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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 397 records · Page 22
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2026

Measurement of kaon directed flow in Au+Au collisions in the high baryon density region

Rapidity-odd directed flow v 1 measurements are presented for $K^±$ and $K^0_S$ in Au + Au collisions for $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ from 3.0 to 3.9 GeV with the STAR experiment. For comparison, v 1 of π ± , protons, and Λ from the same collisions are also discussed. The mid-rapidity v 1 slope dv 1 /dy| y=0 for protons and Λ is positive in these collisions. On the other hand, v 1 slope of kaons exhibits a strong dependence: negative at p T < 0.6 GeV/c and positive at higher p T . A similar p T dependence is also evident for the v 1 slope of charged pions. Compared to the spectator-removed calculations in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 3.0–3.9 GeV, the JAM model demonstrates a pronounced shift of the v 1 slopes of mesons towards the negative direction. It suggests that the shadowing effect of the spectators plays an important role in the observed kaon anti-flow at low p T in the high baryon density region of non-central collisions.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Full Device Evaluation of Metal Halide Perovskite Solar Cells in Low Earth Orbit Aboard the International Space Station

This study investigates how sustained low Earth orbit (LEO) exposure affects metal halide perovskite (MHP) thin films and perovskite solar cells (PSCs). It examines samples deployed on the Materials International Space Station Experiment (MISSE) 15 and 16 missions. Five methylammonium lead iodide (MAPI) thin films are deployed on MISSE-16, each with distinct UV filters to selectively attenuate AM0 spectral bands. While post-flight optical analysis reveals that the least UV-exposed film exhibits the highest emission and lowest non-radiative recombination rate, no clear correlation is observed among the rest, and all MAPI films maintained excellent integrity throughout the mission. MISSE-15 deployed eight PSCs with diverse structures, MHP compositions, and contact materials. Post-flight analysis reveals stable, highly emissive MHPs, but damaged contacts due to ion migration, which caused loss of electrical response. The MISSE missions demonstrate MHPs' suitability for space applications, while highlighting the need for improved interfacial layers and contact materials to enhance charge carrier mobility, prevent ion migration, and improve charge carrier extraction efficiency.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Evolution and Degradation Patterns of Electrochemical Cells Based on the Analysis of Interfacial Phenomena at Li Metal Anode/Electrolyte Interfaces

In this work, we report the results of a theoretical–computational analysis of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) growth and degradation dynamics occurring in lithium metal batteries during cycling. We use ab initio-kinetic Monte Carlo simulations to generate a synthetic data set, which is analyzed by machine learning methods. We aim to determine: (i) how modifications in interfacial interaction energies between solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) blocks and between Li ions and SEI facets impact the Coulombic efficiency (CE) of the battery and (ii) what factors, including reactions, microscopic transport, and other interfacial events, may lead to cell performance “failure” during prolonged charge and discharge cycles, signaled as a sharp decay in the CE over cycling. The demonstration of our approach is done on a cell including a Li metal surface interfacing with a previously introduced state-of-the-art electrolyte, and the idea can be applied to any electrochemical system. Outcomes include the identification of the leading chemical, physical, and structural variables causing cell failure and relating them to the electrolyte formulation, thus paving the way to future more refined analysis and electrolyte design.

batteries↗
DOE OSTI2025

Molecular Design Considerations for Azobenzene Anolytes

Realization of high-density batteries requires the development of anolytes that display highly negative reduction potentials, solubility, and persistence in the charged state. Azobenzenes have garnered interest as potential anolytes for redox flow batteries. Here, we report the synthesis of a family of substituted azobenzene derivatives and evaluation of their solution-phase electrochemical properties. Systematic synthetic derivatization of this scaffold allows (1) access to anolytes of varying solubility, including intrinsically liquid derivatives that represent potential high-density charge carriers; (2) systematic variation of the reduction potential, and in some cases redox inventory, that provides azobenzenes with highly negative reduction potentials; and (3) control of the lifetime of the azobenzene radical anions that result from one-electron reduction. Electrokinetic experiments demonstrated that fast electron transfer occurs for all derivatives examined. Spectroscopic characterization of monoreduced azobenzene derivatives establishes that decomposition of the azobenzene radical anion proceeds via bimolecular disproportionation. Together, these results provide an experimental basis for the optimization of azobenzene anolytes for electrochemical storage applications, including redox flow batteries.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Role of Pb/PbSO 4 Morphologies in Dynamic Charge Acceptance of Lead Acid Batteries

