Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “Phase measurement”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 289 records · Page 16
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Measurement of the CP-violating phase ϕs in the B s 0 → J / ψ ϕ ( 1020 ) → μ + μ − K + K − channel in proton-proton collisions at s = 13 TeV

The CP -violating weak phase ϕ s and the decay width difference Δ Γ s between the light and heavy B s 0 mass eigenstates are measured with the CMS detector at the LHC in a sample of 48 500 reconstructed B s 0 → J / ψ ϕ ( 1020 ) → μ + μ − K + K − events. The measurement is based on a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 96.4 fb − 1 , collected in proton-proton collisions at s = 13 TeV in 2017–2018. To extract the values of ϕ s and Δ Γ s , a time-dependent and flavor-tagged angular analysis of the μ + μ − K + K − final state is performed. The analysis employs a dedicated tagging trigger and a novel opposite-side muon flavor tagger based on machine learning techniques. The measurement yields ϕ s = − 11 ± 50 (stat) ± 10 (syst) mrad and Δ Γ s = 0.114 ± 0.014 (stat) ± 0.007 (syst) ps − 1 , in agreement with the standard model predictions. When combined with the previous CMS measurement at s = 8 TeV , the following values are obtained: ϕ s = − 21 ± 44 (stat) ± 10 (syst) mrad , Δ Γ s = 0.1032 ± 0.0095 (stat) ± 0.0048 (syst) ps − 1 , a significant improvement over the 8 TeV result.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Direct Study of Changes in Catalyst Structure-Kinetic Properties During Redox Transitions

The Temporal Analysis of Products (TAP) pulse response methodology is a transient technique that provides the time resolution needed to deconvolve reaction steps from the complex networks typical in industrial catalytic processes. Traditionally, TAP measurements observe gas phase dynamics at the reactor exit but lack direct measurements of changes in the catalyst itself. Recently, a new operando technique was developed that couples gas phase transients to dynamic changes in metal centers with the precise TAP methodology for nanomole titration. Using an industrial CrOx/Al2O3 catalyst used for propane dehydrogenation, we demonstrate the capabilities of this unique device to reveal key catalytic processes: 1) total propane oxidation not associated with chromia centers, 2) reduction of Cr6+ to Cr3+ correlated with selective product formation, and 3) subsequent carbon accumulation. By utilizing incremental pulsing in a diffusion-only transport regime, the spectrokinetic device allows us to resolve detailed changes in catalyst structure, composition, and kinetic function that are otherwise indistinguishable in conventional operando devices. The unification of the TAP methodology with time-resolved spectroscopic measurements offers new and unique insights into the complex kinetic phenomena regulated by solid catalyst surfaces.

03 - NATURAL GAS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Measurements of beam backgrounds in SuperKEKB Phase 2

The high design luminosity of the SuperKEKB electron-positron collider will result in challenging levels of beam-induced backgrounds in the interaction region. Understanding and mitigating these backgrounds is critical to the success of the Belle II experiment. We report on the first background measurements performed after roll-in of the Belle II detector, utilizing both the BEAST II system of dedicated background sensors and the Belle II detector itself. Here we also report on first revisions to the background simulation made in response to our findings. Backgrounds measured include contributions from synchrotron radiation, beam-gas, Touschek, and injection backgrounds. At the end of Phase 2, single-beam backgrounds originating from the 4 GeV positron Low Energy Ring (LER) agree reasonably well with simulation, while backgrounds from the 7 GeV electron High Energy Ring (HER) are approximately one order of magnitude higher than simulation. We extrapolate these backgrounds forward and conclude it is safe to proceed to installation of the Belle II vertex detector.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2024

Determining the effects of U/Pu ratio on subsolidus phase transitions in U-Pu-Zr metallic fuel alloys

