Density of matter assembled from randomly incident particles.
Lunar photometric properties reproducible from surfaces composed of dark randomly-fallen grains, noting density as function of grain geometry and incident angle
ASTRONOMICAL PHOTOMETRY↗
SEARCH · Engineering Papers
Results for “PARTICLE PROPERTY”
Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Evolution and Transport of Water in the Upper Regolith of Mars
Long standing theoretical predictions [1-3], as well as recent spacecraft observations [4] indicate that large quantities of ice is present in the high latitudes upper decimeters to meters of the Martian regolith. At shallower depths and warmer locations small amounts of H2O, either adsorbed or free, may be present transiently. An understanding of the evolution of water based on theoretical and experimental considerations of the processes operating at the Martian environment is required. In particular, the porosity, diffusivity, and permeability of soils and their effect on water vapor transport under Mars-like conditions have been estimated, but experimental validation of such models is lacking. Goal: Three related mechanisms may affect water transport in the upper Martian regolith. 1) diffusion along a concentration gradient under isobaric conditions, 2) diffusion along a thermal gradient, which may give rise to a concentration gradient as ice sublimes or molecules desorb from the regolith, and 3) hydraulic flow, or mass motion in response to a pressure gradient. Our combined theoretical and experimental investigation seeks to disentangle these mechanisms and determine which process(es) are dominant in the upper regolith over various timescales. A detailed one-dimensional model of the upper regolith is being created which incorporates water adsorption/ desorption, condensation, porosity, diffusivity, and permeability effects. Certain factors such as diffusivity are difficult to determine theoretically due to the wide range of intrinsic grain properties such as particle sizes, shapes, packing densities, and emergent properties such as tortuosity. An experiment is being designed which will allow us to more accurately determine diffusivity, permeability, and water desorption isotherms for regolith simulants.
Hudson, T. L.↗
Dynamic Theory of Relativistic Electrons Stochastic Heating by Whistler Mode Waves with Application to the Earth Magnetosphere
In the Hamiltonian approach an electron motion in a coherent packet of the whistler mode waves propagating along the direction of an ambient magnetic field is studied. The physical processes by which these particles are accelerated to high energy are established. Equations governing a particle motion by group symmetries of the problem were transformed in to a closed pair of nonlinear difference equations. The solutions of these equations have shown there exists the energetic threshold below that the electron motion is regular, and when the initial energy is above the threshold an electron moves stochastically. It is proved that the upper boundary of particle stochastic heating is conditioned by intrinsic property of the particle chaotic motion. Particle energy spectra and pitch angle electron scattering are described by the Fokker-Planck-Kolmogorov equations. It is shown that significant pitch angle diffusion occurs for the Earth radiation belt electrons with energies from a few keV up to a few MeV.
Khazanov, G. V.↗
Photometric properties of powdered sulfur
Particle size, temperature, thermal history, and scattering geometry are shown by the present laboratory investigation of the spectrophotometric properties of three particle-size fractions of sulfur to influence the spectral reflectance of both normal and quenched molten samples of sulfur. A scattering law that consists of a linear combination of lunar-like and Lambertian terms adequately describes the data for all particle sizes. Near opposition, sulfur particles closely follow a Minnaert limb darkening law except where the reflectance is low, as in the strong UV absorption band of the larger particle size fractions. The present data indicate that quantitative comparisons between disk-integrated observations of Io and laboratory measurements of flat sulfur samples are inadequate unless temperature effects and scattering geometry changes are included.
Gradie, J.↗
Experiments to investigate particulate materials in reduced gravity fields
Study investigates agglomeration and macroscopic behavior in reduced gravity fields of particles of known properties by measuring and correlating thermal and acoustical properties of particulate materials. Experiment evaluations provide a basis for a particle behavior theory and measure bulk properties of particulate materials in reduced gravity.
