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Explore NASA and DOE materials research. Search alloys, composites and material properties, then open the original technical report for test conditions and results.

At least 1,585 records · Page 88

Multiscale Concurrent Atomistic-Continuum (CAC) modeling of multicomponent alloys

We report strengthening in complex multicomponent systems such as solid solution alloys is controlled primarily by the dynamic interactions between dislocation lines and heterogeneously distributed solute species. Modeling of extended defect length scales in such multicomponent systems becomes prohibitively expensive, motivating the development of reduced order approaches. This work explores the application of the Concurrent Atomistic-Continuum (CAC) method to model dislocation mobility in random alloys at extended length scales. By employing recently developed average-atom interatomic potentials, the average “bulk” material response in coarse-grained regions interacts with true random solute species in the atomistic-scale domain. We demonstrate that spurious stresses in domain resolution transition regions are eliminated entirely due to the CAC formulation. Simultaneously, the key details of local stress fluctuation due to randomness in the dislocation core region are captured, and fluctuating stress smoothly decays to the long-range dislocation stress field response. Dislocation mobility calculations, for line lengths over 400 nm, are computed as a function of alloy composition in the model FeNiCr system and compared to full molecular dynamics (MD). The results capture the composition-dependent trends, while reducing degrees of freedom by nearly 40%. This approach can be readily extended to any system described by an EAM potential and facilitates the study of large-scale defect dynamics in complex solute environments to support computational alloy design.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Atomistic Study of the Plastic Deformation of Transition Metals and High Entropy Alloys (Final Report)

The overarching goal of the research performed in the studies supported by the DOE Basic Energy Sciences has been investigation of mechanical properties of materials employed in technologies related to energy production and conversion using atomic level computer modeling. The materials studied are body-centered-cubic (BCC) transition metals, including α-iron, their alloys and most recently also compositionally complex, so called high entropy alloys (HEAs), which are believed to become future materials in high temperature applications. The goal of the research has been to achieve atomic level understanding of the deformation and fracture of these materials starting from the electronic structure, coarse grain the material energetics into potentials describing interaction between atoms and proceed via atomistic modeling and mesoscopic models to investigation of the glide of dislocations and thus advance the theory of plastic deformation of studied materials.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Data-Driven Study of Shape Memory Behavior of Multi-Component Ni-Ti Alloys

Ni-Ti based shape memory alloys (SMAs) have found wide-spread use in aerospace, automotive, biomedical, and commercial applications owing to their favorable properties and ease of operation. Especially important for many NASA applications is the ability to tune the martensitic transformation temperature of Ni-Ti alloys by varying the alloy composition and processing conditions. Recently, researchers at NASA have compiled an extensive database of shape memory properties of materials, including over 8,000 multi-component Ni-Ti alloys containing 37 different alloying elements. Using this dataset, machine learning models are trained to predict transformation temperatures, hysteresis, and transformation strain with extremely low mean absolute errors. These models are used to learn relationships between shape memory behavior and input parameters in the composition and processing space. ML predictions are validated through new experiments. The combination of an extensive experimental dataset and accurate learning models, together, make our approach highly suitable for the rapid discovery and design of novel SMAs with targeted properties. We are not aware of any current approaches capable of predicting SMA transformation behavior over such a wide range of compositions and processing conditions.

Shape memory alloys↗

Understanding improved cycling and thermal stability of compositionally graded Ni-rich layered LiNi 0.6 Mn 0.2 Co 0.2 O 2 cathode materials

The concentration gradient is a strategic design, adjusting the distribution of Ni, typically with a higher Ni content in the core and a higher Mn content toward the surface. This design leverages the pivotal role of the Ni/Mn ratio, seeking to optimize cathode performance by balancing Ni's high capacity with Mn's stabilizing effects, particularly at the surface where degradation commonly occurs during cycling. Here, our study delves into the intricate structural and chemical transformations within concentration gradient cathode materials during electrochemical cycling. Utilizing advanced synchrotron X-ray techniques, including hard and soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (hXAS, sXAS), and nanoscale X-ray imaging, we investigate buried changes in concentration gradient LiNi 0.6 Mn 0.2 Co 0.2 O 2 (CG NMC622). Contrary to conventional assumptions, our findings challenge the notion that cycling stability relies solely on Mn stability. Unraveling the roles of Ni and Mn, we uncover how their individual and collective contributions impact the cathode's overall performance. This investigation transcends established paradigms, shedding light on the crucial mechanisms governing the enhanced cycling stability of Nirich layered cathode materials.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

