RESEARCH STUDY TO DETERMINE PROPULSION REQUIREMENTS AND SYSTEMS FOR SPACE MISSIONS VOL. II A FINAL REPORT, <COVERING PERIOD< FEB. 1 THRU OCT. 31, 1961
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E. H. Cavecche↗
SEARCH · Engineering Papers
Results for “Delta-V requirements”
Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Alumina–Titania Nanolaminate Condensers for Hot Programmable Catalysis
Nanolaminates composed of thin alternating layers of Al2O 3 and TiO 2 (ATO) were engineered by using atomic layer deposition as the dielectric material for a Pt-on-carbon catalytic condenser. Investigation assessed synthesis parameters including the deposition temperature, Al 2 O 3 and TiO 2 layer thicknesses, total number of layers, and a capping Al 2 O 3 layer on the maximum charge accumulation in the Pt catalyst. The highest capacitance ATO configuration demonstrated a specific capacitance of ∼1200 nF/cm 2 with working voltages of ±5 V, enabling the storage of 4 × 10 13 electrons or holes per cm 2 at room temperature. The ATO devices exhibited enhanced capacitance at elevated temperatures of up to 400 °C, suggesting the suitability of these materials for high-temperature applications. Adsorption of carbon monoxide on the Pt/C-ATO device characterized by grazing incidence infrared spectroscopy showed changes in the surface binding energy of 13.1 ± 0.8 kJ/mol for an applied external voltage bias of ±1 V.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Lunar and Planetary X-Ray Diffraction Program: Progress Report of Research and Instrument Development, July 1964 to March 1965
The Lunar and Planetary X-Ray Diffraction Program consists of three concurrent efforts aimed at rapid development of a first-generation flight-instrument system, evaluation of potential advances in diffractometer components for a possible second-generation instrument, and full investigation of the capabilities and limitations of rock analysis by X-ray diffraction. More complete descriptions of each of these studies are given below; the papers which follow are grouped according to these subjects in Sections II through V.
PETROLOGY↗
Control requirements for future battery systems
It is argued that sophisticated battery control systems are required to support the high power, high energy spacecraft secondary battery systems of the post 1985 time period. Four categories of battery control system functions are defined and discussed: battery operational control, auxiliary system control, battery system status indication and fault detection fault isolation. A concept for implementation of such a control system is also presented and discussed.
Masson, J. H.↗
Review of Particle Physics
The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 3,200 new measurements from 903 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as supersymmetric particles, heavy bosons, axions, dark photons, etc. Particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Higgs Boson Physics, Supersymmetry, Grand Unified Theories, Neutrino Mixing, Dark Energy, Dark Matter, Cosmology, Particle Detectors, Colliders, Probability and Statistics. Most of the 118 reviews are updated, including many that are heavily revised.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
Crewed Space Vehicle Battery Safety Requirements
This requirements document is applicable to all batteries on crewed spacecraft, including vehicle, payload, and crew equipment batteries. It defines the specific provisions required to design a battery that is safe for ground personnel and crew members to handle and/or operate during all applicable phases of crewed missions, safe for use in the enclosed environment of a crewed space vehicle, and safe for use in launch vehicles, as well as in unpressurized spaces adjacent to the habitable portion of a space vehicle. The required provisions encompass hazard controls, design evaluation, and verification. The extent of the hazard controls and verification required depends on the applicability and credibility of the hazard to the specific battery design and applicable missions under review. Evaluation of the design and verification program results shall be completed prior to certification for flight and ground operations. This requirements document is geared toward the designers of battery systems to be used in crewed vehicles, crew equipment, crew suits, or batteries to be used in crewed vehicle systems and payloads (or experiments). This requirements document also applies to ground handling and testing of flight batteries. Specific design and verification requirements for a battery are dependent upon the battery chemistry, capacity, complexity, charging, environment, and application. The variety of battery chemistries available, combined with the variety of battery-powered applications, results in each battery application having specific, unique requirements pertinent to the specific battery application. However, there are basic requirements for all battery designs and applications, which are listed in section 4. Section 5 includes a description of hazards and controls and also includes requirements.