Here, ternary alloys consisting primarily of uranium, plutonium, and zirconium (U-Pu-Zr) are among the leading candidate fuel systems considered for fast spectrum nuclear reactors. Despite historical operation data from the testing of U-Pu-Zr rods in the Experimental Breeder Reactor-II, considerable uncertainty about the evolution of phases and microstructure across the ternary composition space exists. Due to sluggish kinetics and other difficulties in handling metal actinide specimens, quantitative measurements of phase-transitions in U-Pu-Zr alloys remain sparse in scientific literature, with most investigators reporting either phase-transition temperatures or phase identification data, but not both from the same specimens. The purpose of this paper is to critically compare experimental and calculated phase transition data and correlate with the microstructure and phase characterization data of as-cast and annealed U-Pu-Zr alloys. Phase transition peaks were measured using differential scanning calorimetry in the subsolidus regions (723-948 K) of three ternary U-Pu-Zr alloys with the same zirconium concentration but various U/Pu ratios. Overlapping peaks were deconvoluted using a Frazier-Suzuki peak fitting algorithm, and the critical peak temperatures and enthalpies were calculated. In general, increasing concentrations of Pu were associated with enhanced thermal stability of the body-centered cubic γ phase upon both heating and cooling. Experimental phase transition temperatures in this study tended to agree well with the predictions of the established ternary phase diagrams and other reported phase transition temperatures in literature. Additionally, the TAF-ID thermodynamic database was used to calculate a U-Pu-40 at.% Zr pseudobinary diagram as well as ternary diagrams from 773 to 973 K. The equilibrium phase transition temperatures tended to be considerably lower than measured peak temperatures upon both heating and cooling. Recommendations for improving the quality of data in future U-Pu-Zr characterization studies are also discussed.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Measurement of the inclusive WZ production cross section in pp collisions at $\sqrt{\textrm{s}}$ = 13.6 TeV

The inclusive WZ production cross section is measured in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13.6 TeV, using data collected during 2022 with the CMS detector, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 34.7 fb −1 . The measurement uses multileptonic final states and a simultaneous likelihood fit to the number of events in four different lepton flavour categories: eee, ee μ , μμ e, and μμμ . The selection is optimized to minimize the number of background events, and relies on an efficient prompt lepton discrimination strategy. The WZ production cross section is measured in a phase space defined within a 30 GeV window around the Z boson mass, as σ total (pp → WZ) = 55.2 ± 1.2 (stat) ± 1.2 (syst) ± 0.8 (lumi) ± 0.3 (theo) pb. In addition, the cross section is measured in a fiducial phase space closer to the detector-level requirements. All the measurements presented in this paper are in agreement with standard model predictions.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Vapor and Liquid ( p –ρ– T–x ) Measurements of Binary Refrigerant Blends Containing R-32, R-152a, R-227ea, R-1234yf, and R-1234ze(E)

In this article, The pressure–density–temperature–composition (p–ρ–T–x) data of binary refrigerant mixtures containing R-32 (difluoromethane), R-152a (1,1,-difluoroethane), R-227ea (1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane), R-1234yf (2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene), and R-1234ze(E) (trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene) were measured in both the vapor and liquid phases using a two-sinker, magnetic suspension densimeter. The specific samples in this study comprised two compositions of approximately (0.3/0.7) and (0.7/0.3) mole fraction for each of the following four binary refrigerant blends: R-32 + R-1234yf, R-32 + R-1234ze(E), R-1234yf + R-152a, and R-1234ze(E) + R-227ea. Single-phase vapor densities were measured over a temperature range of approximately 253 to 293 K and pressures from 0.05 to 0.98 MPa. Single-phase liquid and supercritical densities were measured over a temperature range of approximately 230 to 400 K and pressures up to 22 MPa; for refrigerant blends containing R-1234yf, the maximum pressure was limited to 14 MPa. Overall relative combined, expanded (k = 2) uncertainties in density ranged from 0.025 to 0.191%, with an average uncertainty of approximately 0.05%. Here, we present measurement results, along with comparisons to available literature data and to default equations of state and mixture models included in REFPROP.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Solubility behavior and thermodynamic modeling of sodium monosulfoaluminate (“U‐phase”) in cementitious systems

Abstract The “U‐phase,” a sodium‐containing (alumino‐ferrite‐monosubstituent) AFm phase, has been observed to form in sodium‐enriched highly alkaline cementitious systems, for example, of relevance to nuclear waste, and saline industrial brine management. But, minimal information is available of the U‐phase's (e.g., solubility or thermodynamic properties) due to its limited stability and its tendency to transform into ettringite or monosulfoaluminate. Herein, the U‐phase was systematically synthesized at four temperatures (5, 15, 25, and 50°C) and fully characterized in terms of its thermochemical properties. The average composition of the synthesized U‐phase (4CaO·Al 2 O 3 ·1.85SO 3 ·0.85Na 2 O·12H 2 O) deviates slightly from typical disclosures in the literature. The solubility product of the U‐phase formation was measured from conditions of oversaturation. The measured thermodynamic data accurately predicted experimental observations of U‐phase formation in cementitious environments. In general, it was noted that the U‐phase forms and persists (i.e., remains stable) at pH > 13.7 and [Na + ] concentrations superior to 1 mol/L.