The dynamic charge acceptance (DCA) of negative pastes in lead acid batteries is studied using a continuum level model that is validated against in situ X-ray diffraction experiments. The model matches the current transient during a ten-minute, 2.4 V charge at 80% state of charge (SOC) using a distribution of PbSO 4 particles. <2% by volume of small, reactive particles is shown to provide ∼50% of the capacity during the first ten seconds. Increases in DCA with increasing carbon content are captured with increasing lead surface area. The increase in DCA when the 2.4 V charge is done after discharging to 80% SOC (vs charging to 80%) is captured by reducing the PbSO 4 particle sizes. It is hypothesized that the lower DCA after charging is caused by the absence of smaller particles that were consumed during the initial charge to 80% SOC, which is confirmed from X-ray measurements. Finally, two-particle case studies show that reducing the PbSO 4 particle size is more effective for increasing DCA than increasing the PbSO 4 dissolution rate alone. For a given lead surface area, the optimal DCA occurs when the particle sizes are large enough to avoid blocking the surface but small enough to provide dissolution/diffusion improvements.

Knehr, Kevin W. [Argonne National Laboratory (ANL)↗
DOE OSTI2022

Autonomous Aerial Power Plant Inspection in GPS-denied Environments

Inspection of coal-fired power plants is frequently dangerous, includes difficult places to reach, and can turn expensive due to the downtimes and cost of inspection crew. Robotic systems have shown capabilities to address some of these issues, but most of the current robotic inspection technology in power plants is designed for specific components. Conversely, recent advances in machine vision have empowered aerial platforms for long-range, remotely-controlled, GPS-based inspections of industrial plants. This capability has led to wide spread utilization of aerial robots (commonly termed Drones, UVS or UAS) platforms for inspection in less challenging environments where both collision avoidance, and GPS reception are not significant issues. The challenge in adapting airborne technology for power plant inspection lies in internal structures and the complex network of piping, and distribution systems, which impose significant risks for collision and can hinder the reception and transmission of GPS signals. The current state of the art in aerial inspection technology within the energy sector is controlled via radio control, and utilizes GPS-based navigation, for inspection of large-scale plants such as offshore platforms and wind turbine parks. Nevertheless, close-range and autonomous inspection in the GPS-denied environments of power plants has not yet been achieved, as it requires precise guidance and navigation with real-time situational awareness and obstacle avoidance capabilities. This endeavor introduced the use of rotary wing flying robots, due to their station keeping and vertical take-off capabilities for power plant components inspection. To enable close quarter inspection two methods were used. One method uses the 3D CAD (Three-dimensional Computer-Aided Design) model of the asset to inspect to generate the UAV’s inspection path. To acquire, analyze and process the 3D model, first, the STL file is produced to obtain surface points and vectors normal to the surface. Later, by introducing other variables such as wall offset and a controlled trajectory between each outline and each subsequent layer, the flight path is generated. The proposed framework will generate a path that will pass as close as desired from the surface and navigate in intricate environments. A second method, use advanced manufacturing techniques such as CNC (Computer Numerical Control) and additive manufacturing. Once the inspection flight path is obtained, vision-based navigation systems are employed to have the UAV autonomously tracking the provided trajectory. Finally, Artificial Intelligence-enabled developments are in charge of detecting cracks and corrosion in structural components of power plants. The proposed methods are validated in simulations, laboratory and industrial setups, where it is shown that the developed systems acting together enable close-quarter autonomous aerial inspection and mapping in power plant assets. The system can be further improved by adding more sensors to navigate in different GPS-denied environments, with non-homogeneous lighting conditions, dust and in general situations where vision-based systems may fail.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2026