Bowden, M.↗
Impact of dry intrusion events on the composition and mixing state of particles during the winter Aerosol and Cloud Experiment in the Eastern North Atlantic (ACE-ENA)
Abstract. Long-range transport of continental emissions has a far-reaching influence over remote regions, resulting in substantial change in the size, morphology, and composition of the local aerosol population and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) budget. Here, we investigate the physicochemical properties of atmospheric particles collected on board a research aircraft flown over the Azores during the winter 2018 Aerosol and Cloud Experiment in the Eastern North Atlantic (ACE-ENA) campaign. Particles were collected within the marine boundary layer (MBL) and free troposphere (FT) after long-range atmospheric transport episodes facilitated by dry intrusion (DI) events. Chemical and physical properties of individual particles were investigated using complementary capabilities of computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy and X-ray spectromicroscopy to probe particle external and internal mixing state characteristics. Furthermore, real-time measurements of aerosol size distribution, cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentration, and back-trajectory calculations were utilized to help bring into context the findings from offline spectromicroscopy analysis. While carbonaceous particles were found to be the dominant particle type in the region, changes in the percent contribution of organics across the particle population (i.e., external mixing) shifted from 68 % to 43 % in the MBL and from 92 % to 46 % in FT samples during DI events. This change in carbonaceous contribution is counterbalanced by the increase in inorganics from 32 % to 57 % in the MBL and 8 % to 55 % in FT. The quantification of the organic volume fraction (OVF) of individual particles derived from X-ray spectromicroscopy, which relates to the multi-component internal composition of individual particles, showed a factor of 2.06 ± 0.16 and 1.11 ± 0.04 increase in the MBL and FT, respectively, among DI samples. We show that supplying particle OVF into the κ-Köhler equation can be used as a good approximation of field-measured in situ CCN concentrations. We also report changes in the κ values in the MBL from κMBL, non-DI=0.48 to κMBL, DI=0.41, while changes in the FT result in κFT, non-DI=0.36 to κFT, DI=0.33, which is consistent with enhancements in OVF followed by the DI episodes. Our observations suggest that entrainment of particles from long-range continental sources alters the mixing state population and CCN properties of aerosol in the region. The work presented here provides field observation data that can inform atmospheric models that simulate sources and particle composition in the eastern North Atlantic.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Fission gas retention of densely packed uranium carbonitride tristructural-isotropic fuel particles in a 3D printed SiC matrix
The Transformational Challenge Reactor (TCR) fuel form was designed to contain large, densely packed uranium carbonitride (UCN) tristructural-isotropic (TRISO) fuel particles within a 3D printed SiC matrix, increasing the uranium density compared to conventional TRISO fuel forms and offering full geometric freedom for core design. Here, this work summarizes initial low-burnup, high-power irradiation testing of TCR fuel materials, including loose UCN TRISO particles and integral fuel compacts with ~55% TRISO particles by volume, to evaluate fission gas retention. Fission gasses were fully retained in all loose particle tests and in integral compacts irradiated at low (<250 °C) surface temperatures. Initial testing at higher (~700–750 °C) fuel surface temperatures showed fission gas release (FGR) and complete fracture of three compacts, but no FGR was observed in later high temperature tests (~300–750 °C) of both fueled compacts and loose TRISO particles. Calculated thermal stresses in the failed compacts were far less than the measured strength of the SiC matrix and the stresses in some failed compacts were less than those in compacts that did not show FGR. Thermal stress-induced matrix cracks also would not cause complete fracture because the tensile stresses transition to compression in the higher temperature regions. Therefore, fuel failure was likely not caused by thermal stresses and may have been related to leakage currents from the electrical heaters and erratic fuel surface temperatures that were only observed in the test for which failure was observed. In any case, the matrix cracks propagated through the coatings of TRISO particles located in the high-density matrix regions on the peripheries of the compacts, resulting in measurable fission gas release. The discussion focuses on the importance of understanding matrix density distributions and the particle-matrix interface properties to prevent matrix cracks from causing TRISO particle failures.