Comparison of the Chemical Composition of Liquids from the Pyrolysis and Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Lignocellulosic Materials

Major differences in thermal stability and hydrotreatment behavior of HTL and pyrolysis oils have been reported in the literature. However, little is known about the variations in the chemical composition of these oils that could explain such differences. Two commercial wood pyrolysis oils (Pyrovac and BTG), and their water-soluble (WS) and water-insoluble fractions (WIS) were analyzed and compared with the aqueous (WS WD-57 ) and oily (WIS WS-57 ) fractions obtained from hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of Douglas-fir. The samples were characterized by GC/MS, Karl Fischer titration, carbonyl content, total acid number, elemental composition, calorific value, proximate analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Folin-Ciocalteu (FC), and UV fluorescence. All the fractions were also analyzed by Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectroscopy (FT-ICR-MS) and by Electrospray Ionization (EI). The most prevalent class of compounds in the water insoluble phases were phenols derived from lignin. Water-soluble phases contain mostly the oxygenated compounds derived from cellulose and hemicellulose and were richer in carbonyl functional groups. The water content of the resulting aqueous phases were between: 65 (WS BTG ) and 96 (WS Pyrovac ) wt. %. The bio-oil from BTG has higher water content and lower HHV, compared to Pyrovac oil. The GC/MS results of BTG oil show the presence of a more prominent acetic acid peak and higher TAN number than the Pyrovac oil. The GC/MS of Pyrovac oil showed more obvious mono-phenol peaks. The quantification of this family by Folin-Ciocalteu method confirmed higher content of monophenolic compounds compared with the BTG oil. The lower thermal stability of pyrolysis oils compared with HTL biocrudes can be partially explained by the fact that pyrolysis oils (BTG and Pyrovac) contain carbohydrates while HTL biocrude (WIS WD-57 ) doesn’t. Thus, we decided to further investigate the chemical differences between the phenolic rich fractions insoluble in water and the holocellulose derived compounds soluble in water. Even after water extraction, the acid content of the water insoluble fraction from BTG (WISBTG) was higher than the acid content of the water insoluble fraction obtained by HTL (WISWSD-57). Likewise, the acid content of the aqueous phases derived from pyrolysis oils (WS Pyrovac , WS BTG ) was also higher than for the aqueous phase obtained by HTL (WSWSD-57). This result is in part due to the use of bases in the HTL process that neutralizes the acid formed in that process. Moreover, the starting feedstock may also influence the differences between the oils. Although, the UV-Fluorescence spectra, ICR-MS and the EI analyses showed some minor differences in the molecular weight and chemical make-up of the oligomers soluble and insoluble in water from pyrolysis and HTL; the differences observed were not large enough to justify the differences in behavior between these oils reported in the literature. Our results suggest that the differences observed between HTL biocrudes and pyrolysis oils are likely partially due to the presence of holocellulose derived products in the pyrolysis oils and higher acid contents.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗

