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Waters, J. W.

Publications and source records attributed to Waters, J. W..

At least 37 records · Page 2
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2002

Variability of ozone loss during Arctic winter (1991 to 2000) estimated from UARS Microwave Limb Sounder measurement

A comprehensive analysis of version 5 Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) ozone data using a Lagrangian Transport (LT) model provides estimates of chemical ozone depletion for the 1991-1992 through 1997-1998 Arctic winters. These new estimates give a consistent, three-dimensional picture of ozone loss during seven Arctic winters; previous Arctic ozone loss estimates from MLS were based on various earlier data versions and were done only for late winter and only for a subset of the years observed by MLS. We find large interannual variability in the amount, timing, and patterns of ozone depletion and in the degree to which chemical loss is masked by dynamical processes.

Arctic ozone loss↗
NASA NTRS2002

Dynamical and chemical contributions to variability in microwave limb sounder Arctic stratoshperic column ozone

Analyses of column ozone above 100 hPa (Col100) derived from Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) data in February/March 1992-1998 show that about half of the interannual variability in Col100 in the Arctic polar vortex in late winter results from interannual variability in chemical loss. A majority of the remainder results from interannual variability in day-to-day dynamical motions including adiabatic warming/cooling and poleward advection of underlying upper tropospheric subtropical air on short timescales, rather than from variations in descent rates and large-scale transport over the winters. The morphology of Col100 from MLS remains very similar to that in the dynamical models even in the years with most chemical ozone loss. The amount and character of day-to-day variability in dynamical models closely follows that in MLS Col100. Although the morphology of and day-to-day variability in Arctic column ozone are controlled by dynamical processes, chemical ozone loss was a major factor in producing both the low values of and the large interannual variability in Arctic column ozone observed during the 1990s.

Arctic ozone loss↗
NASA NTRS1997

MLS Observations of Arctic Ozone Loss in 1996-1997

The Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) observed ozone (O3) loss in the Arctic vortex beginning in January 1997 at 585 K (approximately 25 hPa) and in February 1997 at 465 K (approximately 50 hPa). Minimum vortex-averaged O3 mixing ratios observed in 1997 were higher than those in 1996, which were the lowest ever recorded by MLS. The vertical extent of O3 loss and maximum local O3 decreases were larger, but the decrease filled the vortex less completely, in 1997 than in 1996. Unusually low high-latitude column O3 above 100 hPa in April 1997 resulted mainly from dynamical effects of the unusually persistent lower stratospheric vortex and winter-like temperature patterns. Column O3 above 100 hPa averaged in comparable regions of the vortex showed a stronger decreasing trend in 1996-97 than in 1995-96, consistent with the larger vertical extent and maximum local values of lower stratospheric O3 loss. Chemical O3 loss resulted in an approximately 10% observed decrease in column O3 between late January and early April 1997.

Manney, G. L.↗
NASA NTRS1997

The UARS and EOS Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) Experiments

The Microwave Limb Sounder (MLlS) experiments obtain measurements of atmospheric composition, temperature and pressure by observations of millimeter and submillimeter-wavelength thermal emission as the instrument field-of-view is scanned through the atmospheric limb.

Microwave Limb Sounder Temperature Pressure↗
NASA NTRS1997

The 4-Day Wave as Observed from the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite Microwave Limb Sounder

The "4-day wave" is an eastward moving quasi-nondispersive feature with period near 4 days occurring near the winter polar stratopause. This paper presents evidence of the 4-day feature in Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) temperature, geopotential height, and ozone data from the late southern winters of 1992 and 1993. Space-time spectral analyses reveal a double-peaked temperature structure consisting of one peak near the stratopause and another in the lower mesosphere, with an out-of-phase relationship between the two peaks. This double- peaked structure is reminiscent of recent three-dimensional barotropic/baroclinic instability model predictions and is observed here for the first time. The height variation of the 4-day ozone signal is shown to compare well with a linear advective-photochemical tracer model. Negative regions of quasigeostrophic potential vorticity (PV) gradient and positive Eliassen-Palm flux divergence are shown to occur, consistent with instability dynamics playing a role in wave forcing. Spectral analyses of PV derived from MLS geopotential height fields reveal a 4-day signal peaking near the polar stratopause. The three-dimensional structure of the 4-day wave resembles the potential vorticity "charge" concept, wherein a PV anomaly in the atmosphere (analogous to an electrical charge in a dielectric material) induces a geopotential field, a vertically oriented temperature dipole, and circulation about the vertical axis.