11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
Coulomb phase corrections to the transverse analyzing power A N ( t ) in high-energy forward proton-proton scattering
Not Available
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
The clouds of Venus - A synthesis report
The results presented represent a synthesis of data from those Pioneer Venus experiments directed toward studying cloud problems. These orbiter and multiprobe experiments show the cloud system to consist of three altitude regions populated by cloud particles and smaller haze particles which extend above and below as well as coexist with the cloud particles. The optical properties derived are only consistent with the largest particles, having platelike morphology. The smallest particles are shown to require changes in chemical composition to explain observed behavior. The medium-sized H2SO4 droplets of 2 micrometers diameter appear to be the least volatile and are the best understood. The role of the cloud particles in precipitation dynamical processes, lightning, and radiation are all discussed.
Knollenberg, R.↗
Particle Cloud Flames in Acoustic Fields
Results are presented on a study of flames supported by clouds of particles suspended in air, at pressures about 100 times lower than normal. In the experiment, an acoustic driver (4-in speaker) placed at one end of a closed tube, 0.75-m long and 0.05 m in diameter, disperses a cloud of lycopodium particles during a 0.5-sec powerful acoustic burst. Properties of the particle cloud and the flame were recorded by high-speed motion pictures and optical transmission detectors. Novel flame structures were observed, which owe their features to partial confinement, which encourages flame-acoustic interactions, segregation of particle clouds into laminae, and penetration of the flame's radiative flux density into the unburned particle-cloud regimes. Results of these experiments imply that, for particles in confined spaces, uncontrolled fire and explosion may be a threat even if the Phi(0) values are below some apparent lean limit.
Berlad, A. L.↗
Comparison of graphite, aluminum, and TransHab shielding material characteristics in a high-energy neutron field
Space radiation transport models clearly show that low atomic weight materials provide a better shielding protection for interplanetary human missions than high atomic weight materials. These model studies have concentrated on shielding properties against charged particles. A light-weight, inflatable habitat module called TransHab was built and shown to provide adequate protection against micrometeoroid impacts and good shielding properties against charged particle radiation in the International Space Station orbits. An experiment using a tissue equivalent proportional counter, to study the changes in dose and lineal energy spectra with graphite, aluminum, and a TransHab build-up as shielding, was carried out at the Los Alamos Nuclear Science Center neutron facility. It is a continuation of a previous study using regolith and doped polyethylene materials. This paper describes the results and their comparison with the previous study. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
NASA Center JSC↗
Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Tropospheric Clouds and Aerosols Observed by MODIS Onboard the Terra and Aqua Satellites
Remote sensing of cloud and aerosol optical properties is routinely obtained using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard the Terra and Aqua satellites. Techniques that are being used to enhance our ability to characterize the global distribution of cloud and aerosol properties include well-calibrated multispectral radiometers that rely on visible, near-infrared, and thermal infrared channels. The availability of thermal channels to aid in cloud screening for aerosol properties is an important additional piece of information that has not always been incorporated into sensor designs. In this paper, we describe the radiative properties of clouds as currently determined from satellites (cloud fraction, optical thickness, cloud top pressure, and cloud effective radius), and highlight the global and regional cloud microphysical properties currently available for assessing climate variability and forcing. These include the latitudinal distribution of cloud optical and radiative properties of both liquid water and ice clouds, as well as joint histograms of cloud optical thickness and effective radius for selected geographical locations around the world. In addition, we will illustrate the radiative and microphysical properties of aerosol particles that are currently available from space-based observations, and show selected cases in which aerosol particles are observed to modify the cloud optical properties.