Materials Science↗
DOE OSTI2020

Virtual Slit for Improved Resolution in Longitudinal Emittance Measurement

A technique to reduce point-spread originating from physical slit width in emittance measurements is described. This technique is developed to improve phase resolution in a longitudinal emittance apparatus consisting of a dipole magnet, energy-selecting slit and bunch shape monitor. In this apparatus, the energy and phase resolutions are directly proportional to the width of the slit, but the virtual slit method enables sub-slit resolution. The bunch phase profile is measured at two points in the energy distribution with a separation less than the physical slit width. The difference of these two profiles is used to reconstruct the profile from a virtual slit of width equal to the separation.

Ruisard, Kiersten↗
DOE OSTI2026

PIP-II LLRF Master Oscillator and Precision Reference Line- Station Level Design and Testing

The PIP-II superconducting linac at Fermilab requires a highly stable RF Reference Line to maintain phase synchronization throughout the accelerator. Temperature-induced changes in the electrical length of long coaxial cables can introduce phase drift and measurement errors. The reference-line architecture mitigates these effects by phase averaging the forward and reflected RF signals, while a phase-locked loop anchors the system to the master oscillator. This work focuses on the characterization, validation, and mechanical integration of station-level RF assemblies using CAD modeling, vector network analyzer measurements, and spectrum analyzer testing. PID-controlled thermal plates will stabilize critical RF components and further reduce temperature-dependent phase and amplitude variations. These methods support repeatable, standardized designs that can be reliably integrated across the different reference-line stations.

Mosher, Alexander [U. Illinois, Chicago; Fermilab]↗
DOE OSTI2026

PIP-II LLRF Master Oscillator and Precision Reference Line - Station Level Design and Testing

The PIP-II superconducting linac at Fermilab requires a highly stable RF Reference Line to maintain phase syn- chronization throughout the accelerator. Temperature- induced changes in the electrical length of long coaxial cables can introduce phase drift and measurement errors. The reference-line architecture mitigates these effects by phase averaging the forward and reflected RF signals, while a phase-locked loop anchors the system to the mas- ter oscillator. This work focuses on the characterization, validation, and mechanical integration of station-level RF assemblies using CAD modeling, vector network analyzer measurements, and spectrum analyzer testing. PID-controlled thermal plates will stabilize critical RF components and further reduce temperature-dependent phase and amplitude variations. These methods sup- port repeatable, standardized designs that can be reliably integrated across the different reference-line stations.

Mosher, Alexander [U. Illinois, Chicago]↗
DOE OSTI2023

Reconstruction of simulated electrostatic potentials by automatic differentiation-based phase retrieval in electron microscopy imaging

Measuring interfacial electrostatic potentials is vital to understanding many fundamental materials properties. A variety of TEM methods exist for measuring electric potentials from the phase shift produced on an electron wave as it passes through a sample. However, most are either experimentally challenging or poorly suited to resolving nanoscale features. Here, we demonstrate the viability of a simple, automatic differentiation-based exit wave reconstruction from a focal series of images to accurately measure nanoscale electric potentials. Here, the analysis suggests that under optimal measurement conditions, electric potentials can be resolved to less than 0.06 V in magnitude and less than 1 nm in spatial extent.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Dissipative Floquet Dynamics: from Steady State to Measurement Induced Criticality in Trapped-ion Chains

Quantum systems evolving unitarily and subject to quantum measurements exhibit various types of non-equilibrium phase transitions, arising from the competition between unitary evolution and measurements. Dissipative phase transitions in steady states of time-independent Liouvillians and measurement induced phase transitions at the level of quantum trajectories are two primary examples of such transitions. Investigating a many-body spin system subject to periodic resetting measurements, we argue that many-body dissipative Floquet dynamics provides a natural framework to analyze both types of transitions. We show that a dissipative phase transition between a ferromagnetic ordered phase and a paramagnetic disordered phase emerges for long-range systems as a function of measurement probabilities. A measurement induced transition of the entanglement entropy between volume law scaling and sub-volume law scaling is also present, and is distinct from the ordering transition. The two phases correspond to an error-correcting and a quantum-Zeno regimes, respectively. The ferromagnetic phase is lost for short range interactions, while the volume law phase of the entanglement is enhanced. An analysis of multifractal properties of wave function in Hilbert space provides a common perspective on both types of transitions in the system. Our findings are immediately relevant to trapped ion experiments, for which we detail a blueprint proposal based on currently available platforms.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2022

