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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 289 records · Page 16
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

ASEAN Technical Exchange Workshop for System Operators, Regulators, and Policymakers

This presentation provides an in-depth exploration of power system planning, cross-border electricity trading, and battery energy storage systems (BESS), offering actionable insights for system operators, regulators, and policymakers. The first section delves into power system planning and analysis, focusing on capacity expansion models and resource adequacy studies, including their role in optimizing system efficiency, managing emissions, and addressing system reliability risks. Key considerations, such as integration of transmission into generation planning and the forecasting versus optimization of customer distributed energy resources (DER) technologies, are explored. The session highlights critical trade-offs in spatial granularity and model runtimes, as well as the feasibility of aligning distribution investments with capacity expansion efforts. The second section examines cross-border electricity trading, with an emphasis on resource adequacy concepts such as reliability targets, loss of load expectation (LOLE), and planning reserve margins (PRM). Case studies on reserve market design and coordination across US regions provide insights into improving reserve deliverability and managing interregional power balance and congestion. This section also addresses market-to-market congestion management, including advanced strategies for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) optimization and ancillary service delivery. Finally, the presentation covers the rapid evolution of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS), highlighting their operational growth, regulatory frameworks, and use cases in grid flexibility, energy storage, and reliability. The discussion focuses on the benefits of BESS for system stability, resilience, and integration of renewable energy, offering insights into its role as a vital component in the transition toward a more sustainable and flexible grid. Key performance parameters, such as throughput, round-trip efficiency, and state of charge, are also examined.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Scalable training of graph convolutional neural networks for fast and accurate predictions of HOMO-LUMO gap in molecules

Abstract Graph Convolutional Neural Network (GCNN) is a popular class of deep learning (DL) models in material science to predict material properties from the graph representation of molecular structures. Training an accurate and comprehensive GCNN surrogate for molecular design requires large-scale graph datasets and is usually a time-consuming process. Recent advances in GPUs and distributed computing open a path to reduce the computational cost for GCNN training effectively. However, efficient utilization of high performance computing (HPC) resources for training requires simultaneously optimizing large-scale data management and scalable stochastic batched optimization techniques. In this work, we focus on building GCNN models on HPC systems to predict material properties of millions of molecules. We use HydraGNN, our in-house library for large-scale GCNN training, leveraging distributed data parallelism in PyTorch. We use ADIOS, a high-performance data management framework for efficient storage and reading of large molecular graph data. We perform parallel training on two open-source large-scale graph datasets to build a GCNN predictor for an important quantum property known as the HOMO-LUMO gap. We measure the scalability, accuracy, and convergence of our approach on two DOE supercomputers: the Summit supercomputer at the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility (OLCF) and the Perlmutter system at the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC). We present our experimental results with HydraGNN showing (i) reduction of data loading time up to 4.2 times compared with a conventional method and (ii) linear scaling performance for training up to 1024 GPUs on both Summit and Perlmutter.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2026

U.S. Department of Energy Competitiveness Improvement Project 2024 Technology Commercialization Awardee: Intelligent Energy Systems

This fact sheet describes the 2024 Competitiveness Improvement Project (CIP) award received by Intelligent Energy Systems for technology commercialization. The U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) CIP awards cost-shared subcontracts and technical support to manufacturers of small and medium-sized wind turbines. Managed by NLR on behalf of DOE's Wind Energy Technologies Office, CIP helps advance wind energy as a cost-effective, distributed-generation technology option.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Functional Assessment of Shell Recharge Solutions' SKY™ Platform OpenADR Capability

The project’s overall objective is to research, develop, and conduct a wide-scale demonstration of a utility smart charge management (SCM) system to develop optimal managed charging structures for grid value, evaluate the impact of EV charging on local distribution utility operations, and evaluate the utilities’ ability to control electronic vehicle (EV) charging load based on grid conditions. This report covers Argonne’s validation testing in the first period of the project, the objective of which was to determine the current managed charging functionality of the EVSE hardware, the network and the vehicle telematics software solution and understand gaps that need to be addressed prior to a large-scale demonstration.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2015