Jeevarajan, Judith A.↗
Crewed Space Vehicle Battery Safety Requirements Revision D
The Crewed Space Vehicle Battery Safety Requirements document has been prepared for use by designers of battery-powered vehicles, portable equipment, and experiments intended for crewed spaceflight. The purpose of the requirements document is to provide battery designers with information on design provisions to be incorporated in and around the battery and on the verification to be undertaken to demonstrate a safe battery is provided. The term "safe battery" means that the battery is safe for ground personnel and crew members to handle and use; safe to be used in the enclosed environment of a crewed space vehicle; and safe to be mounted or used in unpressurized spaces adjacent to habitable areas. Battery design review, approval, and certification is required before the batteries can be used for ground operations and be certified for flight.
Russell, Samuel↗
Observational Requirements for the Regional Scale
Observational requirements are provided for the 'regional scale' (10 2 to 10 3 km space scale; 3 to 24 h time scale). Given this range, the regional scale represents a spatial and temporal domain in which important scale-interactive processes occur that act to concentrate large vertical wind shears, significant horizontal thermal gradients, and vertical motion patterns into narrow regions. A short review of the mass and momentum adjustments associated with jet streak-induced circulations is discussed. Evidence for the need to specify the wind field in the upper troposphere to accurately simulate forcing for the transverse circulations is also presented. The importance of specifying temperature tendency to resolve the lower tropospheric portion of the transverse circulations is highlighted. The observational requirements are then discussed, along with possible approaches for meeting the requirements on the regional scale.
Louis W Uccellini↗
String-Breaking Dynamics in Quantum Adiabatic and Diabatic Processes
Confinement prohibits isolation of color charges, e.g., quarks, in nature via a process called string breaking : the separation of two charges results in an increase in the energy of a color flux, visualized as a string, connecting those charges. Eventually, creating additional charges is energetically favored, hence breaking the string. Such a phenomenon can be probed in simpler models, including quantum spin chains, enabling enhanced understanding of string-breaking dynamics. A challenging task is to understand how string breaking occurs as time elapses, in an out-of-equilibrium setting. This work establishes the phenomenology of dynamical string breaking induced by a gradual increase of string tension over time. It, thus, goes beyond instantaneous quench processes and enables tracking the real-time evolution of strings in a more controlled setting. We focus on domain-wall confinement in a family of quantum Ising chains. Our results indicate that, for sufficiently short strings and slow evolution, string breaking can be described by the transition dynamics of a two-state quantum system akin to a Landau-Zener process. For longer strings, a more intricate spatiotemporal pattern emerges: the string breaks by forming a superposition of bubbles (domains of flipped spins of varying sizes), which involve highly excited states. We finally demonstrate that string breaking driven only by quantum fluctuations can be realized in the presence of sufficiently long-ranged interactions. This work holds immediate relevance for studying string breaking in quantum-simulation experiments.
Ising model↗
Planetary and Deep Space Requirements for Photovoltaic Solar Arrays
In the past 25 years, the majority of interplanetary spacecraft have been powered by nuclear sources. However, as the emphasis on smaller, low cost missions gains momentum, more deep space missions now being planned have baselined photovoltaic solar arrays due to the low power requirements (usually significantly less than 100 W) needed for engineering and science payloads. This will present challenges to the solar array builders, inasmuch as planetary requirements usually differ from earth orbital requirements. In addition, these requirements often differ greatly, depending on the specific mission; for example, inner planets vs. outer planets, orbiters vs. flybys, spacecraft vs. landers, and so on. Also, the likelihood of electric propulsion missions will influence the requirements placed on solar array developers. This paper will discuss representative requirements for a range of planetary and deep space science missions now in the planning stages. We have divided the requirements into three categories: Inner planets and the sun; outer planets (greater than 3 AU); and Mars, cometary, and asteroid landers and probes. Requirements for Mercury and Ganymede landers will be covered in the Inner and Outer Planets sections with their respective orbiters. We will also discuss special requirements associated with solar electric propulsion (SEP). New technology developments will be needed to meet the demanding environments presented by these future applications as many of the technologies envisioned have not yet been demonstrated. In addition, new technologies that will be needed reside not only in the photovoltaic solar array, but also in other spacecraft systems that are key to operating the spacecraft reliably with the photovoltaics.
