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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

An Analysis of PNM's Renewable Reserve Requirements to Meet New Mexico's Decarbonization Goals

Over the next three years, the Public Service Company of New Mexico (PNM) plans to increase utility-scale solar photovoltaic (PV) capacity from today’s roughly 330MW to about 1600MW. This massive increase in variable generation—from about 15% to 75% of peak load—will require changes in how PNM operates their system. We characterize the 5 and 30-minute solar and wind forecast errors that the system is likely to experience in order to determine the level of reserves needed to counteract such events. Our focus in this study is on negative forecast error (in other words, shortfalls relative to forecast) – whereas excess variable generation can be curtailed if needed, a shortfall must be compensated for to avoid loss of load. Calculating forecast error requires the use of the same forecasting methods that PNM uses or a reasonable approximation thereof. For wind, we use a persistence forecast on actual 5-minute 2019 wind output data (scaled up to reflect the amount of wind capacity planned for 2025). For solar, we use a formula incorporating the clear sky index (CSI) for the forecast. As the solar on the grid now is a small fraction of what is planned for 2025, we generated 5-minute solar data using 2019 weather inputs. We find that to handle 99.9% of the 5-minute negative forecast errors, a maximum of 275MW of variable generation reserve during daylight hours, and a maximum of 75MW during non-daylight hours, should be sufficient. Note that this variable generation reserve is an additional reserve category that specifies reserves over and above what are currently carried for contingency reserve. This would require a significant increase in reserve relative to what PNM currently carries or can call upon from other utilities per reserve sharing agreements. This variable generation reserve specification may overestimate the actual level needed to deal with PNM’s planned variable generation in 2025. The forecasting methodologies used in this study likely underperform PNM’s forecasting – and better forecasting allows for less reserve. To obtain more precise estimates, it is necessary to consider load and use the same forecasting inputs and methods used by PNM.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2018

Beam Dump Experiments with Photon and Electron Beams

Programs are underway to search for light dark matter (DM) with masses between 1 and 1000~MeV produced by photon and electron interactions in a beam dump. We summarize various strategies being pursued. Details are given on the Beam-Dump eXperiment (BDX) at Jefferson Lab, which will use a $\sim$1 m$^3$ segmented CsI(Tl) scintillator detector placed downstream of Hall A and accumulate 10$^{22}$ electrons-on-target (EOT) in 285 days. The dark matter signal is an electromagnetic shower of few hundreds of MeV, together with a reduced activity in the surrounding active veto counters. This experiment would be sensitive to elastic DM-electron and to inelastic DM scattering at the level of 10 counts per year, reaching the limit of the neutrino irreducible background.The proposed experiment will be sensitive to large regions of DM parameter space, exceeding the discovery potential of existing and planned experiments in the MeV-GeV DM mass range by up to two orders of magnitude.

Smith, Elton↗
DOE OSTI2023

Design of a Nanophotonic Hybrid Coupler

This project aims to design and simulate a nanophotonic hybrid coupler for detecting vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light with higher efficiency. VUV light is of significant interest because of its applications ranging from high energy physics to space science and electronic industry. However, current VUV photodetectors have very low efficiencies because most materials absorb in the VUV region (100-200 nm). To address this challenge, I have designed a plasmonic-dielectric coupler with wavelength shifting properties, enabling high Purcell enhancement and far-field confinement. The coupler consists of a cylindrical cSi resonator on top of a thin ZnO layer, and Ag and SiO2 are used as substrates. Simulations are done using the finite-difference time domain method to solve Maxwell’s equations, and specifically with Meep and Lumerical. The effectiveness of the coupler is characterized by the Purcell factor and far-field radiation. The Purcell factor reaches a maximum near 390 nm and is in the o rder of 10^4. Furthermore, the coupler also allows partial control of the directionality of the far-field radiation. With the presence of the resonator, the radiation is directed towards the coupled metalens. Overall, our design combines the advantages of plasmonic and dielectric couplers, along with the intrinsic wavelength shifting properties of materials to enhance VUV detection significantly, and such a device can be used in, for example, the DUNE project.