Accuracy and Validation of Measured and Modeled Data for Distributed PV Interconnection and Control

The distribution grid is changing to become an active resource with complex modeling needs. The new active distribution grid will, within the next ten years, contain a complex mix of load, generation, storage and automated resources all operating with different objectives on different time scales from each other and requiring detailed analysis. Electrical analysis tools that are used to perform capacity and stability studies have been used for transmission system planning for many years. In these tools, the distribution grid was considered a load and its details and physical components were not modeled. The increase in measured data sources can be utilized for better modeling, but also control of distributed energy resources (DER). The utilization of these sources and advanced modeling tools will require data management, and knowledgeable users. Each of these measurement and modeling devices have accuracy constraints, which will ultimately define their future ability to be planned and controlled. This paper discusses the importance of measured data accuracy for inverter control, interconnection and planning tools and proposes ranges of control accuracy needed to satisfy all concerns based on the present grid infrastructure.

Stewart, Emma↗
DOE OSTI2018

Pixelated CZT Technology for the Detection, Identification, and Localization of Gamma-Ray Sources - 18311

Radioactive waste-management applications require good measurements to qualitatively and quantitatively characterize waste materials. Often these measurements must be done in situ, and the user wishes to learn something of the isotopic and spatial distribution of the source. Therefore, there is a need for a portable instrument that can map radioactive contamination and quantify sources. This presentation introduces several instruments that have been applied to this task, along with example measurements in relevant applications. All instruments are based on 3D-position-sensitive CdZnTe (CZT) detectors. This technology routinely achieves better than 1.1% FWHM energy resolution at 662 keV and operates at room temperature with a startup time under 2 minutes. All are packaged in portable enclosures with WiFi and Bluetooth capabilities for wireless communication. These capabilities allow the technology to be used in more advanced measurements in the field. A unique capability of these detectors is the ability to image the spatial distribution of gamma rays from a single stationary measurement. The first product, Polaris-H, has been in use at commercial nuclear power plants since 2013. The system, currently used at over 50% of the US nuclear-power fleet, integrates a 3D-position-sensitive CZT detector, associated readout electronics, an embedded computer, a battery with over 7-hour life, an optical camera, and a laser range finder in a portable water-proof enclosure. The system connects wirelessly to a tablet which displays a gamma-ray spectrum and isotope-specific images of the gamma-ray distribution in all directions in real time. The CZT detectors have a dynamic range from 50 keV up to 3 MeV. Coded aperture or pinhole imaging is used for energies below 250 keV, and Compton imaging is used for energies above 250 keV. List-mode data is saved to an external USB memory stick to enable more advanced analysis, including isotopic activity analysis, via H3D's post-processing software. Additional systems based on the same architecture have been developed to optimize the technology for other applications. These include Polaris-H Quad, which provides over 3 times the sensitivity for applications involving weaker sources, and Polaris-H Shield, which uses a collimator to provide images and isotope information over a narrower field of view in order to measure weaker sources in the presence of stronger sources of the same isotope. H3D has also developed custom systems that have been mounted on robots and drones that enable remote operation of the technology. Results from the measurements collected at commercial nuclear power plants and other applicable sites will be presented to show how these instruments can be used to detect, identify, and localize gamma-ray sources. Advanced analysis techniques to show the accurate quantification of the gamma-ray source will also be presented. Applications range from characterizing simple objects, to locating hottest points, estimating contamination distributions on an isotope-by-isotope basis, and differentiating scatter and direct emissions. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2017

The FabrIc for Frontier Experiments Project at Fermilab: Computing for Experiments