In-Cu alloy substrates for low-temperature chemical vapor deposition of Mo2C

Two-dimensional transition metal carbides are promising materials because of their potential for combining the favorable properties of transition metal carbides with the high aspect ratio of two-dimensional materials. Though commonly produced by top-down wet-chemical synthesis methods, synthesis by chemical vapor deposition is being considered because of its ability to achieve large areas, controlled layer thickness, and reduced defect density. Typically, liquid Cu is used as a synthesis substrate, though the high melting temperature of Cu (1085 °C) requires high synthesis temperatures. Thus, alternative substrates have been studied in order to reduce the necessary melting temperature. This work systematically studies the impact of synthesis parameters and substrate composition on the growth of ultrathin Mo2C (∼4–120 nm thick) by chemical vapor deposition on an In-Cu alloy. Mo2C flake size increases, and graphene/Mo2C heterostructures form with an increase in the methane flow rates. Increasing the In composition slightly decreases surface coverage and coalescence but does not appreciably impact the Mo2C flake size. Increasing In content also decreases the alloy substrate melting temperature so that a lower temperature synthesis (800 °C) can be performed. However, the necessary high temperatures for pyrolysis of methane lead to a lower limit for the synthesis temperature, similar to graphene.

Young, Katherine T. (ORCID:0000000285845576)↗

Studsvik R2 materials test reactor Ad Hoc depletion strategy for the derivation of the fuel isotopic composition of the MPCMIV benchmark

The Ad Hoc Depletion Strategy elaborated by the NINE company, developed in support of the organization of the MPCMIV (Multi-physics Pellet Cladding Mechanical Interaction Validation) benchmark input and output specifications, is presented. This work aims at illustrating the strategy itself and then showing the results obtained with its application over the Studsvik R2 Testing Reactor, which is analyzed in the benchmark. The objective of the application of the strategy is to compute the fuel elements isotopic compositions at the beginning of some core loadings of interest for the benchmark. To this objective, it is necessary to implement first the simulation model of the three single assembly types and perform the infinite lattice depletions, then, to build the full core model and to perform the simulation of the core cycle. All the models and simulations were carried out with the use of the Monte Carlo particle transport code Serpent 2. Finally, the simulations results are assessed against Studsvik isotopic compositions of the fuel elements discharged from the R2 Reactor at the end of the core loading. Several assumptions were necessary during all the steps of the strategy, to overcome the lack of information regarding the core management. For this reason, the solution found at the end of the current analysis may not be completely optimized and further improvements regarding the model assumptions will be tested in a future work. (authors)

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗

Analysis of the Surface Morphology and Chemical Composition of Zr-Nb3Sn Alloys with Zr Different Concentrations

The inclusion of zirconium (Zr) in niobium-tin (Nb3Sn) significantly enhances the performance of Nb3Sn radiofrequency cavities in high magnetic fields. This research project is dedicated to characterizing the surface properties and chemical composition of Zr-doped Nb3Sn. Two different concentrations of Zr were used for doping: approximately 0.5% and 24%. Various spectroscopy techniques were employed to analyze how the surface morphology and chemical composition of Nb3Sn change with increasing Zr content. The findings of this study indicate that the grain size decreases as the Zr concentration increases. In samples with 24% Zr, nanometer-sized particles, likely oxides, were observed. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data revealed that the thickness of niobium oxides (NbOx) decreases with increasing Zr, while the thickness of tin oxides (SnOx) increases. Additionally, grain size distribution analysis showed that the average grain size is around 5300 nm , with a grain area density of about 165 grains/μm .

Sue, Micah↗

Technoeconomic Analysis of Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) with WS 2 /Carbon Composite as Counter Electrode Material

Exploration of clean and renewable energy materials is necessary due to the coming energy crisis and environmental problems. Solar energy is one of the favorable energy sources because of the continuous energy reservoir and its affluence. Silicon-based solar devices are expensive due to their complicated production process, which limits this technology for urban and other commercial applications. Among the third generation of solar cells, Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) have attracted widespread attention as potential cost-effective alternatives to silicon-based solar cells. In this paper, the commercializing potential of the DSSCs is investigated. A module is introduced where the materials, equipment, and distribution of direct manufacturing costs are calculated. The manufacturing costs and the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) of these DSSCs for a system lifetime of 25 years were determined to be USD 22.40 per m 2 and USD 0.0438 per kWh and the module price of this technology is USD 0.18 per W and the total installed system cost is USD 0.88 per W in Kansas which suggest that this PV technology could challenge other leading PV technologies.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

Evaluation of insulation materials and composites for use in a nuclear radiation environment, phase 1

This study has been carried out to evaluate flight-qualified Saturn 5 materials, components, and systems for use, with or without modification, in the radiation environment of the nuclear flight system. The results reported herein are primarily intended to aid designers in their evaluation and selection of off-the-shelf equipments which may meet the stringent requirements and specifications associated with application on a reusable nuclear powered space system, i.e., the reusable nuclear shuttle. One of the factors which must be evaluated in the design of the RNS is the effects of radiation on materials; and it is toward this aspect of the overall effort that this analysis has been directed.