Zhou, Jiayang↗
DOE OSTI2023

Future of End-User Support

IT Service Management (ITSM) is an inimitable, ever-changing practice that is critical to all far-reaching organizations, including Sandia National Laboratories. With recent developments in technology and society – spurred by major events like the advent of ChatGPT and the pandemic – it is as important as ever to consider the implications and opportunities for ITSM. This report strategically synthesizes existing information about ITSM structures and examines the current state of Sandia’s service management entity: CCHD. Then, it looks at the emerging state of the world, culminating in CCHD-tailored recommendations for continual service improvement (CSI). Ultimately, the biggest matters to address are staff tenure, ticket documentation, and self-service facilitation. The next step might be to introduce AI to service channels in a non-system-invasive manner, namely a chatbot on the main CCHD page. All would serve to enhance end-user experiences, and by proxy Sandia’s output.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2024

Design and assembling status of the Mu2e electromagnetic calorimeter mechanical structures

The muon-to-electron conversion (Mu2e) experiment at Fermilab will search for the Charged Lepton Flavour Violating neutrino-less coherent conversion of a muon into an electron in the field of an aluminum nucleus. The observation of this process would be the unambiguous evidence of physics beyond the Standard Model. The detector has been designed as a state-of-the-art crystal calorimeter and employs 1348 pure Cesium Iodide (CsI) crystals readout by UV-extended silicon photosensors and fast front-end and digitization electronics. A design consisting of two identical annular matrices (named disks ) positioned at the relative distance of 70 cm, downstream the aluminum target along the muon beamline, satisfies the Mu2e physics requirements. The hostile Mu2e operational conditions, in terms of radiation levels (total ionizing dose of 12 krad and a neutron fluence of 5 10^{10} n/cm2 @ 1 MeVeq (Si)/y), magnetic field intensity (1 T) and vacuum level (10−4 Torr) have posed tight constraints on the design of the detector mechanical structures and materials choice. The support structure of the two 674 crystal matrices employs two aluminum hollow rings and parts made of open- cell vacuum-compatible carbon fiber. The photosensors and service front-end electronics for each crystal are assembled in a unique mechanical unit inserted in a machined copper holder. The 674 units are supported by a machined plate made of vacuum-compatible plastic material. The plate also integrates the cooling system made of a network of copper lines flowing a low temperature radiation-hard fluid and placed in thermal con- tact with the copper holders. The data acquisition electronics is hosted in aluminum custom crates positioned on the external lateral surface of the two disks. The crates also integrate the electronics cooling system. In this poster we will review the constraints on the calorimeter mechanical structures, the technological choices, and the status of assembling at Fermilab.

Pasciuto, D.↗
DOE OSTI2026

Aerosol Can Fireball Tests: Commodity Hazards in the Transportation Environment Phase 1 Report

This report describes a series of tests performed at Sandia’s burn site to better understand the behavior of aerosol commodities and their hazards in the transportation environment. This comes on the tail of a prior study on the use cases and historical hazards associated with aerosol commodities in the shipping environment (Cambridge Systematics Incorporated, CSI, 2020). It is also mindful of the National Fire Protection Agency NFPA30B standard for safe warehousing of aerosol commodities. Warehousing is different from transit because warehousing typically involves active suppression and mitigation measures not practical or relevant to the shipping environment. Transit also typically involves tighter packing and smaller enclosure spaces. The transportation hazard space has not been heavily studied in prior testing specifically aimed towards the ground, rail, and nautical shipping environments.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

Calorimeter calibration and performance for the Mu2e experiment

The Mu2e experiment at Fermilab will search for the charged lepton flavour-violating conversion of a muon into an electron, aiming to reach a sensitivity of $R_{\mu e} \sim 10^{-17}$, an improvement of four orders of magnitude over previous limits. To reach this goal, Mu2e will use an intense pulsed muon beam and a detector system composed of a high-precision straw tube tracker and a pure CsI crystal calorimeter. The calorimeter plays a crucial role in the experiment, as it provides particle identification capabilities that are necessary for background suppression. To perform its tasks, the detector must achieve an energy resolution better than 10% and a timing resolution below 500 ps for 100 MeV electrons. Cosmic-ray data and laser pulses are used to equalize the response of each channel, to calibrate the energy scale and to monitor the system's stability over time. This poster reports on the calibration and analysis techniques developed to ensure that the calorimeter requirements for precise energy and time measurements are met. Results for the calorimeter performance obtained during the commissioning phase will be discussed, and an overview of the current status in the Mu2e experimental hall will be presented.