Revealing key structures for reversible sulfur redox in amorphous polymeric sulfur

Amorphous polymeric sulfur cathodes, such as sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (SPAN), enable high-energy lithium-sulfur batteries without cobalt or nickel, leveraging abundant sulfur. However, the limited in situ understanding of their synthesis and electrochemistry has impeded targeted optimization. Here, in this study, we integrate operando high-energy total scattering with sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy to monitor SPAN's formation and cycling in real time. Our results show that S-C bond formation halts further fusion of cyclized polyacrylonitrile, fostering π-π stacking and a transition from long-chain to short-chain sulfur-critical for reversible sulfur redox. These features synergistically minimize polysulfide dissolution and charge-transfer resistance, enabling optimized SPAN to achieve high capacity retention over 1,000 cycles. Operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy reveals that residual protons drive thiol-thione tautomerism, with lithium replacement during the first discharge causing ~20% irreversible capacity loss. To enhance performance, minimizing -NH groups and expanding pyridine networks are key. These findings transform SPAN optimization from empirical tuning to mechanism‑guided engineering and point the way towards sulfur loadings and energy densities competitive with state‑of‑the‑art Li‑ion cathodes.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Mixed quantum-classical methods for polaron spectral functions

In this work, using two distinct semiclassical approaches—namely, the mean-field Ehrenfest method and the mapping approach to surface hopping—we investigate the spectral function of a single charge interacting with phonons on a lattice. This quantity is relevant for the description of angle-resolved photoemission experiments. Focusing on the one-dimensional Holstein model, we compare the performance of these approaches across a range of coupling strengths and lattice sizes, exposing the relative strengths and weaknesses of each. We demonstrate that these approaches can be efficiently applied with reasonable accuracy to ab initio polaron models. Furthermore, our work provides a route to the calculation of spectral properties in realistic electron–phonon-coupled systems in a computationally inexpensive manner with encouraging accuracy.

Atomic and molecular spectra↗
DOE OSTI2022

CALET Search for Electromagnetic Counterparts of Gravitational Waves during the LIGO/Virgo O3 Run

The CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) on the International Space Station consists of a high-energy cosmic-ray CALorimeter (CAL) and a lower-energy CALET Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (CGBM). CAL is sensitive to electrons up to 20 TeV, cosmic-ray nuclei from Z = 1 through Z ~ 40, and gamma rays over the range 1 GeV–10 TeV. CGBM observes gamma rays from 7 keV to 20 MeV. The combined CAL-CGBM instrument has conducted a search for gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) since 2015 October. We report here on the results of a search for X-ray/gamma-ray counterparts to gravitational-wave events reported during the LIGO/Virgo observing run O3. No events have been detected that pass all acceptance criteria. We describe the components, performance, and triggering algorithms of the CGBM—the two Hard X-ray Monitors consisting of LaBr 3 (Ce) scintillators sensitive to 7 keV–1 MeV gamma rays and a Soft Gamma-ray Monitor BGO scintillator sensitive to 40 keV–20 MeV—and the high-energy CAL consisting of a charge detection module, imaging calorimeter, and the fully active total absorption calorimeter. The analysis procedure is described and upper limits to the time-averaged fluxes are presented.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Charge Radii of Neutron-Rich Scandium Isotopes and the Seniority Symmetry in the 0⁢𝑓 7/2 Shell

Nuclear charge radii of neutron-rich 47–49 Sc isotopes were measured using collinear laser spectroscopy at CERN-ISOLDE. The new data reveal that the charge radii of scandium isotopes exhibit a distinct trend between 𝑁 = 20 and 𝑁 = 28, with 41 Sc and 49 Sc isotopes having similar values, mirroring the closeness of the charge radii of 40 Ca and 48 Ca. Theoretical models that successfully interpret the radii of calcium isotopes could not account for the observed behavior in scandium radii, in particular the reduced odd-even staggering. Remarkably, the inclusion of the new 49 Sc radius data has unveiled a similar trend in the charge radii of 𝑁 = 28 isotones and 𝑍 = 20 isotopes when adding the protons atop the 48 Ca core and the neutrons atop the 40 Ca core, respectively. We demonstrate that this trend is consistent with the prediction of the seniority model.