The FabrIc for Frontier Experiments (FIFE) project is a major initiative within the Fermilab Scientific Computing Division designed to steer the computing model for non-LHC experiments at Fermilab. The FIFE project enables close collaboration between experimenters and computing professionals to serve high-energy physics experiments of differing scope and physics area of study. The project also tracks and provides feedback on the development of common tools for job submission, identity management, software and data distribution, job monitoring, and databases for project tracking. The computing needs of the experiments under the FIFE umbrella continue to increase, and present a complex list of requirements to their service providers. To meet these requirements, recent advances in the FIFE toolset include a new identity management infrastructure, significantly upgraded job monitoring tools, and a workflow management system. We have also upgraded existing tools to access remote computing resources such as GPU clusters and sites outside the United States. We will present these recent advances, highlight the nature of collaboration between the diverse set of experimenters and service providers, and discuss the project's future directions.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Scalable Multi-Facility Workflows for Artificial Intelligence Applications in Climate Research

Earth observation satellites and earth system models are sources of vast, multi-modal datasets that are invaluable for advancing climate and environmental research. However, their scale and complexity pose significant challenges for processing and analysis. In this paper we discuss our experiences in developing and using a scientific research application using an automated multi-facility workflow that orchestrates data collection, preprocessing, artificial intelligence (AI) inferencing, and data movement across diverse computational resources, leveraging the Advanced Computing Ecosystem Testbed at the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility (OLCF). We demonstrate that our workflow can be seamlessly integrated and orchestrated across research facilities managed by different federal agencies, thus allowing users to extract new scientific insights from climate datasets. The experimental results indicate that the multi-facility workflow significantly reduces processing time, enhances scalability, and maintains high efficiency across varying workloads. Notably, our workflow processes 12,000 high-resolution satellite images in just 44 seconds using 80 workers distributed across 10 nodes on the OLCF systems. Such high throughput is essential for dynamic tokenization and sharding of petascale satellite data for distributed AI model training and inferencing at scale across thousands of GPUs.

Kurihana, Takuya [ORNL] (ORCID:0000000156698565)↗
DOE OSTI2022

Authentication of smart grid communications using quantum key distribution

Smart grid solutions enable utilities and customers to better monitor and control energy use via information and communications technology. Information technology is intended to improve the future electric grid’s reliability, efficiency, and sustainability by implementing advanced monitoring and control systems. However, leveraging modern communications systems also makes the grid vulnerable to cyberattacks. Here we report the first use of quantum key distribution (QKD) keys in the authentication of smart grid communications. In particular, we make such demonstration on a deployed electric utility fiber network. The developed method was prototyped in a software package to manage and utilize cryptographic keys to authenticate machine-to-machine communications used for supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA). This demonstration showcases the feasibility of using QKD to improve the security of critical infrastructure, including future distributed energy resources (DERs), such as energy storage.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2019

Foundations for Engineering Education for Distributed Energy Resources (FEEDER)

Foundations for Engineering Education for Distributed Energy Resources (FEEDER), as one of the four Distributed Technology Training Consortia (DTTCs) of the Grid Engineering for Accelerated Renewable Energy Deployment (GEARED) National Network, provided programs to meet the project goals, and works closely with the GEARED National Network Administrator (NNA) to foster student competence and career interest in advanced engineering and professional skills that support a robust electrical utility sector. This educational effort also included annual gatherings to share best practices and specific advances in knowledge, instructional best practice and educational integration throughout disciplines supporting power systems analysis and integration of distributed generation, with a focus on renewable energy. This effort aligned with the goals and objectives of the Department of Energy SunShot initiative. The project goals included the creation of a larger skilled electric grid workforce that is able to manage widespread deployment of distributed energy resources by developing and sharing new courses and curricula across the participating FEEDER institutions. FEEDER was expanded to add four institutions under the Solar Training & Education for Professionals (STEP) program, with the title Strategic Expansion to Achieve GEARED Goals and award number DE- EE0007327. Program components were selected based on gap analysis and advices of FEEDER industry advisory board, with a focus on student participation in power programs, research and formative experiences that led them to successful careers in power-related industries.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2019

Chance-Constrained Energy Management System for Power Grids With High Proliferation of Renewables and Electric Vehicles