King, Michael D.↗
Review of Particle Physics
The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 3,200 new measurements from 903 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as supersymmetric particles, heavy bosons, axions, dark photons, etc. Particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Higgs Boson Physics, Supersymmetry, Grand Unified Theories, Neutrino Mixing, Dark Energy, Dark Matter, Cosmology, Particle Detectors, Colliders, Probability and Statistics. Most of the 118 reviews are updated, including many that are heavily revised.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
Sheet Flows, Avalanches, and Dune Evolution on Earth and Mars
This investigation is a collaboration between researchers at Cornell University, the University of Florida, and the University of Rennes 1, France. Flow modeling at Cornell University focused on mechanisms for the suspension and transport of wind-blown sand that are important in both terrestrial and Martian environments. These mechanisms include the saltation (or jumping) of grains, collisions between grains, and the interaction of grains with the velocity fluctuations of the turbulent wind. Of particular interest are sheet flows; these are relatively thin, highly concentrated regions of grains flowing near the ground under the influence of a strong turbulent wind. In them, the grains are suspended by interparticle collisions. Sheet flows may be relatively rare events, but they have the capacity to move great amounts of sand. In order to describe sheet flows, a turbulent mixture theory was formulated for particles in a fluid in which fluctuations in the volume fiaction of the particles take place on the scale of the turbulent eddies. Ensemble averaged equations for particle and fluid mass, momentum, and energy and fluid rate of dissipation were expressed in terms of Farve (concentration) averaged velocities and the associated velocity fluctuations. Correlations that describe the turbulent suspension of particles and dissipation of turbulent energy of both phases due to fluid particle interactions were modeled and boundary conditions at the bed and at the upper surface of the collisional flow were formulated. The boundary conditions at the upper surface were tested in a numerical simulation developed at the University of Florida. Steady and unsteady solutions for steady and unsteady fully-developed flows were obtained over a range of wind speeds fiom the lowest for which collisional between particles occurred to at which turbulent suspension is found to dominate collisional suspension. Below the value of the wind speed at which collisions between particles were unimportant, numerical solutions were obtained for the velocity distribution function and the resulting fields of concentration, particle and gas mean velocity, and particle shear stress for the steady two-dimensional saltation of spherical sand particles driven by a turbulent wind over a bed characterized by a simple relationship (the splash function) between the properties of incoming particles and those of the rebounding particles and other particles ejected fiom the bed. At the University of Rennes 1, experiments devoted to the characterization of the splash function for beds consisting of either random or ordered arrays of spheres in two- dimensions were completed. These indicated the role played by the packing geometry in the rebound and ejection of grains. Preliminary experiments on response of a three- dimensional collision bed to a collision with a single particle were performed. Data was taken with a single camera focused on the plane of collision. Here, for example, the decrease of the effective coefficient of restitution of the bed with an increase of the angle of incidence of the incoming particle has been measured. Other experiments on avalanches at Rennes studied the properties of the flows of particles that are responsible for the motion of the leeward side of a dune. In these, the dependence of the initiation of avalanches on the packing and depth of the particles was measured. Particle migration was studied in inclined flows of a binary mixture of disks and the mechanisms of diffision and segregation were isolated and characterized. The influence of side wall on dense, rapid inclined flows was measured and shown to be the reason why the angle of the free surface in such flows can exceed the static angle of repose. Future research will be devoted to a better understanding the transition between saltating (collisionless) and collisional flows as the wind speed the increases. This will involve the understanding of the evolution of the splash function as clisions with the bed become more numerous, more frequent, and more violent.
Source record↗
Chaos and nonlinear dynamics of single-particle orbits in a magnetotaillike magnetic field
The properties of charged-particle motion in Hamiltonian dynamics are studied in a magnetotaillike magnetic field configuration. It is shown by numerical integration of the equation of motion that the system is generally nonintegrable and that the particle motion can be classified into three distinct types of orbits: bounded integrable orbits, unbounded stochastic orbits, and unbounded transient orbits. It is also shown that different regions of the phase space exhibit qualitatively different responses to external influences. The concept of 'differential memory' in single-particle distributions is proposed. Physical implications for the dynamical properties of the magnetotail plasmas and the possible generation of non-Maxwellian features in the distribution functions are discussed.
