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At least 307 records · Page 17

Molecular dynamics simulations of ultrafast radiation induced melting at metal–semiconductor interfaces

Metal–semiconductor contacts in silicon carbide (SiC) diodes endure damages at the interface when exposed to harsh radiation environments. Due to the rapid rise in temperature and ultrafast cooling that follows the radiation impact, the structural properties of the materials can be altered through melting, recrystallization, and amorphization. A detailed understanding of the material failure modes at the interface is lacking, specifically at the nanoscale. We use molecular simulations to investigate the ultrafast melting at tungsten (W)–SiC interfaces following radiation damage and apply deep learning techniques to track the transient evolution of the local molecular structures. We show that W near the radiation track undergoes melting and, eventually, most of it recrystallizes with a noticeable degree of undercooling, while SiC is rendered permanently amorphous. The observation of local undercooling in W films is important as it can affect the device performance even before the bulk melting temperature of the material is reached. We also show that at high temperatures, the interface undergoes a fracture-like failure. The results presented here are significant in understating the different failure modes of SiC diode materials.

Ashwin Ravichandran↗

Continuous Directed Evolution of a Short-Lived Plant Histidinol Dehydrogenase

Enzyme protein turnover accounts for about half the maintenance energy budget in plants. Slowing turnover i.e., extending the effective working life (Catalytic Cycles till Replacement, CCR) of short-lived enzymes is thus a rational strategy to conserve energy and carbon and raise crop productivity. Arabidopsis histidinol dehydrogenase (HDH) is a short-lived enzyme that can sustain lifeshortening damage from its aminoaldehyde reaction intermediate. We used the yeast OrthoRep continuous directed evolution system in a his4 Δ strain to raise cumulative HDH function and, by proxy, lifespan as functional enzymes, by selecting for growth rate while tapering histidinol concentration and escalating that of the inhibitor histamine. Improved HDH variants carried diverse nonsynonymous mutations and ranged 20-fold in level. Improved HDH performance was associated with higher HDH abundance in some cases and with greater catalytic efficiency or histamine resistance in others. These findings indicate that OrthoRep-based directed evolution can extend enzyme working life in vivo in addition to, as expected, altering kinetic properties.

directed evolution↗

Numerical Implementation of a Multiple-ISV Thermodynamically-Based Work Potential Theory for Modeling Progressive Damage and Failure in Fiber-Reinforced Laminates

A thermodynamically-based work potential theory for modeling progressive damage and failure in fiber-reinforced laminates is presented. The current, multiple-internal state variable (ISV) formulation, enhanced Schapery theory (EST), utilizes separate ISVs for modeling the effects of damage and failure. Damage is considered to be the effect of any structural changes in a material that manifest as pre-peak non-linearity in the stress versus strain response. Conversely, failure is taken to be the effect of the evolution of any mechanisms that results in post-peak strain softening. It is assumed that matrix microdamage is the dominant damage mechanism in continuous fiber-reinforced polymer matrix laminates, and its evolution is controlled with a single ISV. Three additional ISVs are introduced to account for failure due to mode I transverse cracking, mode II transverse cracking, and mode I axial failure. Typically, failure evolution (i.e., post-peak strain softening) results in pathologically mesh dependent solutions within a finite element method (FEM) setting. Therefore, consistent character element lengths are introduced into the formulation of the evolution of the three failure ISVs. Using the stationarity of the total work potential with respect to each ISV, a set of thermodynamically consistent evolution equations for the ISVs is derived. The theory is implemented into commercial FEM software. Objectivity of total energy dissipated during the failure process, with regards to refinements in the FEM mesh, is demonstrated. The model is also verified against experimental results from two laminated, T800/3900-2 panels containing a central notch and different fiber-orientation stacking sequences. Global load versus displacement, global load versus local strain gage data, and macroscopic failure paths obtained from the models are compared to the experiments.

Pineda, Evan J.↗

A Thermodynamically-Based Mesh Objective Work Potential Theory for Predicting Intralaminar Progressive Damage and Failure in Fiber-Reinforced Laminates