Holographic measurement and bulk teleportation

Holography has taught us that spacetime is emergent and its properties depend on the entanglement structure of the dual theory. In this paper, we describe how changes in the entanglement due to a local projective measurement (LPM) on a subregion A of the boundary theory modify the bulk dual spacetime. We find that LPMs destroy portions of the bulk geometry, yielding post-measurement bulk spacetimes dual to the complementary unmeasured region A c that are cut off by end-of-the-world branes. Using a bulk calculation in AdS 3 and tensor network models of holography (in particular, the HaPPY code and random tensor networks), we show that the portions of the bulk geometry that are preserved after the measurement depend on the size of A and the state we project onto. The post-measurement bulk dual to A c includes regions that were originally part of the entanglement wedge of A prior to measurement. This suggests that LPMs performed on a boundary subregion A teleport part of the bulk information originally encoded in A into the complementary region A c . In semiclassical holography an arbitrary amount of bulk information can be teleported in this way, while in tensor network models the teleported information is upper-bounded by the amount of entanglement shared between A and A c due to finite-N effects. When A is the union of two disjoint subregions, the measurement triggers an entangled/disentangled phase transition between the remaining two unmeasured subregions, corresponding to a connected/disconnected phase transition in the bulk description. Our results shed new light on the effects of measurement on the entanglement structure of holographic theories and give insight on how bulk information can be manipulated from the boundary theory. They could also represent a first step towards a holographic description of measurement-induced phase transitions.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Enabling resonant ultrasound spectroscopy in high magnetic fields

Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS) is a powerful method to determine elastic constants with high accuracy and precision from a single measurement of the mechanical resonances of a sample. Conventionally, the quantitative extraction of elastic moduli with RUS assumes free boundary conditions which can often lead to the adoption of unstable sample positioning between ultrasonic transducers that is incompatible with extreme environments like high magnetic fields. We show that, under specific conditions, introducing a small amount of adhesive between a RUS sample and ultrasonic transducers introduces a perturbation to the free resonance condition which can be accounted for by a simple model. This means elastic constants can be determined to within the uncertainty of conventional RUS, but with significant improvements including sample stability and control of sample orientation. We demonstrate the efficacy of this approach with measurements on a range of materials including room temperature measurements on polycrystalline metals, temperature-dependent measurements of the structural phase transition in strontium titanate single crystals, and magnetic field-dependent measurements of magnetic phase transitions in gadolinium polycrystals up to 14 T.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2024

Improved Measurement of C P Violation Parameters in B s 0 → J / ψ K + K − Decays in the Vicinity of the ϕ ( 1020 ) Resonance

The decay-time-dependent C P asymmetry in B s 0 → J / ψ ( → μ + μ − ) K + K − decays is measured using proton-proton collision data, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 6 fb − 1 , collected with the LHCb detector at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. Using a sample of approximately 349 000 B s 0 signal decays with an invariant K + K − mass in the vicinity of the ϕ ( 1020 ) resonance, the C P -violating phase ϕ s is measured, along with the difference in decay widths of the light and heavy mass eigenstates of the B s 0 − B ¯ s 0 system, Δ Γ s , and the difference of the average B s 0 and B 0 meson decay widths, Γ s − Γ d . The values obtained are ϕ s = − 0.039 ± 0.022 ± 0.006 rad , Δ Γ s = 0.0845 ± 0.0044 ± 0.0024 ps − 1 , and Γ s − Γ d = − 0.005 6 − 0.0015 + 0.0013 ± 0.0014 ps − 1 , where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second systematic. These are the most precise single measurements to date and are consistent with expectations based on the Standard Model and with the previous LHCb analyses of this decay. These results are combined with previous independent LHCb measurements. The phase ϕ s is also measured independently for each polarization state of the K + K − system and shows no evidence for polarization dependence. © 2024 CERN, for the LHCb Collaboration 2024 CERN

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Exploring the Nucleon Structure via Deep Electroproduction Processes