Chen, J.↗
Spectrally Consistent Scattering, Absorption, and Polarization Properties of Atmospheric Ice Crystals at Wavelengths from 0.2 to 100 um
A data library is developed containing the scattering, absorption, and polarization properties of ice particles in the spectral range from 0.2 to 100 microns. The properties are computed based on a combination of the Amsterdam discrete dipole approximation (ADDA), the T-matrix method, and the improved geometric optics method (IGOM). The electromagnetic edge effect is incorporated into the extinction and absorption efficiencies computed from the IGOM. A full set of single-scattering properties is provided by considering three-dimensional random orientations for 11 ice crystal habits: droxtals, prolate spheroids, oblate spheroids, solid and hollow columns, compact aggregates composed of eight solid columns, hexagonal plates, small spatial aggregates composed of 5 plates, large spatial aggregates composed of 10 plates, and solid and hollow bullet rosettes. The maximum dimension of each habit ranges from 2 to 10,000 microns in 189 discrete sizes. For each ice crystal habit, three surface roughness conditions (i.e., smooth, moderately roughened, and severely roughened) are considered to account for the surface texture of large particles in the IGOM applicable domain. The data library contains the extinction efficiency, single-scattering albedo, asymmetry parameter, six independent nonzero elements of the phase matrix (P11, P12, P22, P33, P43, and P44), particle projected area, and particle volume to provide the basic single-scattering properties for remote sensing applications and radiative transfer simulations involving ice clouds. Furthermore, a comparison of satellite observations and theoretical simulations for the polarization characteristics of ice clouds demonstrates that ice cloud optical models assuming severely roughened ice crystals significantly outperform their counterparts assuming smooth ice crystals.
Optical properties↗
Persisting volcanic ash particles impact stratospheric SO 2 lifetime and aerosol optical properties
Volcanic ash is often neglected in climate simulations because ash particles are assumed to have a short atmospheric lifetime, and to not participate in sulfur chemistry. After the Mt. Kelut eruption in 2014, stratospheric ash-rich aerosols were observed for months. Here we show that the persistence of super-micron ash is consistent with a density near 0.5 g cm -3 , close to pumice. Ash-rich particles dominate the volcanic cloud optical properties for the first 60 days. We also find that the initial SO 2 lifetime is determined by SO 2 uptake on ash, rather than by reaction with OH as commonly assumed. About 43% more volcanic sulfur is removed from the stratosphere in 2 months with the SO 2 heterogeneous chemistry on ash particles than without. This research suggests the need for re-evaluation of factors controlling SO 2 lifetime in climate model simulations, and of the impact of volcanic ash on stratospheric chemistry and radiation.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Particle-number distribution in large fluctuations at the tip of branching random walks
Here, we investigate properties of the particle distribution near the tip of one-dimensional branching random walks at large times t , focusing on unusual realizations in which the rightmost lead particle is very far ahead of its expected position, but still within a distance smaller than the diffusion radius ~$\sqrt{t}$. Our approach consists in a study of the generating function $G_{Δx}(λ) = Σ_n$ ${λ^n}p_n(Δx)$ for the probabilities $p_n(Δx)$ of observing $\textit{n}$ particles in an interval of given size $Δ\textit{x}$ from the lead particle to its left, fixing the position of the latter. This generating function can be expressed with the help of functions solving the Fisher-Kolmogorov-Petrovsky-Piscounov (FKPP) equation with suitable initial conditions. In the infinite-time and large-$Δ\textit{x}$ limits, we find that the mean number of particles in the interval grows exponentially with $Δ\textit{x}$, and that the generating function obeys a nontrivial scaling law, depending on $Δ\textit{x}$ and λ through the combined variable $[Δx — f(λ)]^3 / Δx^2$, where $\textit{f}$(λ) ≡ – ln(1 – λ) – ln [– ln(1 – λ)]. From this property, one may conjecture that the growth of the typical particle number with the size of the interval is slower than exponential, but, surprisingly enough, only by a subleading factor at large Δ$\textit{x}$. The scaling we argue is consistent with results from a numerical integration of the FKPP equation.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