Nuclear charge distribution↗
DOE OSTI2023

Development of a Heavy-Duty Electric Vehicle Integration and Implementation (HEVII) Tool

As demand for consumer electric vehicles (EVs) has drastically increased in recent years, manufacturers have been working to bring heavy-duty EVs to market to compete with Class 6-8 diesel-powered trucks. Many high-profile companies have committed to begin electrifying their fleet operations, but have yet to implement EVs at scale due to their limited range, long charging times, sparse charging infrastructure, and lack of data from in-use operation. Thus far, EVs have been disproportionately implemented by larger fleets with more resources. To aid fleet operators, it is imperative to develop tools to evaluate the electrification potential of heavy-duty fleets. However, commercially available tools, designed mostly for light-duty vehicles, are inadequate for making electrification recommendations tailored to a fleet of heavy-duty vehicles. The main challenge is that light-duty tools do not estimate real-time vehicle mass, a factor that has a disproportionate impact on the energy consumption of large commercial vehicles. The Heavy-Duty Electric Vehicle Integration and Implementation (HEVII) tool advances the state of the art in evaluating electrification potential and infrastructure requirements for fleets of commercial vehicles. In this work, the HEVII tool is demonstrated with non-uniformly sampled telematics data from an existing fleet to assess the suitability for electrification of each individual vehicle, determine optimal locations for charging infrastructure to support a fleet of EVs and analyze associated costs. Payload mass is predicted using sparse ground-truth data for all input drive cycles and an initial data analysis is conducted to assess the characteristics driving behaviors and energy consumption of the fleet using an adaptable vehicle model. Battery size requirements are determined by applying a novel charger placement algorithm to maximize routes that are viable for EVs and balance time delays with infrastructure development costs. This work details and demonstrates the different aspects of the HEVII tool, presenting preliminary results from an example use case.

ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2026

An Atom-Precise Approach to Damp First-Order Phase Transitions and Its Implications for Neuromorphic Signal Processing

Neuromorphic computing inspired by mammalian intelligence aims to emulate the nonlinear dynamics of biological neurons and synapses to achieve fast, low-energy, and highly efficient information processing. Brain-inspired computing relies on the design and discovery of materials exhibiting nonlinear current–voltage profiles, frequently underpinned by electronic state transitions, to achieve spiking neurons and dynamically tunable synapses. A signature challenge in the design of artificial neurons is controlling the steepness of first-order transitions in active elements, as abrupt transitions are at risk of driving unstable voltage and temperature oscillations, which result in catastrophic device failure. A critical knowledge gap is the lack of structure–function correlations mapping the composition and atomistic structure of crystalline solids to nonlinear dynamical response characteristics. Here, we address the key question of how modification of atomistic structure correlates with alteration of neuron-like functionality. Constructing oscillator circuits from millimeter-scale single crystals enables high-resolution atomic structure solutions, which we use to demonstrate that the selective positioning of Pb cations modifies charge ordering along a one-dimensional CuxV2O5 framework even at low insertion stoichiometries, thereby providing an atom-precise design parameter for damping first-order transitions. We use temperature-variant X-ray diffraction and X-ray spectroscopy to elucidate the suppression of Cu-ion shuttling based on the precise positioning of Pb ions in seven-coordinated tunnel interstitial sites as the mechanistic basis for transition broadening, thus bridging a critical gap between statistical mechanics and quantum chemical descriptions of phase transitions. Such mechanistic understanding thus paves the way to site-selective modification strategies for modulating the sharpness of first-order transitions, with an exemplary demonstration here in tuning neuronal signal processing.