A thermodynamically-based work potential theory for modeling progressive damage and failure in fiber-reinforced laminates is presented. The current, multiple-internal state variable (ISV) formulation, enhanced Schapery theory (EST), utilizes separate ISVs for modeling the effects of damage and failure. Damage is considered to be the effect of any structural changes in a material that manifest as pre-peak non-linearity in the stress versus strain response. Conversely, failure is taken to be the effect of the evolution of any mechanisms that results in post-peak strain softening. It is assumed that matrix microdamage is the dominant damage mechanism in continuous fiber-reinforced polymer matrix laminates, and its evolution is controlled with a single ISV. Three additional ISVs are introduced to account for failure due to mode I transverse cracking, mode II transverse cracking, and mode I axial failure. Typically, failure evolution (i.e., post-peak strain softening) results in pathologically mesh dependent solutions within a finite element method (FEM) setting. Therefore, consistent character element lengths are introduced into the formulation of the evolution of the three failure ISVs. Using the stationarity of the total work potential with respect to each ISV, a set of thermodynamically consistent evolution equations for the ISVs is derived. The theory is implemented into commercial FEM software. Objectivity of total energy dissipated during the failure process, with regards to refinements in the FEM mesh, is demonstrated. The model is also verified against experimental results from two laminated, T800/3900-2 panels containing a central notch and different fiber-orientation stacking sequences. Global load versus displacement, global load versus local strain gage data, and macroscopic failure paths obtained from the models are compared to the experiments.

Pineda, Evan J.↗

Molecular dynamics simulations of radiation cascade evolution near cellular dislocation structures in additively manufactured stainless steels

The dislocation dense cellular structures observed in additively manufactured (AM) stainless steels can allow these materials to have enhanced strength and ductility compared to conventionally manufactured materials. Effective design of radiation resistant materials often necessitates creating microstructures containing of a high density of dislocations that act as sinks for radiation induced defects. This work uses molecular dynamics simulations to study the impact of pre-existing defects on radiation damage in stainless steel 316L fabricated by the laser powder bed fusion process. The evolution of synthetically generated dislocations in a crystal system in response to multiple radiation collision cascades suggest that dislocation dense regions reduce the probability of surviving point defects forming clusters. This finding seems to result from the dislocation cores’ ability to absorb point defects, thereby limiting the formation of clusters during the recombination phase. However, after successive cascades, the ability of the dislocation entanglement to prevent defect formation is diminished and defect cluster formation trends to an equilibrium. Accordingly, it is hypothesized that in an experimental setting the dislocation cells will initially act as neutral sinks for point defects, potentially delaying the onset of radiation damage effects; but, these structures will be degraded due to radiation-enhanced diffusion and lose their effectiveness at doses above 1.5–2 displacements per atom. Nevertheless, the ability to produce complex and feature-specific microstructures suggests promise for the design of radiation tolerant materials using AM methods.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Evolution of eggshell structure in relation to nesting ecology in non-avian reptiles

Amniotic eggs are multifunctional structures that enabled early tetrapods to colonize the land millions of years ago, and are now the reproductive mode of over 70% of all terrestrial amniotes. Eggshell morphology is at the core of animal survival, mediating the interactions between embryos and their environment, and has evolved into a massive diversity of forms and functions in modern reptiles. These functions are critical to embryonic survival and may serve as models for new antimicrobial and/or breathable membranes. However, we still lack critical data on the basic structural and functional properties of eggs, particularly of reptiles. Here, we first characterized egg shape, shell thickness, porosity, and mineralization of eggs from 91 reptile species using optical images, scanning electron microscopy, and micro computed tomography, and collected data on nesting ecology from the literature. We then used comparative analyses to test hypotheses on the selective pressures driving their evolution. We hypothesized that eggshell morphology has evolved to protect shells from physical damage and desiccation, and, in support, found a positive relationship between thickness and precipitation, and a negative relationship between porosity and temperature. Although mineralization varied extensively, it was not correlated with nesting ecology variables. Ancestral state reconstructions show thinning and increased porosity over evolutionary time in squamates, but the opposite in turtles and crocodilians. Egg shape, size, porosity and calcification were correlated, suggesting potential structural or developmental tradeoffs. This study provides new data and insights into the morphology and evolution of reptile eggs, and raises numerous questions for additional research.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

Latent Tracks in Ion-Irradiated LiTaO 3 Crystals: Damage Morphology Characterization and Thermal Spike Analysis