This paper proposes a two-stage energy management system (EMS) for power grids with massive integration of electric vehicles (EVs) and renewable energy resources. The first stage economic dispatch determines the optimal operating points of charging stations and battery swapping stations (BSS) for EVs under plug-in and battery swapping modes, respectively. The proposed stochastic model predictive control (SMPC) problem in this stage is characterized through a chance-constrained optimization formulation that can effectively capture the system and the forecast uncertainties. A distributed algorithm, the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM), is applied to accelerate the optimization computation through parallel computing. The second stage is aimed in coordinating the EV charging mechanisms to continuously follow the first-stage solutions, i.e., the target operating points, and meeting the EV customers' charging demands captured via the Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI). In this work, the proposed solution offers a holistic control strategy for large-scale centralized power grids in which the aggregated individual parameters are predictable and the system dynamics do not vary sharply within a short time-interval.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2018

Grid Interactive Microgrid Controller for Resilient Communities (Final Report)

The objective of this project was to determine microgrid controller requirements using a use-case approach, then develop, configure and validate the performance of an advanced microgrid controller capable of managing from 1 to 10 megawatts (MW) of aggregated generation capacity to meet the performance targets outlined in DOE Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) DE-FOA-0000997 “Microgrid Research, Development, and System Design” and support the expanding deployment of commercial scale microgrid systems. The project aimed to develop and validate a commercially viable and flexible microgrid controller, easily adapted to different end-user community applications and to a range of electric grid characteristics with the primary outcome of the project being a standard operational model that can be deployed at multiple communities, each with unique resources and resiliency requirements. Spirae’s Wave™ microgrid controller was the advanced microgrid controller utilized in this project. The Spirae Wave™ control platform provides a scalable architecture for integrating and managing high levels of renewable and distributed energy resources (DER) at the edge of the grid. The motivation for the project is a result of the increased interest in microgrids resulting from the confluence of a number of important factors 1) Costs of distributed generation of many different types continues to decrease. This includes gas-based generation that has benefited from the lower cost of natural gas as well as renewable generation (solar, wind, hydro), 2) Storage development for many different industries is lowering its cost for the electric power industry. Storage is a key element of a microgrid to provide the flexibility of operation needed, 3) Applications like combined heat and power further improve the economics of local generation and provide the opportunity for local optimization of resources and loads, 4) There continues to be a need for improved resiliency and coordination of local system strategies (e.g. microgrids) with overall grid investments that can result in more optimum overall investment strategies and reduced times to restore power after major events. The increased interest in microgrids as both a system for local energy optimization and for improved resiliency comes with a need for new controller strategies that can help realize these applications. The new controllers should also reflect industry standards and provide a platform for continued innovation. Additionally, the controllers should be flexible to adapt to a wide variety of end-user community applications and to a wide range of electric grid characteristics. The controller should be equipped with standard functions and interfaces that can expand community opportunities for microgrids.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2025

Advanced Transmission Technologies –GETs and HPCs Session 3: HPCs and Building Actions Plans to Digital Assurance Risks

The third session of the Idaho National Laboratory’s (INL) Technical Assistance for Digital Assurance (TADA) program, held on November 11, 2025, centered on High Performance Conductors (HPCs) and the formulation of action plans to address digital assurance risks associated with Grid-Enhancing Technologies (GETs). This session convened experts from utilities, vendors, and government agencies to examine the technical, operational, and cybersecurity aspects of HPC deployment. Discussions highlighted the benefits of HPCs, such as their ability to rapidly increase transmission capacity using existing corridors, improve grid resilience, reduce system losses, and align with FERC Orders 2023 and 1920. Participants evaluated supply chain and digital assurance risks, including reliance on imported materials, limited domestic manufacturing capacity, workforce shortages, and traceability issues. The session also emphasized the importance of digital trust, integration-layer cybersecurity, and unified risk frameworks, introducing tools like intrusion detection systems, encryption, zero trust networking, and firmware integrity. Recaps of earlier workshops on Dynamic Line Ratings (DLRs), Advanced Power Flow Control (APFC), and Transmission Topology Optimization (TTO) underscored institutional barriers and integration challenges. Action plans were proposed to mitigate issues such as inconsistent cybersecurity practices, SBOM usage, supply chain visibility, operator trust, and misaligned incentives. Additionally, INL presented its supply chain risk management tools and Cyber-Informed Engineering (CIE) principles to support secure procurement and system design. The session concluded with a commitment to share key takeaways, incorporate cohort feedback into future policy development, and continue collaborative engagement through upcoming pilot activities. Session 3 of 3.