Greenhow, W. A.↗

Advanced fiber-composite hybrids--A new structural material

Introduction of metal foil as part of matrix and fiber composite, or ""sandwich'', improves strength and stiffness for multidirectional loading, improves resistance to cyclic loading, and improves impact and erosion resistance of resultant fiber-composite hybrid structure.

Chamis, C. C.↗

Study of isotopic composition of helium in the fine fraction of Luna 16 lunar surface material

The content of He isotopes is measured in two samples of the lunar surface material returned by the Luna 16 automatic station. Both samples consist of a fine fraction of lunar surface material and were samples from zone A (sample 3-2k) and from zone V (sample 9-1r). The value of He4/He3 and the concentration of the He isotopes are identical for both samples, within the limits of experimental error.

Boltenkov, B. S.↗

Impact resistance of hybrid composite fan blade materials

Improved resistance to foreign object damage was demonstrated for hybrid composite simulated blade specimens. Transply metallic reinforcement offered additional improvement in resistance to gelatin projectile impacts. Metallic leading edge protection permitted equivalent-to-titanium performance of the hybrid composite simulated blade specimen for impacts with 1.27 cm and 2.54 cm (0.50 and 1.00 inch) diameter gelatin spheres.

Friedrich, L. A.↗

Space-related composite-material experiments

The preparation of composites in space depends on the immersion of reinforcements in a liquid-metal matrix and their uniform, stable dispersion in the bulk products until solidification occurs. The chief problem in achieving the composite is associated with the 'wetting' of the reinforcements. A study of the theory of wetting revealed that wetting is prevented by the presence of gaseous and oxide contaminants at the interface between the pure liquid and pure solid. Experiment then confirmed that the use of a vacuum environment, cleaning of all surfaces, elevated temperature, ion bombardment, and vigorous mechanical agitation enabled the immersion and dispersion of candidate reinforcements. The technique is limited by the increased tendency for reaction if the time at elevated temperature is extended.

Kaye, S.↗

Composite materials: A compilation

Design, analysis and fabrication techniques for boron-aluminum composite-structure technology is presented and a new method of joining different laminated composites without mechanical fasteners is proposed. Also discussed is a low-cost procedure for rigidifying expanded honeycomb tubing and piping simulations. A brief note on patent information is added.

Source record↗

Investigation of thermal fatigue in fiber composite materials

Graphite-epoxy laminates were thermally cycled to determine the effects of thermal cycles on tensile properties and thermal expansion coefficients of the laminates. Three 12-ply laminate configurations were subjected to up to 5,000 thermal cycles. The cumulative effect of the thermal cycles was determined by destructive inspection (electron micrographs and tensile tests) of samples after progressively larger numbers of cycles. After thermal cycling, the materials' tensile strengths, moduli, and thermal expansion coefficients were significantly lower than for the materials as fabricated. Most of the degradation of properties occurred after only a few cycles. The property degradation was attributed primarily to the progressive development of matrix cracks whose locations depended upon the layup orientation of the laminate.

Fahmy, A. A.↗

Electrically-nonlinear composite material

Low-temperature sinter of semiconductor and polymer resin is useful in manufacture of circuit boards, cables, and electroexplosive devices. Material can absorb large amounts of heat and can withstand repeated exposures to electrostatic discharges with little deteriorating effects. These characteristics offer significant advantages over high-temperature-sintered, metal-oxide semiconducting materials.

Menichelli, V. J.↗