Systematic research on the response of crystal materials to the deposition of irradiation energy to electrons and atomic nuclei has attracted considerable attention since it is fundamental to understanding the behavior of various materials in natural and manmade radiation environments. This work examines and compares track formation in LiTaO3 induced by separate and combined effects of electronic excitation and nuclear collision. Under 0.71–6.17 MeV/u ion irradiation with electronic energy loss ranging from 6.0 to 13.8 keV/nm, the track damage morphologies evolve from discontinuous to continuous cylindrical zone. Based on the irradiation energy deposited via electronic energy loss, the subsequently induced energy exchange and temperature evolution processes in electron and lattice subsystems are calculated through the inelastic thermal spike model, demonstrating the formation of track damage and relevant thresholds of lattice energy and temperature. Combined with a disorder accumulation model, the damage accumulation in LiTaO3 produced by nuclear energy loss is also experimentally determined. The damage characterizations and inelastic thermal spike calculations further demonstrate that compared to damage-free LiTaO3, nuclear-collision-damaged LiTaO3 presents a more intense thermal spike response to electronic energy loss owing to the decrease in thermal conductivity and increase in electron–phonon coupling, which further enhance track damage.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

An approach to combine neutron and ion irradiation data to accelerate material qualification for nuclear reactors

Next-generation nuclear power plants are generally characterized by higher operating temperatures, increased neutron fluences and energies, and distinct corrosive coolant environments versus the existing light water reactor fleet. Whether using existing materials in new environments, newly developed materials tailored for these environments, or new manufacturing methods, the traditional decades-long approach for materials qualification does not facilitate rapid deployment. Ion irradiation has demonstrated success in reproducing material microstructure and select property evolution resulting from neutron irradiation with three to four orders of magnitude reduction in time and cost, making it an ideal candidate for accelerated irradiation testing. Because microstructure has a large impact on bulk material properties, limited neutron irradiation data at lower damage levels can in principle be combined with accelerated ion testing results and modeling and simulation to form an accurate prediction of microstructure evolution and select properties under different neutron irradiation conditions and at higher damage levels. The objective of this work is to present a conceptual framework of specific steps to fulfill several technical challenges associated with qualifying materials for performance in radiation environments on an accelerated time frame. A brief review of the regulatory landscape for materials in nuclear environments is presented, followed by additional overviews to understand the current state of the art for correlation of materials properties across radiation environments using experimental and computational methodologies. Finally, the roles of academia, national laboratories, and industry in the advancement of this accelerated materials qualification framework are discussed as a path forward, with possible case studies presented.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

Identification of recG genetic interactions in Escherichia coli by transposon sequencing

ABSTRACT Maintaining the integrity of the genome is of utmost importance for cell division and propagation. In Escherichia coli , the RecG protein has been implicated in processing branched recombination intermediates during DNA repair processes, but the primary cellular role(s) of RecG and the repair pathways in which it acts have been difficult to define. To gain additional insight into RecG function, we employed transposon sequencing to identify recG genetic interactions and reveal complementary or redundant functions. The strongest hits from the screen were the dam , uvrD , rnhA , radA , and rep genes. The conditional importance of these five genes in cells lacking recG was confirmed using a plasmid-based assay, revealing synthetic lethal interactions for most double deletion strains. Several of the synthetic lethal gene combinations (with uvrD, rep, and radA , but not rnhA or dam ) were suppressed by deletion of recF or recO , indicating that their genetic relationships involved roles in post-replication gap repair. Additionally, loss of the RecG/SSB interaction phenocopied a recG deletion when combined with dam , uvrD , radA , or rnhA deletions but not with rep . The results reinforce the idea of RecG as a general genome guardian. RecG has at least two functions. It plays an important role in the resolution of joint molecules behind the fork, formed during post-replication gap repair. RecG is also required to suppress genome over-replication caused by unscheduled replication initiation at R-loops, at double-strand breaks caused by dam inactivation, and during replication termination. IMPORTANCE DNA damage and subsequent DNA repair processes are mutagenic in nature and an important driver of evolution in prokaryotes, including antibiotic resistance development. Genetic screening approaches, such as transposon sequencing (Tn-seq), have provided important new insights into gene function and genetic relationships. Here, we employed Tn-seq to gain insight into the function of the recG gene, which renders Escherichia coli cells moderately sensitive to a variety of DNA-damaging agents when they are absent. The reported recG genetic interactions can be used in combination with future screens to aid in a more complete reconstruction of DNA repair pathways in bacteria.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

Increasing Bacterial Tolerance and Metabolism of the Biofuel, N-Butanol Using Community-Level Evolution and Functional Genomics