Crystal structure↗
DOE OSTI2025

Post-DTL Beam Delivery

Ensuring that the beam delivered from the upgraded Front-End (FE) meets the Key Performance Parameters (KPPs) at each user facility is critical to the success of the LANSCE Accelerator Modernization Project (LAMP). For a high-intensity, multi-user facility like LANSCE, compliance with beam loss and radiation thresholds is as important as the charge delivered to each target. While early LAMPF/LANSCE operations relied on iterative tuning to minimize losses from beam halo and tail particles, the new FE may introduce different beam distributions and loss modes—making predictive modeling essential. To manage this, the F2E (Front-End to End) effort is developing detailed particle-tracking models that reflect realistic beamline conditions, including halo formation and expected diagnostic readings. These "snapshot" simulations aim to benchmark live machine performance at a given moment. This will help quantify how beam quality from the new FE will propagate downstream through the facility. Only by validating these models can we confidently assess and mitigate the potential impacts of the LAMP FE on beam delivery. Post-DTL, the beam splits to serve five major user facilities. Historically, low-energy beam transport has been modeled using TRACE, and higher-energy sections with TRANSPORT. These have now been unified into MAD-X format and validated with codes such as Elegant, pyOrbit, XSuite, Impact-Z, and HPSim. The primary focus now is on accurate modeling of full particle distributions (including beam halo) as they traverse the accelerator and beamlines to each experimental station. All models are at various stages of validation with empirical data.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Beam-energy dependence of correlations between mean transverse momentum and anisotropic flow of charged particles in Au+Au collisions at RHIC

The correlation between the mean transverse momentum, [ p T ], and the squared anisotropic flow, $v^2_n$, on an event-by-event basis has been suggested to be influenced by the initial conditions in heavy-ion collisions. We present measurements of the variances and covariance of [ p T ] and $v^2_n$, along with their dimensionless ratio, for Au+Au collisions at various beam energies: $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 14.6, 19.6, 27, 54.4, and 200 GeV. Our measurements reveal a distinct energy-dependent behavior in the variances and covariances. In addition, the dimensionless ratio displays a similar behavior across different beam energies. We compare our measurements with hydrodynamic models and similar measurements from Pb+Pb collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). These findings provide valuable insights into the beam energy dependence of the specific shear viscosity ( η/s ) and initial-state effects, allowing for differentiating between different initial-state models.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Identified charged hadron production in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 54.4 GeV with the STAR detector

Here, we present results on the production of 𝜋±, 𝐾±, 𝑝, and $\bar{𝑝}$ in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{𝑠_{N⁢N}}$ = 54.4~GeV using the STAR detector at RHIC, at mid-rapidity (|𝑦|< 0.1). Invariant yields of these particles as a function of transverse momentum are shown. We determine bulk properties such as integrated particle yields (𝑑 ⁢𝑁 /𝑑 ⁢𝑦 ), mean transverse momentum (⟨𝑝 𝑇 ⟩), particle ratios, which provide insight into the particle production mechanisms. Additionally, the kinetic freeze-out parameters (𝑇 kin and ⟨𝛽 𝑇 ⟩), which provide information about the dynamics of the system at the time of freeze-out, are obtained. The Bjorken energy density (𝜖 𝐵⁢𝐽 ), which gives an estimate of the energy density in the central rapidity region of the collision zone at the formation time 𝜏, is calculated and presented as a function of multiplicity for various energies. The results are compared with those from the models such as A Multi-Phase Transport (AMPT) and Heavy Ion Jet INteraction Generator (HIJING) for further insights.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Stations Tool for Automated Permitting (S-TAP) User Manual

The Stations Tool for Automated Permitting (S-TAP) is a spreadsheet-based plan review questionnaire designed to help automate and expedite the electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) permitting process. This manual goes into detail on the development of the tool and guidance for use cases of the tool.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Nacre-like MXene/Polyacrylic Acid Layer-by-Layer Multilayers as Hydrogen Gas Barriers

