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DOE OSTI · 2570654

Kinetic Investigation by Batch Processing of Film Growth during the Electrodeposition of Titanium from Ethaline

Grubel, Katarzyna [Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)]·Horangic, Diana B. [Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)]·Livers, Steven [Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)]·Chancellor, Christopher J. [Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)]·Burnett, Riah [Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL (United States)]·Byrd, Bailey [Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL (United States)]·Lawler, Bethany [Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)]·Arendt, Christina [Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)]·Hubbard, Lance R. [Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States); Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)] (ORCID:0000000302603641)
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Abstract

Titanium electrodeposition as a technological advance has been out of reach due to the poor film quality obtained when using previously developed methods. This study shows that the electrodeposition of Ti is possible and feasible from the deep eutectic solvent ethaline. Moreover, this study shows through batch analysis that this deposition has temperature-dependent aspects that alter the film deposition kinetics upon modest heating. This ultraviolet–visible spectroscopic study is highlighting the more facile reduction of Ti 4+ to Ti 3+ and then to Ti 2+ at elevated temperatures. Understanding the underlying kinetics of electrodeposition opens up new venues for the application of this important metal.

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36 MATERIALS SCIENCE37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY42 ENGINEERING47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGYCyclic VoltammetryDeep Eutectic SolventElectrochemical Impedance SpectroscopyElectroplatingLarge Dataset ProcessingTitanium

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Grubel, Katarzyna [Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)], Horangic, Diana B. [Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)], Livers, Steven [Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)], Chancellor, Christopher J. [Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)], Burnett, Riah [Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL (United States)], Byrd, Bailey [Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL (United States)], Lawler, Bethany [Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)], Arendt, Christina [Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)], Hubbard, Lance R. [Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States); Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)] (ORCID:0000000302603641). 2025-06-20. Kinetic Investigation by Batch Processing of Film Growth during the Electrodeposition of Titanium from Ethaline. https://doi.org/10.1002/open.202500311

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DOE OSTI2026

Cyclic moisture reactivation of calcium sorbents for long duration thermochemical energy storage

The transition to a flexible and reliable energy infrastructure, using electro-thermal energy generation technologies such as geothermal, concentrated solar power, and nuclear, usually demands simultaneous advancement of thermal energy storage (TES) to support on-demand electricity generation and industrial applications while mitigating the inherent intermittency of renewable energy sources and power outages from direct energy generation. Among TES technologies, thermochemical energy storage (TCES) based on calcium looping emerges as a compelling high-power energy storage candidate due to its high reaction enthalpy, compatibility with elevated operating temperatures, and abundance of low-cost materials. However, the long-term durability of calcium-based sorbents for TCES is hindered by surface sintering and particle aggregation, leading to performance degradation over repeated thermal cycles. This study explores a moisture hydration-based strategy to regenerate a degraded calcium sorbent and mitigate performance degradation for long duration TCES. The addition of moisture transforms calcium oxide into calcium hydroxide and produces intercalation water layers, associated with a regenerated surface area and reduced calcium oxide crystallite size. Both these effects are beneficial in restoring the sorbents' reactivity for carbonization. Additionally, an optimized hydration-assisted reactivation protocol balances the recovered energy storage capacity with heating penalty required for moisture removal from hydrated samples, resulting in an enhanced energy storage capacity up to 176% compared to benchmark sorbents that undergo cycling without reactivation after 60 cycles. In conclusion, these results highlight the potential of hydration-assisted reactivation to enhance the long-term performance of TCES, providing an effective pathway to advancing electro-thermal storage technologies.

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