Bioremediation capability should be developed along with biofuel technology to mitigate the potential damage of future spills. One biofuel that is being developed is biobutanol, since n-butanol is more energy dense and less volatile than ethanol. A bottleneck for industrial production of biobutanol is its toxicity; most microbes cannot survive about 1.5% v/v. Thus, microbial bioremediation of n-butanol would need microbes that can both tolerate and metabolize butanol. We used ecological and evolutionary biology approaches to find bacteria that could tolerate and metabolize butanol. We then tried to increase the metabolism of butanol by promising bacterial strains and communities. Ecological community-level assays and screenings were conducted followed by 16S amplicon sequencing to identify butanol-tolerant artificial bacterial communities. Promising communities were then tested for growth with butanol as the sole carbon source. Secondly, we looked for bacteria with alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes and looked to increase butanol metabolism. We found that the tolerance for n-butanol may be improved with repeated exposure, but it was difficult to switch from tolerance to metabolism. Bacterial community v dynamics may be influenced by n-butanol concentration, and there was putative butanol metabolism found with both research approaches.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗

Dynamic response of a freely rotating butterfly valve in the advanced test reactor – dynamic fluid-body interaction modeling

To regulate primary coolant flow in the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR), a butterfly valve was installed between the primary coolant pumps and the reactor core. If the mechanical connection between the valve's disk and its shaft ever fails, the disk will rotate freely. Rapid disk rotation may induce pressure surges that could damage upstream pipes. In the present work, the rotational trajectory and pressure evolution during a disk free-rotation scenario were analyzed via the dynamic fluid-body interaction (DFBI) approach in STAR-CCM+, with the movement of a solid being driven by the forces and moment/torque imposed by its surrounding fluid. Assuming a large initial opening angle, the disk accelerates slowly, but swiftly passes the closed position. As a result of the sudden valve closure, a pressure surge occurs in the upstream pipes, exceeding their maximum allowable pressure. Furthermore, the disk does not stabilize at the closed position but continually oscillates due to the unsteady nature of the coolant flow. Because of the significant and continuous water hammer effect, a fix to the butterfly valve is being implemented to prevent rapid valve closure due to failure at the valve's disk/shaft mechanical connection.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗

Predicting structural material degradation in advanced nuclear reactors with ion irradiation

Swelling associated with the formation and growth of cavities is among the most damaging of radiation-induced degradation modes for structural materials in advanced nuclear reactor concepts. Ion irradiation has emerged as the only practical option to rapidly assess swelling in candidate materials. For decades, researchers have tried to simulate the harsh environment in a nuclear reactor in the laboratory at an accelerated rate. Here we present the first case in which swelling in a candidate alloy irradiated ~ 2 years in a nuclear reactor was replicated using dual ion irradiation in ~ 1 day with precise control over damage rate, helium injection rate, and temperature and utilize physical models to predict the effects of radiation in reactors. The capability to predict and replicate the complex processes surrounding cavity nucleation and growth across many decades of radiation dose rate highlights the potential of accelerated radiation damage experiments. More importantly, it demonstrates the capability to predict the swelling evolution and the possibility to predict other features of the irradiated microstructure evolution that control material property degradation required to accelerate the development of new, radiation-tolerant materials.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

Development of a leading simulator/trailing simulator methodology as part of an integrated safety-security analysis for nuclear power plants

Nuclear power plant (NPP) risk assessment is broadly separated into disciplines of nuclear safety, security, and safeguards. Different analysis methods and computer models have been constructed to analyze each of these as separate disciplines. However, due to the complexity of NPP systems, there are risks that can span all these disciplines and require consideration of safety-security (2S) interactions which allows a more complete understanding of the relationship among these risks. In this work, a novel leading simulator/trailing simulator (LS/TS) method is introduced to integrate multiple generic safety and security computer models into a single, holistic 2S analysis. A case study is performed using this novel method to determine its effectiveness. The case study shows that the LS/TS method avoided introducing errors in simulation, compared to the same scenario performed without the LS/TS method. A second case study is then used to illustrate an integrated 2S analysis which shows that different levels of damage to vital equipment from sabotage at a NPP can affect accident evolution by several hours.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Enabling the On-Line Intrinsic Evolution of Analog Controllers

The intrinsic evolution of analog controllers to provide closed-loop control of the speed of a DC motor has been previously demonstrated at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. A side fleet of the evolutionary process is that during evolution there are necessarily poor configurations to be evaluated that could cause damage to the plant. This paper concern the development and implementation of a safe Evolvable Analog Controller (EAC) architecture able to evolve controllers on-line even in the presence of these poor configurations. The EAC concept is discussed and experimental results are presented that show the feasibility of the approach This EAC architecture represents the first in a series of steps required to make deployment of an evolvable controller a reality.