Allen, D. R.↗
NASA NTRS1996

Polar Vortex Conditions During The 1995-96 Arctic Winter: MLS ClO and HNO3

Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) measurements of lower stratospheric ClO and HNO3 during the 1995-96 Arctic winter are presented. The 1995-96 Arctic winter was both colder and more persistently cold than usual, leading to an enhancement in lower stratospheric ClO of greater magnitude, vertical extent, and duration than previously observed in the Arctic. Vortex concentrations of HNO3 in mid-December were large due to diabatic descent. Trajectory calculations indicate that localized severe depletions of gas-phase HNO3 in mid-February and early March did not arise from entrainment of midlatitude air into the vortex and were therefore probably related to polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) formation. A strong correlation between temperature and gas-phase HNO3 was evident, consistent with recurring PSC condensation and evaporation cycles.

Santee, M. L.↗
NASA NTRS1996

Polar Vortex Conditions during the 1995-96 Artic Winter: Meteorology and MLS Ozone

The 1995-96 northern hemisphere (NH) 205 winter stratosphere was colder than in any of the previous 17 winters, with lower stratospheric temperatures continuously below the type 1 (primarily HN03) polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) threshold for over 2 1/2 months. Upper tropospheric ridges in late Feb and early Mar 1996 led to the lowest observed NH lower stratospheric temperatures, and the latest observed NH temperatures below the type 2 (water ice) PSC threshold. Consistent with the unusual cold and chemical processing on PSCS, Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) MLS observed a greater decrease in lower stratospheric ozone (03) in 1995-96 than in any of the previous 4 NH winters. 03 decreased throughout the vortex over an altitude range nearly as large as that typical of the southern hemisphere (SH). The decrease between late Dec 1995 and early Mar 1996 was about 2/3 of that over the equivalent SH period. As in other NH winters, temperatures in 1996 rose above the PSC threshold before the spring equinox, ending chemical processing in the NH vortex much earlier than is usual in the SH. A downward trend in column 03 above 100 hPa during Jan and Feb 1996 appears to be related to the lower stratospheric 03 depletion.

Manney, G. L.↗
NASA NTRS1996

Chlorine Deactivation in the Lower Stratospheric Polar Regions during late Winter: Results from UARS

Recovery from enhanced chlorine conditions in the lower stratospheric polar regions of both hemispheres is investigated using data from the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS). Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) measurements of ClO within the polar vortices are used to infer ClO(sub x) (ClO + 2Cl202) abundances that are then correlated with simultaneous Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer (CLAES) measurements of ClON02 and Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) measurements of HCl obtained starting within 5 days of the end of the MLS and CLAES high-latitude observing periods in each hemisphere. Time series of vortex-averaged mixing ratios are calculated on two potential temperature surfaces (585 K and 465 K) in the lower stratosphere for approximately month-long intervals during late winter: August 17 - September 17, 1992, in the southern hemisphere and February 12 - March 16, 1993, in the northern hemisphere. The observed mixing ratios are adjusted for the effects of vertical transport using diabatic vertical velocities estimated from CLAES tracer data. In the northern hemisphere, the decrease in ClO, is balanced on both surfaces by an increase in ClON02- In the southern hemisphere, continuing polar stratospheric cloud activity prevents ClO from undergoing sustained decline until about September 3. In contrast to the northern hemisphere, there is no significant chemical change in vortex-averaged ClON02 at 465 K, and there is an apparent decrease in ClON02 at 585 K, even after the enhanced ClO abundances have started to recede. Results from the SLIMCAT chemical transport model initialized with UARS data and run with OH + ClO yields HCl + 02 as an 8% channel suggest that the primary recovery product in the south during this time period is not ClON02, but HCl. HALOE HCl mixing ratios are extrapolated back to the time of the MLS and CLAES data. At 585 K, the chlorine budget can be made to balance by extrapolating HCl back to a value of 0.6 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) at the beginning of the study period; at 465 K, the contribution from extrapolated HCl is not sufficient to offset the loss in ClOx, and there is a slight imbalance between the decrease in reactive chlorine and the change in chlorine reservoirs. The difficulty in closing the chlorine budget in the southern hemisphere may arise from complications caused by ongoing activation, incomplete photochemical assumptions, and/or inadequate data quality.

Santee, M. L.↗
NASA NTRS1996

Latitudinal Distribution of Upper Stratospheric ClO as Derived from Space Borne Microwave Spectroscopy

Latitudinal distributions of upper stratospheric ClO measured by MAS during the three ATLAS missions are presented for northern hemisphere (NH) spring equinox in 1992, southern hemisphere (SH) early fall in 1993, and NH fall in 1994. The MAS ClO results are shown along with correlative MLS observations. The results of both instruments consistently show the same latitudinal features. The ClO maximum in the NH spring occurs at mid latitudes, whereas the latitudinal ClO maximum in both the NH and SH fall occurs at high latitudes. The volume mixing ratio maxima were significantly higher in the fall (0.7-0.8 ppbv) than in spring (0.5-0.6 ppbv). Qualitatively, these results are consistent with calculations of several 2-D models.

Aellig, C. P.↗