Present and future state of the art in guidance computer memories
Magnetic core, destructive and nondestructive readout memories, plated wire film, ferrites, and other component characteristics of guidance computer main memories
FERRITE↗
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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Packaging of a large capacity magnetic bubble domain spacecraft recorder
A Solid State Spacecraft Data Recorder (SSDR), based on bubble domain technology, having a storage capacity of 10 to the 8th power bits, was designed and is being tested. The recorder consists of two memory modules each having 32 cells, each cell containing sixteen 100 kilobit serial bubble memory chips. The memory modules are interconnected to a Drive and Control Unit (DCU) module containing four microprocessors, 500 integrated circuits, a RAM core memory and two PROM's. The two memory modules and DCU are housed in individual machined aluminum frames, are stacked in brick fashion and through bolted to a base plate assembly which also houses the power supply.
Becker, F. J.↗
Improved wire memory matrix uses very little power
Thin-film, plated-wire memory matrix for computer applications requires little power yet has higher speed and four times greater storage capacity than ferrite-core memories of the same size.
Fedde, G. A.↗
VISCEL: A general-purpose computer program for analysis of linear viscoelastic structures (user's manual), volume 1
This program, an extension of the linear equilibrium problem solver ELAS, is an updated and extended version of its earlier form (written in FORTRAN 2 for the IBM 7094 computer). A synchronized material property concept utilizing incremental time steps and the finite element matrix displacement approach has been adopted for the current analysis. A special option enables employment of constant time steps in the logarithmic scale, thereby reducing computational efforts resulting from accumulative material memory effects. A wide variety of structures with elastic or viscoelastic material properties can be analyzed by VISCEL. The program is written in FORTRAN 5 language for the Univac 1108 computer operating under the EXEC 8 system. Dynamic storage allocation is automatically effected by the program, and the user may request up to 195K core memory in a 260K Univac 1108/EXEC 8 machine. The physical program VISCEL, consisting of about 7200 instructions, has four distinct links (segments), and the compiled program occupies a maximum of about 11700 words decimal of core storage.
Gupta, K. K.↗
Computers in Spaceflight: the NASA Experience
This book examines the computer systems used in actual spaceflight or in close support of it. Computer systems used in administration and in aeronautical and other research not directly related to spaceflight are ignored. Each chapter deals with either a specific program, such as Gemini or Apollo onboard computers, or a closely related set of systems, such as launch processing or mission control.. A glossary of computer terms is included.
assembly language↗
Spacecraft automated operations
Trends in automation of planetary spacecraft are examined using data from missions as far back as Mariner '67 and up to the highly sophisticated Galileo. Nine design considerations which influence the degree of automation such as protection against catastrophic failures, highly repetitive functions, loss of spacecraft communications, and the need for near-real-time adaptivity are discussed. Rapid growth of automation is shown in terms of on-board hardware by plots of number of processors on board, the average speed of processors, and total core memory. The number of commands transmitted from the ground has grown to 5 million bits in Voyager, so that increases in mission complexity have increased both in spacecraft automation and ground operations. Achieving greater automation by transferring ground operations to the spacecraft with the current means of controlling missions, are considered noting proposed changes. For the future, improved computer technology, more microprocessors and increased core storage will be used, and the number of automated functions and their complexity will grow. It is concluded that using the growing computational capability of spacecraft will achieve more autonomy thus reversing the trend of increased mission complexity and cost.
Bird, T. H.↗
Online randomized interpolative decomposition with a posteriori error estimator for temporal PDE data reduction
Traditional low-rank approximation is a powerful tool for compressing large data matrices that arise in simulations of partial differential equations (PDEs), but suffers from high computational cost and requires several passes over the PDE data. The compressed data may also lack interpretability thus making it difficult to identify feature patterns from the original data. Here, to address these issues, we present an online randomized algorithm to compute the interpolative decomposition (ID) of large-scale data matrices in situ. Compared to previous randomized IDs that used the QR decomposition to determine the column basis, we adopt a streaming ridge leverage score-based column subset selection algorithm that dynamically selects proper basis columns from the data and thus avoids an extra pass over the data to compute the coefficient matrix of the ID. In particular, we adopt a single-pass error estimator based on the non-adaptive Hutch++ algorithm to provide real-time error approximation for determining the best coefficients. As a result, our approach only needs a single pass over the original data and thus is suitable for large and high-dimensional matrices stored outside of core memory or generated in PDE simulations. A strategy to improve the accuracy of the reconstructed data gradient, when desired, within the ID framework is also presented. We provide numerical experiments on turbulent channel flow and ignition simulations, and on the NSTX Gas Puff Image dataset, comparing our algorithm with the offline ID algorithm to demonstrate its utility in real-world applications.
Column subset selection↗
Transfluxor circuit amplifies sensing current for computer memories
To transfer data from the magnetic memory core to an independent core, a reliable sensing amplifier has been developed. Later the data in the independent core is transferred to the arithmetical section of the computer.
Milligan, G. C.↗
Multiplexing control device enables handling of wide variations in sampling rates
ESS telecommunication system concept provides the ability to change according to needs indicated by the data without any change to the lunar experiment equipment. The system will include a magnetic core memory as the data multiplexing control device.