Understanding the internal structure of the nucleon is a fundamental goal of modern physics, which aims at a comprehensive framework describing the internal dynamics of quarks and gluons. Among other structure functions, Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs) offer a powerful framework for describing the nucleon dynamics by correlating the longitudinal momentum and the transverse position of its internal partons. Such a correlation provides a three-dimensional picture of the nucleon and enables access to fundamental properties, including the internal pressure distributions and the parton’s angular momentum contribution to the nucleon's total spin, thereby playing a central role in resolving the nucleon spin puzzle. At the Thomas Jefferson National Facility (JLab), polarized electron beam experiments allow for probing GPDs through the measurement of hard exclusive processes. Among the cleanest experimental channels, we find the electro-production of a real photon through the Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DVCS) mechanism. The first data-taking period of the CLAS12 program, taking place in 2018, allowed for unique DVCS Beam Spin Asymmetry (BSA) measurements in the phase space covered by a 10.6 GeV polarized electron beam impinging on an unpolarized liquid hydrogen target. Although detecting all final-state particles ensures exclusivity of the process, conservation laws indicate that it is not mandatory. I adopt an approach omitting the direct detection of the recoil proton, providing a simplified yet effective event selection strategy that boosts statistics and gives access to a larger phase space sensitive to the underlying GPD dynamics through BSA and cross section measurements. The Double DVCS (DDVCS) process promises a dedicated mapping of GPDs. Contributing to the electro-production of a lepton pair cross-section, the DDVCS reaction extends DVCS by allowing the final-state photon to be virtual, enriching the kinematic phase space and providing unique access to the internal correlations encoded by GPDs. A feasibility study is conducted to assess the potential of future DDVCS measurements at Jefferson Lab and the future Electron-Ion Collider (EIC). While Jefferson Lab will provide DDVCS measurements in the valence region through the SoLID$\mu$ and $\mu$CLAS12 experimental projects, in the long term, the EIC will provide complementary measurements in the sea region, both accessing unprecedented information about GPDs in a phase space region otherwise inaccessible. Taken together, these investigations demonstrate both the current capabilities and future opportunities for probing GPDs through exclusive processes. The experimental analysis of DVCS at CLAS12 provides precise measurements within an established framework, while the phenomenological study of DDVCS opens the door to richer and more comprehensive explorations with future detectors and facilities.

Alvarado, Juan [Université Paris-Saclay: Gif-sur-Y↗
DOE OSTI2023

Assessment and Commissioning of Electrical Substation Grid Testbed with a Real-Time Simulator and Protective Relays/Power Meters in the Loop

Electrical utility substations are wired with intelligent electronic devices (IEDs), such as protective relays, power meters, and communication switches. Substation engineers commission these IEDs to assess the appropriate measurements for monitoring, control, power system protection, and communication applications. Like real electrical utility substations, complex electrical substation grid testbeds (ESGTs) need to be assessed for measuring current and voltage signals in monitoring, power system protection, control (synchro check), and communication applications that are limited by small measurement percentage errors. In the process of setting an ESGT with real-time simulators and IEDs in the loop, protective relays, power meters, and communication devices must be commissioned before running experiments. In this study, an ESGT with IEDs and distributed ledger technology was developed. The ESGT with a real-time simulator and IEDs in the loop was satisfactorily assessed and commissioned. The commissioning and problem-solving tasks of the testbed are described to define a method with flowcharts to assess possible trouble-shooting in ESGTs. This method was based on comparing the simulations versus IED measurements for the phase current and voltage magnitudes, three-phase phasor diagrams, breaker states, protective relay times with selectivity coordination at electrical faults, communication data points, and time-stamp sources.

Piesciorovsky, Emilio↗
DOE OSTI2025

Design of a correlation reflectometer radiometer diagnostic and measurements of the electron density–temperature cross-phase angle in the H-mode pedestal with small edge localized modes at ASDEX Upgrade

This work presents the hardware design and first results from a newly commissioned correlation reflectometer radiometer diagnostic that measures the cross-phase angle between electron density and temperature fluctuations in ASDEX Upgrade plasmas. This diagnostic employs cross correlations between signals measured by a tunable, continuous wave, perpendicular incidence, fluctuation reflectometer, and a 24-channel radiometer sharing the same line of sight. Novel measurements in the pedestal of a helium H-mode plasma with small edge localized modes show changes in the cross-phase angle between the electron density and temperature fluctuations from ∼90° to 120°, suggesting changes in the properties of the turbulence driving transport in the plasma edge.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