24 - POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2018

Testing of an Iodine and Tritium Removal System for Advanced Tritium Pretreatment Off-Gas

The reprocessing of used nuclear fuel would release volatile radionuclides into the off-gas of a processing plant, including 3 H, 14 C, 85 Kr, and 129 I. For a reprocessing plant sited within the United States and governed by US regulations, the abatement of some or all of these radionuclides from the plant off-gas would be required before discharge of that gas to the environment. A potential simplification of the off-gas management system can be achieved through an efficient advanced tritium pretreatment (ATPT) step in which the UO 2 fuel is oxidized by NO 2 prior to dissolution. Oxidation of the UO 2 fuel matrix results in the release of tritium contained within. Up-front removal of tritium from the fuel in a pretreatment step, followed by the abatement of tritium from the advanced tritium pretreatment off-gas (ATPTOG) stream, can minimize or eliminate the distribution of tritium throughout the plant, also decreasing or eliminating the need for tritium capture on multiple off-gas streams. The use of NO 2 as the oxidant allows tritium pretreatment to be performed at lower temperatures and may result in the quantitative release of iodine from the fuel. A total of five tests examined AgA as a potential iodine sorbent at an operating temperature of 150°C and both 3A MS and silica gel as potential tritium sorbents with an operating temperature of 40°C. 3A MS and silica gel are intended for use as regenerative sorbents, in which the adsorbed tritium (as tritiated water or tritiated nitric acid) is loaded onto the sorbent at operating temperature and then subsequently desorbed at high temperature into a small-volume gas stream for recovery and conversion to a waste form. This testing leaves many fundamental questions regarding the ATPTOG iodine and tritium abatement systems unanswered. These include questions regarding sorbent capacity and sorbate desorption. Overall, this testing indicates that tritium and iodine abatement from an ATPTOG stream by solid sorbents is currently at a low stage of technological development and that deployment of such an abatement system would require substantial additional research and development.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2023

Cybersecurity Platform and Certification Framework Development for Extreme Fast Charging (XFC)-Integrated Charging Ecosystem (Final Project Report)

This report summarizes a pioneering effort in Electric Vehicle charging infrastructure ecosystem cybersecurity requirements, assessment methodologies, functional verification, as well as embodiment of the key technologies in the form of hardware and software tools being made available to the public. EPRI led a team of experts, as well as a stakeholder coalition encompassing all key actors in the EV charging infrastructure ecosystem that includes eXtreme Fast Charging (XFC) equipment (defined as 200kW or above). EV charging infrastructure in the United States is a patchwork of networks that have continued to grow organically and have been designed to serve the charging needs of the EV owners, who are their customers. In doing so, each network provider, as well as their connected entities such as the cloud Electric Vehicle Service Providers or EVSPs, utility back office, utility AMI networks, payment networks, as well as Original Equipment Manufacturer (EV manufacturer) telematics networks, have designed systems that may work well individually, but no single entity is responsible for the entire ecosystem to be secure in terms of data exchange. Furthermore, there is no uniformity in how each actor has implemented the cybersecurity requirements since no system-wide cybersecurity requirements existed prior to this project. The final project report describes the technical approach guided by the EV charging infrastructure cybersecurity working group, convened specifically for this project. The technical approach included definition of requirements at the ecosystem level, treated as a ‘system of systems’, and then passed down to individual systems (EVSE, EV, cloud EVSP, utility, and the payment networks), followed by developing the cybersecurity risk and vulnerability assessment methods, that were later applied to real-world cyber-physical systems at EPRI, ANL, and NREL laboratories, to validate both the process and the results. Finally, in a spotlight over the most vulnerable equipment, which is the EV charge station (AC or DC), the team developed a multi-layer cybersecurity implementation in the embedded domain embodied by the open-source Secure Network Interface Card (SNIC) demonstrating the various ways in which the infrastructure can be secured protecting against the identified attack surfaces. Finally, the entire process of EV infrastructure cybersecurity assessment was encapsulated in the Electric Vehicle Charging Cybersecurity Management (EVC2M) online GUI-based tool, that is expected to be released to the public. The report presents the objectives, the technical approach, the key results, and recommendations for future work.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2026