C P Bankston↗
Requirements Description of VARPOW
This report presents the modeling and simulation capabilities of Argonne National Laboratory’s VARPOW code that is used in present reactor analysis activities. These capabilities will then be used to establish the set of VARPOW verification tasks necessary to verify VARPOW for usage on commercial projects. A similar approach was taken for the PERSENT, REBUS and DIF3D software packages.
Ramey, Kyle [Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Ar↗
Rechargeable Battery Auto-Cycler Requiring Lower Power and Dissipating Reduced Waste Heat
A battery charger system includes a power supply and a switch connected to the power supply wherein the switch has a first switch half and a second switch half. First and second batteries are selectively connected to the power supply via the switch. The first and second switch halves are moved between a plurality of operational positions to fully charge the first battery, discharge the first battery into the second battery, discharge the second battery into the first battery, and fully charge the second battery.
Hanson, Thomas David↗
Technology Assessment and Modelling of Three Terminal Tandem Solar Cells for In-Space Utilization
NASA seeks a sustained human presence on the lunar surface. High-efficiency and resilient energy systems are critical to supporting habitats, scientific outposts, and lunar surface operations. Photovoltaics have long been the backbone of space power systems, transitioning from silicon solar cells to multi-junction III-V solar cells, which now dominate state-of-the-art (SOA) technology. Multi-junction cells achieve high efficiency by layering semiconductors, each absorbing a specific portion of the solar spectrum. However, efficiency gains are increasingly constrained by device physics and manufacturing complexity. Additionally, higher-order junctions pose challenges for accurate modelling and performance characterization due to difficulties in replicating the AM0 spectrum.
solar cells↗
NASA Aerospace Flight Battery Program: Recommendations for Technical Requirements for Inclusion in Aerospace Battery Procurements
This NASA Aerospace Flight Battery Systems Working Group was chartered within the NASA Engineering and Safety Center (NESC). The Battery Working Group was tasked to complete tasks and to propose proactive work to address battery related, agency-wide issues on an annual basis. In its first year of operation, this proactive program addressed various aspects of the validation and verification of aerospace battery systems for NASA missions. Studies were performed, issues were discussed and in many cases, test programs were executed to generate recommendations and guidelines to reduce risk associated with various aspects of implementing battery technology in the aerospace industry. This document contains Part 2 - Volume I: Recommendations for Technical Requirements for Inclusion in Aerospace Battery Procurements of the program's operations.
Jung, David S.↗
Probing Operando Electrochemical Strain Generation in α-NaFeO 2 Composite Cathodes during Cycling of Na-Ion Batteries
The transition metal oxide (TMO) cathodes in Na-ion batteries suffer from low-capacity retention. Chemo-mechanical instabilities lead to the deterioration of the electrochemical performance of TMO cathodes in Li-ion batteries. However, there is not much known about the chemo-mechanical instabilities in the TMO cathodes for Na-ion batteries. Understanding the governing forces behind the interplay between the electrochemical performance and mechanical stability in TMO cathodes is critical for the development of Na-ion batteries. Here, we synchronize the digital image correlation (DIC) technique with electrochemical analysis to capture the real-time deformation behavior of the α-NaFeO 2 cathodes during cycling. When the charge cutoff voltage is 3.6 V, the cathode experiences reversible deformations (except for the first cycle). There is negative strain (shrinkage) generation during Na extraction and positive strain (expansion) generation during the subsequent Na insertion. A detailed analysis of the potential-dependent strain rate evolution points out complicated phase transformations and nonequilibrium conditions in the α-NaFeO 2 cathodes during cycling. When the charge cutoff voltage was increased to 4.2 V, there was a rapid capacity loss and large plastic deformations in the α-NaFeO 2 cathodes. We provide an in-depth discussion about the possible mechanisms behind the chemo-mechanical instabilities in the α-NaFeO 2 . In conclusion, the correlation is critical to develop material-based strategies to mitigate instability mechanisms in TMO cathodes for Na-ion batteries.