Salamino, Sabrina [Frascati]↗
DOE OSTI2018

The Mu2e crystal calorimeter

The Mu2e Experiment at Fermilab will search for coherent, neutrino-less conversion of negative muons into electrons in the field of an Aluminum nucleus, $\mu^- + Al \to e^- +Al$. Data collection start is planned for the end of 2021. The dynamics of such charged lepton flavour violating (CLFV) process is well modelled by a two-body decay, resulting in a mono-energetic electron with an energy slightly below the muon rest mass. If no events are observed in three years of running, Mu2e will set an upper limit on the ratio between the conversion and the capture rates %\convrate of $\leq 6\ \times\ 10^{-17}$ (@ 90$\%$ C.L.). R$_{\mu e} = \frac{\mu^- + A(Z,N) \to e^- +A(Z,N)}{\mu^- + A(Z,N) \to \nu_{\mu} ^- +A(Z-1,N)} $ of $\leq 6\ \times\ 10^{-17}$ (@ 90$\%$ C.L.). This will improve the current limit of four order of magnitudes with respect to the previous best experiment. Mu2e complements and extends the current search for $\mu \to e \gamma$ decay at MEG as well as the direct searches for new physics at the LHC. The observation of such CLFV process could be clear evidence for New Physics beyond the Standard Model. Given its sensitivity, Mu2e will be able to probe New Physics at a scale inaccessible to direct searches at either present or planned high energy colliders. To search for the muon conversion process, a very intense pulsed beam of negative muons ($\sim 10^{10} \mu/$ sec) is stopped on an Aluminum target inside a very long solenoid where the detector is also located. The Mu2e detector is composed of a straw tube tracker and a CsI crystals electromagnetic calorimeter. An overview of the physics motivations for Mu2e, the current status of the experiment and the required performances and design details of the calorimeter are presented.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2022

Development, construction and qualification tests of the mechanical structures of the electromagnetic calorimeter of the Mu2e experiment at Fermilab

The “muon-to-electron conversion” (Mu2e) experiment at Fermilab will search for the Charged Lepton Flavour Violating neutrino-less coherent conversion of a muon into an electron in the field of an aluminum nucleus. The observation of this process would be the unambiguous evidence of physics beyond the Standard Model. Mu2e detectors comprise a straw-tracker, an electromagnetic calorimeter and an external veto for cosmic rays. The calorimeter provides excellent electron identification, complementary information to aid pattern recognition and track reconstruction, and a fast calorimetric online trigger. The detector has been designed as a state-of-the-art crystal calorimeter and employs 1340 pure Cesium Iodide (CsI) crystals readout by UV-extended silicon photosensors and fast front-end and digitization electronics. A design consisting of two identical annular matrices (named “disks”) positioned at the relative distance of 70 cm downstream the aluminum target along the muon beamline satisfies the Mu2e physics requirements.The hostile Mu2e operational conditions, in terms of radiation levels (total ionizing dose of 12 krad and a neutron fluence of 5x1010 n/cm2 @ 1 MeVeq (Si)/y), magnetic field intensity (1 T) and vacuum level (10$^{-4}$ Torr) have posed tight constraints on the design of the detector mechanical structures and materials choice. The support structure of the two 670 crystal matrices employs two aluminum hollow rings and parts made of open-cell vacuum-compatible carbon fiber. The photosensors and service front-end electronics for each crystal are assembled in a unique mechanical unit inserted in a machined copper holder. The 670 units are supported by a machined plate made of vacuum-compatible plastic material. The plate also integrates the cooling system made of a network of copper lines flowing a low temperature radiation-hard fluid and placed in thermal contact with the copper holders to constitute a low resistance thermal bridge. The data acquisition electronics is hosted in aluminum custom crates positioned on the external lateral surface of the two disks. The crates also integrate the electronics cooling system as lines running in parallel to the front-end system.The constraints on the calorimeter mechanical structures design, the development from the conceptual design to the specifications of all the structural components, the status of components production and the components quality assurance tests are presented.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2022

The Readout Electronics of the Mu2e Electromagnetic Calorimeter

The Mu2e electromagnetic calorimeter has been designed to measure ~100 MeV electrons with energy resolution σE/E <10%, time resolution σt < 500ps and position resolution σx < 1cm. The detector is composed of 1348 un-doped CsI crystals coupled to two large area Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs). Each SiPM is connected to a Front End Electronics (FEE) chip which hosts the shaping amplifier and the high voltage linear regulator. A group of 20 FEE is controlled by one Mezzanine Board (MB) which transmits the amplified signals to one Digitizer ReAdout Controller board (DiRAC). The DiRAC samples the waveforms at 200 MHz with 12-bit ADCs, packs the data according to the Mu2e custom format and transmits them to the event builder through an optical transceiver. To limit the number of pass-through connectors and the length of the cables, the readout and digitization electronics is located inside the detector cryostat and close to the interaction target. The boards will have to sustain a neutron fluence of about 5x10 10 n/cm 2 @ 1 MeVeq (Si)/y and a Total Ionizing Dose of about 12 krad, while working into a 1T magnetic field and a vacuum of 10 (-4) Torr. This harsh operational environment has made the electronics design challenging and required an extended campaign of tests to select and qualify the employed electronic components. In this paper we report on the board architecture and design, on the qualification of the prototypes, as well as on the results of the first vertical slice test of the Mu2e calorimeter.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2024

