging as one of the main candidate technologies for future tracking detectors in high luminosity colliders. Their capability of integrating the sensing diode into the CMOS wafer hosting the front-end electronics allows for reduced noise and higher signal sensitivity, due to the direct collection of the sensor signal by the readout electronics. They are suitable for high radiation environments due to the possibility of applying high depletion voltage and the availability of relatively high resistivity substrates. The use of a CMOS commercial fabrication process leads to their cost reduction and allows faster construction of large area detectors. In this contribution, a general perspective of the state of the art of CMOS detectors for High Energy Physics experiments is given. The main developments carried out with regard to these devices in the framework of the CERN RD50 collaboration are summarized.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2026

California Bridge to the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) (Final Technical Report)

This report summarizes the activities and outcomes of DOE Grant DE-SC0022358, a traineeship program designed to prepare students for future nuclear physics research at the Electron-Ion Collider. The project leveraged the California EIC Consortium and statewide academic networks to provide immersive research experiences spanning universities and national laboratories. Participants engaged in theoretical, computational, and experimental research related to EIC physics and took part in professional meetings and collaborative research activities. The program supported student preparation for advanced study and research careers in nuclear physics.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Magnets for a Muon Collider—Needs and Plans

We describe the magnet challenges for a Muon Collider, an exciting option considered for the future of particle physics at the energy frontier. Starting from the comprehensive work performed by the US Muon Accelerator Program, we have reviewed the performance specifications dictated by beam physics and the operating conditions to satisfy the accelerator needs. Among the many magnets that make up a muon collider, we have identified four systems that represent well the envelope of challenges: the target and capture solenoid, the final cooling solenoid, the accelerator dipoles and the collider dipoles. These systems provide focus for the development of novel concepts, largely based on HTS for reasons of performance, cost and sustainability. After giving a consolidated overview of the needs for the magnet systems, we describe here the basic technology options considered, and the plan for design and development activities.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2022

The Future of US Particle Physics - The Snowmass 2021 Energy Frontier Report

This report, as part of the 2021 Snowmass Process, summarizes the current status of collider physics at the Energy Frontier, the broad and exciting future prospects identified for the Energy Frontier, the challenges and needs of future experiments, and indicates high priority research areas.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Key directions for research and development of superconducting radio frequency cavities

Radio frequency superconductivity is a cornerstone technology for many future HEP particle accelerators and experiments from colliders to proton drivers for neutrino facilities to searches for dark matter. While the performance of superconducting RF (SRF) cavities has improved significantly over the last decades, and the SRF technology has enabled new applications, the proposed HEP facilities and experiments pose new challenges. To address these challenges, the field continues to generate new ideas and there seems to be a vast room for improvements. In this paper we discuss the key research directions that are aligned with and address the future HEP needs.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Enabling U.S. participation in Future Higgs Factories

Exciting proposals for a new Higgs factory collider, aimed at the search for new physics and precision studies of particles and forces, especially measurement of the Higgs boson couplings at the loop level, will be evaluated as part of the Snowmass process. Potential facilities include (among others) ILC, FCC-ee, C3, CEPC, CLIC, muon collider and advanced accelerator concepts being investigated by Snowmass topical group AF6, potentially located in Asia, Europe, or the United States. The European Strategy has endorsed an electron-positron Higgs factory as its highest priority after HL-LHC. Much of the detector, software, and physics preparative studies needed for these machines is in common, and is currently being implemented by physicists world-wide. In this white paper for the 2021 Snowmass process we look at current global activity on future Higgs factories and give examples of investments that could be made in these common areas over the next five years to establish a leadership role for the U.S. in a future Higgs factory, wherever it is built. The U.S. high energy physics program confronts a number of challenges that a strong role in the study of the Higgs boson can address. These include, in addition to the scientific results, maintaining leading roles in international partnerships, nurturing and advancing world-leading capabilities and expert resources, and maintaining and attracting talent. The international effort would benefit from increased U.S. participation, and the U.S., in turn, would maintain stature through the partnership.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Higgs Boson Spookiness: Probing Quantum Nonlocality with Spacetime-Resolved $H\rightarrowτ^+τ^-$ Decays

We demonstrate that a future precision $ee$ Higgs factory would be able to perform a spacetime-resolved test of quantum nonlocality in Higgs boson decays. In simulated $ee\rightarrow ZH \rightarrow (μμ)(ττ)$ events at $\sqrt{s}=240$ GeV, we reconstruct $τ$ lepton decay vertices and measure spin correlations as a function of the spacetime interval between the two $τ$ decays. Such a measurement would be able to test Bell-inequality-violating correlations for spacelike-separated decays, enabling direct exclusion of superluminal, finite-speed entanglement signaling theories. With 0.75 ab$^{-1}$ of integrated luminosity, entanglement signal propagation speeds below $\approx2c$ can be excluded at 95$\%$ CL. Signals establishing any spin correlation can be excluded for speeds below $\approx9c$. This constitutes the first proposed spacetime-resolved measurement of electroweak quantum entanglement at a particle collider and demonstrates a unique capability of future Higgs factories.