Wable, Minal [University of Maryland Baltimore Cou↗
NASA Aerospace Flight Battery Program: Recommendations for Technical Requirements for Inclusion in Aerospace Battery Procurements
This NASA Aerospace Flight Battery Systems Working Group was chartered within the NASA Engineering and Safety Center (NESC). The Battery Working Group was tasked to complete tasks and to propose proactive work to address battery related, agency-wide issues on an annual basis. In its first year of operation, this proactive program addressed various aspects of the validation and verification of aerospace battery systems for NASA missions. Studies were performed, issues were discussed and in many cases, test programs were executed to generate recommendations and guidelines to reduce risk associated with various aspects of implementing battery technology in the aerospace industry. This document contains Part 2 - Volume II Appendix A to Part 2 - Volume I.
Jung, David S.↗
PACT Center: Perovskite PV Accelerator for Commercializing Technologies (Final Technical Report)
The Perovskite PV Accelerator for Commercializing Technologies (PACT) center was established in July 2021 as a national resource to accelerate the commercialization of perovskite photovoltaic (PV) technology in the United States. Since its inception, PACT has been led by Sandia National Laboratories (Sandia) in partnership with the National Laboratory of the Rockies (NLR), formerly known as NREL. From FY20-FY23, Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), CFV Labs, Black & Veatch (B&V), and the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) were part of the project team. LANL brought expertise in perovskite PV device designs and processing, CFV Labs (now GroundWork Renewables) provided initial indoor and outdoor measurement hardware technology, B&V led the initial effort on perovskite PV bankability, and EPRI worked on reviewing testing standards, identifying commercialization gaps, and helping to run PACT’s Industry Advisory Board, a group including representatives from commercial testing labs, independent engineering firms, insurance companies, state regulators, and electric utilities. To source perovskite PV module samples, PACT contracted with the University of North Carolina (UNC), the University of Toledo, the University of Washington, and SLAC/Stanford University to provide a steady stream of research-grade perovskite mini modules, enabling protocol development in advance of commercial module availability. The project period ran from July 1, 2021, through December 31, 2025, including a No Cost Extension. Starting in FY25, the project was continued as a Core Capability in the Lab Call portfolio and continues at a reduced budget with only Sandia and NLR as funded recipients. Notably, starting in FY25 PACT expanded its scope beyond MHP modules to accept all emerging PV mini module technologies for testing, including organic PV (OPV) and all-thin-film tandems, with the aim of supporting commercialization across the broader emerging PV ecosystem. With this change in scope the program was renamed the PV Accelerator for Commercializing Technologies, dropping perovskite from the name.
14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
Laser–plasma amplification of an ultrabroadband laser pulse to 0.3 TW
Producing on-target laser intensities much greater than 10 23 W cm −2 with current laser technologies is a roadblock to accessing new regimes of physics such as strong-field quantum electrodynamics. Laser–plasma amplifiers show promise to realize these intensities by augmenting the final amplifier and compressor in traditional chirped-pulse-amplification architectures with a plasma-based amplification and compression stage that operates at a much higher damage threshold. Here we demonstrate amplification of an ultrabroadband (>60 nm) pulse in a laser–plasma Raman amplifier. We directly amplified seed intensities up to 3.7 × 10 15 W cm −2 and measured efficiencies up to 8.7%. Single-shot SPIDER measurements show a factor-of-2 reduction in the amplified pulse duration with final powers up to 0.3 TW, a 10× improvement over previous results. Final pulse durations of 64 fs are measured. Energy transfers greater than 220 mJ from the picosecond pump into the seed result in a 30× energy amplification of a 7.6 mJ seed. These results set the stage for a compact plasma afterburner based on Raman amplification that could extend the scientific capability of existing petawatt-class laser facilities to enable experiments at the intensity frontier.
Shaw, J. L. [Univ. of Rochester, NY (United States↗