The Mu2e crystal calorimeter

The Mu2e experiment at Fermilab will search for the charged-lepton flavour violating conversion of negative muons into electrons in the coulomb field of an Al nucleus, planning to reach a single event sensitivity of about $3\cdot10^{−17}$, four orders of magnitude beyond the current best limit.The conversion electron has a clear monoenergetic signature at 104.967 MeV, slightly below the muon rest mass, and will be identified by a complementary measurement carried out by a high-resolution tracker and an electromagnetic calorimeter (EMC). The calorimeter is composed of 1348 pure CsI crystals, each read by two custom UV-extended SiPMs, that are arranged in two annular disks. The EMC should achieve better than 10% energy resolution and 500 ps timing resolution for 100 MeV electrons and maintain extremely high levels of reliability and stability and in a harsh operating environment with high vacuum, 1 T B-field and radiation exposures up to 100 krad and $10^{12} \rm{n}_\rm{1MeVeq}/\rm{cm}^{2}$.The calorimeter technological choice, along with the design of the custom front-end electronics, cooling and mechanical systems were validated through an electron beam test on a large-scale 51-crystals prototype (Module-0) and extensive test campaigns that characterised and verified the performance of crystals, photodetectors, analogue and digital electronics. This included hardware stress tests and irradiation campaigns with neutrons, protons, and photons.The production and QC phases of all calorimeter components is completed apart for the digital electronics that has been revised for improving its resilience to SEU and SEL. A series of vertical slice tests with the final electronics is being carried out on the Module-0 at LNF along with the implementation and validation of the calibration procedures. The first disk has been assembled in 2022 while the second disk is under assembly at the moment of writing. Status of construction will be summarised, along with plans for commissioning and first calibration of the fully assembled disks.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2025

The Mu2e Calorimeter

The EM CsI crystals and SiPM readout calorimeter of the Mu2e experiment is fully assembled, with all components completed and tested; the mechanical structure is fully built, with a complete integration and test of all the analog sensors and electronics. The digital electronics is being produced and installed. We summarise the Calorimeter characteristics and the assembly status, as well as the move, installation and commissioning plans of the final disks in the Mu2e hall.

Borrel, L. [Caltech]↗
DOE OSTI2025

Crystal Calorimetry for Charged Lepton Flavor Violation Searches

The Mu2e experiment at Fermilab aims to search for Charged Lepton Flavor Violation (CLFV) through the coherent conversion of a muon into an electron in the field of an aluminum nucleus. This process, highly suppressed in the Standard Model, would clearly indicate new physics if observed. A crucial component of Mu2e is its electromagnetic calorimeter, which enhances the identification and measurement of conversion electrons. The calorimeter consists of two disks of undoped CsI crystals read out by custom-designed SiPMs and fast front-end electronics. This paper presents an overview of the calorimeter’s design, its custom SiPM technology, the readout and data acquisition system, and the results from commissioning tests.Building on the experience from Mu2e, the proposed Mu2e-II upgrade aims to enhance further the experiment’s sensitivity by an order of magnitude. This requires significant advancements in calorimeter technology, particularly in crystal materials and photodetector performance. Studies on BaF$_2$ and LYSO crystals, as well as the development of radiation-hard Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs), are currently underway. Test beam results demonstrate promising improvements in energy resolution and timing capabilities, ensuring the feasibility of next-generation calorimetry solutions for Mu2e-II.

Atanov, N. [Dubna, JINR]↗
DOE OSTI2022

Radio frequency sensing and its innovative applications in diverse sectors: A comprehensive study

Recent advancements in radio frequency (RF) sensing technology can be attributed to the development of the Internet of Things (IoT), healthcare, RF-identification, and communication applications. RF sensing is a multidisciplinary research field that requires expertise in computing, electronics, and electromagnetics to cover all system features, including protocol development, antenna design, sensor integration, algorithm formulation, interconnection, data, and analytics. The overarching aim of this work is to present detailed information about RF technologies and their innovations and application diversity from the novel work carried out at CSI Lab1, together in one platform with an extensive survey. This study presents state-of-the art applications and RF sensing that include W-Fi, radar, and SDR and RFID-based sensing. A comprehensive survey and study of the advantages and limitations of each non-contact technology is discussed. Additionally, open research gaps have been identified as well. Decades of knowledge and experience have been put to use to meet new challenges and demands. The development and study of RF systems, IoT, RFID sensing, and research and deployment activities, are briefly discussed. The emerging research projects with industry, institutional research centers, and academic studies are also addressed. Finally, an outline of identified potential future research areas is provided, emphasizing opportunities and challenges.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2022