MXenes are a promising class of 2D nanomaterials and are of particular interest for gas barrier applications due to their high aspect ratio. However, MXene nanosheets naturally bear a negative charge, which prevents assembly with negatively charged polymers, such as polyacrylic acid (PAA), into gas barrier coatings. Here, we present MXene- and PAA-based layer-by-layer (MXene/ PAA LbL) multilayers formed by leveraging hydrogen bonding interactions. When assembled in acidic conditions, MXene/PAA LbL multilayers exhibit conformal, pinhole-free, nacre-like structures. The MXene/PAA LbL multilayers yield high blocking capability and low permeability (0.14 ± 0.01 cc·mm·m −2 ·day −1 · MPa −1 ) for hydrogen gas which is over 9000 times lower than uncoated niobium (Nb) substrate. These nacre-like structures are also electronically conductive (σ DC , up to 370 ± 30 S cm −1 ). Because these multilayers utilize hydrogen bonding, their properties are highly sensitive to the pH of the assembly and its external environment. Specifically, the reversible deconstruction of these multilayers under basic conditions is experimentally verified. This study shows that hydrogen bonding interactions can be leveraged to form MXene LbL multilayers as gas barriers, electronically conductive coatings, and deconstructable thin films via pH control.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Calcium is associated with specific soil organic carbon decomposition products at Blodgett Forest Research Center, Georgetown, California as analysed with scanning transmission X-ray microscopy carbon near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy

This data is from the paper calcium is associated with specific soil organic carbon decomposition products, published in SOIL. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-381-2025, 2025.This file contains CSVs with spectral data and bulk soil data and there is no specific program required to open this data. The data includes Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy carbon near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. data from the measurement of samples from the Whole-soil Warming project, run by the Belowground Biogeochemistry team at Blodgett Forest Research Center, Georgetown, California run by the University of California, Berkeley. It also includes bulk soil chemical properties. The University of California's Blodgett Forest Research Station (Forest) is situated in the Sierra Nevada foothills (1370 m a.s.l.) near Georgetown, California. The samples were collected from here: 38.912013, -120.661469, https://maps.app.goo.gl/291bCJ1zVqUhgktz6. The Forest soils were characterised as Alfisols, which are equivalent to Dystric Cambisols (IUSS Working Group WRB, 2015), and formed in granitic parent materials, in a temperate climate, under thinned, mixed-coniferous forest (Fig. S3; Gaudinski et al., 2009). With these analyses we aimed to answer the question, is calcium associated with a specific type of organic matter enriched in aromatic and phenolic carbon at the microscale in samples from Blodgett Forest Research Center? and how does this specific type of carbon respond to experiments targetted at removing and adding calcium to the soils, specifically cation exchange and incubation after calcium addition? Abstract from the paper can be found below: Calcium (Ca) may contribute to the preservation of soil organic carbon (SOC) in more ecosystems than previously thought. Here we provide evidence that Ca is co-located with SOC compounds that are enriched in aromatic and phenolic groups, across different acidic soil-types and locations with different ecosystem properties, differing in terms of climate, parent material, soil type, and vegetation. In turn, this co-localised fraction of Ca-SOC is removed through cation-exchange, and the association is then only re-established during decomposition in the presence of Ca (Ca addition incubation). Thus, highlighting a causative link between decomposition and the co-location of Ca with a characteristic fraction of SOC. Decomposition increases the relative proportion of negatively charged functional groups, which can increase the propensity for the association between SOC and Ca, and in turn, this association inhibits dissolved organic carbon export or further decomposition. We propose that this mechanism could be driven by Ca hotspots on the microscale shifting local decomposition processes and thereby explaining the colocation of Ca with SOC of a specific composition across different acidic soil environments. Incorporating this biogeochemical process into Earth System Models could improve our understanding, predictions, and management of carbon dynamics in soils, and account for their response to Ca-rich amendments.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