FOS: Physical sciences↗
DOE OSTI2026

Toward a microscopic picture of hadronization and multi-parton processes

This project advanced the understanding of how quarks and gluons produced in high-energy collisions transform into the hadrons observed in particle detectors, a fundamental process known as quantum chromodynamics (QCD) hadronization. By combining theoretical calculations, quantum simulation methods, and modern AI techniques, the research developed new tools to study multi-parton dynamics and nonperturbative effects that are essential for interpreting data from current and future nuclear physics experiments. Key outcomes include new theoretical frameworks for jet and hadron measurements, pioneering quantum simulation algorithms for real-time dynamics in field theories, and the development of advanced machine-learning models, such as diffusion models and explainable classifiers, to simulate and analyze collider events. These results are directly relevant to experiments at Jefferson Lab, Brookhaven National Laboratory, and the future Electron-Ion Collider, and they also have a broader impact in areas such as quantum information science and data-driven modeling of complex systems. The project supported the training of graduate students and postdoctoral fellows and contributed to the broader scientific community through publications, workshops, and collaborative activities. Overall, this work provides new insights into the microscopic mechanisms of hadron formation and establishes a foundation for future studies at the intersection of nuclear physics, artificial intelligence, and quantum computing.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Lepton flavor violation: From muon decays to muon colliders

We investigate the unique potential of a high-energy muon collider to probe lepton-flavor-violating signals arising from physics beyond the Standard Model (SM). Low-energy, precision searches for charged lepton flavor violation (LFV) are projected to dramatically improve their sensitivity in the coming years and could provide the first evidence of new physics. We interpret the sensitivity of these searches in terms of a set of LFV operators in the SM effective field theory. The same operators are then probed at the TeV scale via new, high-energy processes only available at a high-energy muon collider, such as 𝜇⁢𝜇 → 𝜇⁢𝜏 or the scattering of a muon of an electroweak gauge boson into LFV final states. We find that, for most operators, a muon collider could confirm signals if they are seen at future low-energy experiments, whereas for certain flavor combinations it extends the reach to scales well beyond those accessible at lower energies. We also project the sensitivity of a muon collider to lepton-flavor-violating decays of the SM Higgs boson and demonstrate improved sensitivity to ℎ → 𝑒⁢𝜏 and ℎ → 𝜇⁢𝜏 by an order of magnitude compared to the High-Luminosity LHC. The importance of having multiple, complementary probes is illustrated by considering both various combinations of operators and relative sizes of flavor-violating transitions between generations under various assumptions for the flavor structure of new physics.

Asadi, Pouya [University of California, Santa Cruz↗
DOE OSTI2024

Precision three-dimensional imaging of nuclei using recoil-free jets

In this study, we explore the azimuthal angle decorrelation of lepton-jet pairs in e-p and e-A collisions as a means for precision measurements of the three-dimensional structure of bound and free nucleons. Utilizing soft-collinear effective theory, we perform the first-ever resummation of this process in e-p collisions at NNLL accuracy using a recoil-free jet axis. Our results are validated against Pythia simulations. In e-A collisions, we address the complex interplay between three characteristic length scales: the medium length L, the mean free path of the energetic parton in the medium λ, and the hadronization length L h . We demonstrate that in the thin-dilute limit, where L $\ll$ L h and L ~ λ, this process can serve as a robust probe of the three-dimensional structure for bound nucleons. We conclude by offering predictions for future experiments at the Electron-Ion Collider within this limit.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Nuclear cold QCD: Review and future strategy

This review examines data from hadron-nucleus collisions, primarily focusing on hard processes like Drell-Yan, heavy flavor, and quarkonium production. It highlights observed modifications of particle yields as functions of momentum and rapidity, aiming to clarify the underlying QCD effects on cold nuclear matter. It outlines strategies for future experiments, including the Electron-Ion Collider, to distinguish between these effects. Key questions address the universality of suppression mechanisms and the role of nonperturbative physics, providing a road map for upcoming measurements of hadrons on nuclei.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Issues with the search for critical point in QCD with relativistic heavy ion collisions

A systematic search for a critical point in the phase diagram of QCD matter is under way at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and is planned at several future facilities. Its existence, if confirmed, and its location will greatly enhance our understanding of QCD. In this article, we emphasize several important issues that are often not fully recognized in theoretical interpretations of experimental results relevant to the critical point search. Further, we discuss ways in which our understanding on these issues can be improved.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