Short-Term Rainfall Prediction Based on Radar Echo Using an Improved Self-Attention PredRNN Deep Learning Model

Accurate short-term precipitation forecast is extremely important for urban flood warning and natural disaster prevention. In this paper, we present an innovative deep learning model named ISA-PredRNN (improved self-attention PredRNN) for precipitation nowcasting based on radar echoes on the basis of the advanced PredRNN-V2. We introduce the self-attention mechanism and the long-term memory state into the model and design a new set of gating mechanisms. To better capture different intensities of precipitation, the loss function with weights was designed. We further train the model using a combination of reverse scheduled sampling and scheduled sampling to learn the long-term dynamics from the radar echo sequences. Experimental results show that the new model (ISA-PredRNN) can effectively extract the spatiotemporal features of radar echo maps and obtain radar echo prediction results with a small gap from the ground truths. From the comparison with the other six models, the new ISA-PredRNN model has the most accurate prediction results with a critical success index (CSI) of 0.7001, 0.5812 and 0.3052 under the radar echo thresholds of 10 dBZ, 20 dBZ and 30 dBZ, respectively.

Wu, Dali (ORCID:0000000231177074)↗
DOE OSTI2019

Conditional Generative Adversarial Networks (cGANs) for Near Real-Time Precipitation Estimation from Multispectral GOES-16 Satellite Imageries—PERSIANN-cGAN

In this paper, we present a state-of-the-art precipitation estimation framework which leverages advances in satellite remote sensing as well as Deep Learning (DL). The framework takes advantage of the improvements in spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions of the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) onboard the GOES-16 platform along with elevation information to improve the precipitation estimates. The procedure begins by first deriving a Rain/No Rain (R/NR) binary mask through classification of the pixels and then applying regression to estimate the amount of rainfall for rainy pixels. A Fully Convolutional Network is used as a regressor to predict precipitation estimates. The network is trained using the non-saturating conditional Generative Adversarial Network (cGAN) and Mean Squared Error (MSE) loss terms to generate results that better learn the complex distribution of precipitation in the observed data. Common verification metrics such as Probability Of Detection (POD), False Alarm Ratio (FAR), Critical Success Index (CSI), Bias, Correlation and MSE are used to evaluate the accuracy of both R/NR classification and real-valued precipitation estimates. Statistics and visualizations of the evaluation measures show improvements in the precipitation retrieval accuracy in the proposed framework compared to the baseline models trained using conventional MSE loss terms. This framework is proposed as an augmentation for PERSIANN-CCS (Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Network- Cloud Classification System) algorithm for estimating global precipitation.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2016

SEEING THROUGH THE RING: NEAR-INFRARED PHOTOMETRY OF V582 MON (KH 15D)

We examine the light and color evolution of the T Tauri binary KH 15D through photometry obtained at wavelengths between 0.55 and 8.0 μm. The data were collected with A Novel Dual Imaging CAMera (ANDICAM) on the 1.3 m SMARTS telescope at Cerro-Tololo Inter-American Observatory and with InfraRed Array Camera on the Spitzer Space Telescope. We show that the system’s circumbinary ring, which acts as a screen that covers and uncovers different portions of the binary orbit as the ring precesses, has reached an orientation where the brighter component (star B) fully or nearly fully emerges during each orbital cycle. The fainter component (star A) remains fully occulted by the screen at all phases. The leading and trailing edges of the screen move across the sky at the same rate of ∼15 m s{sup −1}, consistent with expectation for a ring with a radius and width of ∼4 au and a precession period of ∼6500 years. Light and color variations continue to indicate that the screen is sharp edged and opaque at VRIJH wavelengths. However, we find an increasing transparency of the ring edge at 2.2, 3.6, and 4.5 μm. Reddening seen at the beginning of the eclipse that occurred during the CSI 2264 campaign particularly suggests selective extinction by a population of large dust grains. Meanwhile, the gradual bluing observed while star B is setting is indicative of forward scattering effects at the edge of the ring. The spectral energy distribution of the system at its bright phase shows no evidence of infrared excess emission that can be attributed to radiation from the ring or other dust component out to 8 μm.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