Reliability Assessment of Solid-State Circuit Breakers (CRADA CRD-21-21469, Project 4 Final Report)

Growth in power requirements and the complexity of emerging distribution systems are creating the need for new solid-state products for many applications. The qualification requirements, testing standards and life-cycle management practices of solid-state devices used in protection applications is not established. The project will leverage newly developed accelerated testing capabilities design specifically for protection applications to generate large data sets that will enable advanced digital techniques for data analysis and embedded health monitoring.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2026

Data Management for Digital Twin Implementation: Enhancing Existing SCADA Architecture for INL's CITRC Test Distribution System

The United States power grid will continue to experience stress from aging infrastructure, extreme weather, and increasing loads. In order to strengthen resiliency, researchers need to run tests and simulations that model real-life infrastructure. Idaho National Laboratory (INL) is creating a digital twin of its Critical Infrastructure Test Range Complex (CITRC). CITRC is an at-scale grid testbed which can be configured in utility-realistic distribution scenarios for a variety of tests, such as advanced grid protection and control. A digital twin of this infrastructure would support in-depth tests/simulations without risking physical consequences, before trialing devices under test at-scale. This project focuses on the data acquisition part of constructing a digital twin. It investigates the Supervisory Data Acquisition and Control (SCADA) system of CITRC and explores ways to utilize this system for the twin. Future “ideal” at-scale implementations such as upgraded equipment, modern communication protocols, and automation applications are also explored.

24 - POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2022

The impact of energy-efficiency upgrades and other distributed energy resources on a residential neighborhood-scale electrification retrofit

We report ambitious targets for carbon emissions reductions are highlighting new challenges for electrification strategies, leading to an increased focus on building load flexibility and energy management to complement the variability inherent in renewable energy generation. Over the next decade millions of existing homes could undergo electrification retrofits, and there is an urgent need to understand the potential impacts of electrifying major residential loads such as water and space heating on community load characteristics, resident energy bills, and the utility's distribution system. Behind-the-meter distributed energy resources (DERs), including efficiency measures, photovoltaics (PV), battery storage, managed electric vehicle (EV) charging, and controls such as home energy management systems (HEMS), can significantly alter a neighborhood's load profile and provide benefits to both the residents and the grid. We present a novel approach to characterizing the impact of a hypothetical neighborhood-scale residential retrofit program on individual homes' energy use profiles, associated utility bills, and the local distribution system. We modeled a mixed-fuel community of 30 single-family homes in Denver, Colorado, and compared the effects of retrofit scenarios ranging from conventional energy-efficiency upgrades to full electrification with and without more advanced DER technologies. We analyzed which packages of DERs most reliably enable demand flexibility in response to a time-of-use (TOU) rate for this and similar neighborhoods. Our buildings-to-grid co-simulation framework includes a generic secondary distribution feeder model to capture voltage profiles, transformer loading, and other grid impacts in each case. We also calculated the carbon emissions associated with energy use in the community. The methodology developed here can be broadly applied to community-scale beneficial electrification studies in other regions, climates, utility infrastructures, and building typologies to make specific, targeted recommendations based on quantified projections of energy demand in any given community. Our findings indicate that residential electrification can be achieved without negatively impacting the monthly utility bill, and that a combination of conventional energy-efficiency measures, PV, battery, controls, and managed EV charging to maximize a community's demand flexibility is a promising strategy. Adding DERs (especially PV) as part of efficient electrification produces much bigger savings than efficient electrification without DERs. A key barrier is that upgrades require upfront costs, and modest utility bill savings result in long payback periods.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