Gwaltney, David A.↗

Enabling the On-line Intrinsic Evolution of Analog Controllers

The intrinsic evolution of analog controllers to provide closed-loop control of the speed of a DC motor has been previously demonstrated at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. A side effect of the evolutionary process is that during evolution there are necessarily poor configurations to be evaluated that could cause damage to the plant, This paper concerns the development and implementation of a safe Evolvable Analog Controller (EAC) architecture able to evolve controllers on-line even in the presence of these poor configurations, The EAC concept is discussed and experimental results are presented that show the feasibility of the approach This EAC architecture represents the first in a series of steps required to make deployment of an evolvable controller a reality.

Gwaltney, David A.↗

Sensor response and radiation damage effects for 3D pixels in the ATLAS IBL Detector

Pixel sensors in 3D technology equip the outer ends of the staves of the Insertable B Layer (IBL), the innermost layer of the ATLAS Pixel Detector, which was installed before the start of LHC Run 2 in 2015. 3D pixel sensors are expected to exhibit more tolerance to radiation damage and are the technology of choice for the innermost layer in the ATLAS tracker upgrade for the HL-LHC programme. While the LHC has delivered an integrated luminosity of ≃ 235 fb -1 since the start of Run 2, the 3D sensors have received a non-ionising energy deposition corresponding to a fluence of ≃ 8.5 × 10 14 1 MeV neutron-equivalent cm -2 averaged over the sensor area. This paper presents results of measurements of the 3D pixel sensors' response during Run 2 and the first two years of Run 3, with predictions of its evolution until the end of Run 3 in 2025. Data are compared with radiation damage simulations, based on detailed maps of the electric field in the Si substrate, at various fluence levels and bias voltage values. These results illustrate the potential of 3D technology for pixel applications in high-radiation

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

Amorphization and siliconization of silicon carbide as a first wall material

The understanding and prediction of silicon carbide (SiC) material evolution exposed to SOL plasma conditions is of prime interest because SiC represents a promising main chamber wall plasma-facing material for next-step fusion devices (low hydrogenic diffusion, good mechanical and thermal properties under neutron irradiation). Gross and net Si erosion rates from SiC surfaces in contact with a well-diagnosed L-mode plasma in the DIII-D tokamak have been simulated and the surface concentrations of impurities have been tracked as a function of time. Coupled simulation of surface model and impurity transport demonstrates amorphization of crystalline SiC exposed to L-mode plasma due to the accumulation of displacement damages under ion irradiation. This affects the lifetime of SiC plasma facing components. Surface evolution is tightly coupled to impurity transport in the plasma and therefore needs to be integrated with impurity transport simulations to effectively predict Si erosion rates and sub-surface concentrations as a function of time. The simulation workflow couples a semi-analytical surface model to the impurity transport code GITR. The surface model is a homogeneous mixed-material model that tracks physical & chemical sputtering and reflection of impurities. Gross erosion is primarily influenced by the background plasma parameters and redeposition patterns are mainly influenced by the prompt redeposition due to the gyro-orbits of impurity ions. Although crystalline form of SiC is preferable for fusion wall applications because of resistance to neutron irradiation, this work indicates that crystalline SiC will undergo amorphization under D plasma contact with implications of higher sputtering and fuel retention. These results direct us to explore the effects of amorphization on crystalline SiC and further the physics basis of SiC usage as first wall material for fusion environments.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Thermal diffusivity recovery and defect annealing kinetics of self-ion implanted tungsten probed by insitu transient grating spectroscopy

Tungsten is a promising candidate material for plasma-facing armour components in future fusion reactors. A key concern is irradiation-induced degradation of its normally excellent thermal transport properties. In this comprehensive study, thermal diffusivity degradation in ion-implanted tungsten and its evolution from room temperature (RT) to 1073 K is considered. Five samples were exposed to 20 MeV self-ions at RT to achieve damage levels ranging from 3.2 x 10 -4 to 3.2 displacements per atom (dpa). Transient grating spectroscopy with in-situ heating was then used to study thermal diffusivity evolution as a function of temperature. Using a kinetic theory model, an equivalent point defect density is estimated from the measured thermal diffusivity. The results showed a prominent recovery of thermal diffusivity between 450 K and 650 K, which coincides with the onset of mono-vacancy mobility. After 1073 K annealing samples with initial damage of 3.2 x 10 -3 dpa or less recover close to the pristine value of thermal diffusivity. For doses of 3.2 x 10 -2 dpa or higher, on the other hand, a residual reduction in thermal diffusivity remains even after 1073 K annealing. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that this is associated with extended, irradiation-induced dislocation structures that are retained after annealing. A sensitivity analysis shows that thermal diffusivity provides an efficient tool for the assessing total defect content in tungsten up to 1000 K.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