Source record↗
Multipulse current source offers low power losses and high reliability
Pulse current source uses low loss, high reliability, LC circuits to provide the necessary high impedance for magnetic memory cores, frequently used in digital computational equipment. Square-loop reactors replace the semiconductor switches previously used.
Source record↗
Sterilizable communications and data-handling systems
Sterilization of spacecraft telecommunications system - pressure transducers, magnetic tape recorders, and magnetic core memories
SPACECRAFT ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT↗
Development of a toroid having unique partial- switching characteristics and fabrication of an integrated magnetic logic structure Final report
Materials and processing techniques for yielding magnetic memory cores with specified partial set state threshold characteristics were developed as well as integrated magnetic circuit elements
Heckler, C. H., Jr.↗
Feasibility study: Replacement of the inoperative decommutating buffer subsystem for the instrumentation checkout complex in the Quality and Reliability Assurance Laboratory
A general purpose computer system, that is necessary for replacement of the present inoperative signal decommutator special purpose computer subsystem is described. The present decommutator subsystem has a very poor history of reliability and since April 1970, it has become inoperative because the core memory cannot be repaired. Functions of the present signal, decommutator subsystem are to receive, demultiplex, record in real time, playback in real time, and output to the SDS-930 control computer for analysis of the telemetry data. Recommendations for replacement of the inoperative telemetry decommutator subsystem are for the purchase of a mini-computer.
Hilliard, J. W.↗
RALPH: An online computer program for acquisition and reduction of pulse height data
A background/foreground data acquisition and analysis system incorporating a high level control language was developed for acquiring both singles and dual parameter coincidence data from scintillation detectors at the Radiation Counting Laboratory at the NASA Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston, Texas. The system supports acquisition of gamma ray spectra in a 256 x 256 coincidence matrix (utilizing disk storage) and simultaneous operation of any of several background support and data analysis functions. In addition to special instruments and interfaces, the hardware consists of a PDP-9 with 24K core memory, 256K words of disk storage, and Dectape and Magtape bulk storage.
Davies, R. C.↗
ELAS: A general-purpose computer program for the equilibrium problems of linear structures. Volume 2: Documentation of the program
A general purpose digital computer program for the in-core solution of linear equilibrium problems of structural mechanics is documented. The program requires minimum input for the description of the problem. The solution is obtained by means of the displacement method and the finite element technique. Almost any geometry and structure may be handled because of the availability of linear, triangular, quadrilateral, tetrahedral, hexahedral, conical, triangular torus, and quadrilateral torus elements. The assumption of piecewise linear deflection distribution insures monotonic convergence of the deflections from the stiffer side with decreasing mesh size. The stresses are provided by the best-fit strain tensors in the least squares at the mesh points where the deflections are given. The selection of local coordinate systems whenever necessary is automatic. The core memory is used by means of dynamic memory allocation, an optional mesh-point relabelling scheme and imposition of the boundary conditions during the assembly time.
Utku, S.↗
The Ranicon - A resistive anode image converter
A versatile photon and charged particle imaging system is described. The Ranicon employs a microchannel electron multiplier plate to convert each detected event into a charge signal. This charge pulse is proximity-focused onto a large-area resistive anode plate equipped with pickup electrodes on its edges. Each event is located electronically by the ratios of the charges collected at the edges or by the differences of the signals' risetimes. One- or two-dimensional pictures are built up by storing events digitally (e.g., a core memory) or in analog form (e.g., a storage oscilloscope). Compact laboratory models have been constructed and tested. Operating characteristics, applications, limitations, and advantages of the Ranicon are discussed.
Lampton, M.↗
Real-time computer data system for the 40- by 80-foot wind tunnel facility at Ames Research Center
The background material and operational concepts of a computer-based system for an operating wind tunnel are described. An on-line real-time computer system was installed in a wind tunnel facility to gather static and dynamic data. The computer system monitored aerodynamic forces and moments of periodic and quasi-periodic functions, and displayed and plotted computed results in real time. The total system is comprised of several off-the-shelf, interconnected subsystems that are linked to a large data processing center. The system includes a central processor unit with 32,000 24-bit words of core memory, a number of standard peripherals, and several special processors; namely, a dynamic analysis subsystem, a 256-channel PCM-data subsystem and ground station, a 60-channel high-speed data acquisition subsystem, a communication link, and static force and pressure subsystems. The role of the test engineer as a vital link in the system is also described.
Cambra, J. M.↗
Interactive digital image manipulation system
The system is designed for manipulation, analysis, interpretation, and processing of a wide variety of image data. LANDSAT (ERTS) and other data in digital form can be input directly into the system. Photographic prints and transparencies are first converted to digital form with an on-line high-resolution microdensitometer. The system is implemented on a Hewlett-Packard 3000 computer with 128 K bytes of core memory and a 47.5 megabyte disk. It includes a true color display monitor, with processing memories, graphics overlays, and a movable cursor. Image data formats are flexible so that there is no restriction to a given set of remote sensors. Conversion between data types is available to provide a basis for comparison of the various data. Multispectral data is fully supported, and there is no restriction on the number of dimensions. In this way multispectral data collected at more than one point in time may simply be treated as a data collected with twice (three times, etc.) the number of sensors. There are various libraries of functions available to the user: processing functions, display functions, system functions, and earth resources applications functions.
Henze, J.↗