Engineering topics
Publications and source records attributed to Liu, W. T..
This paper presents an analysis of upper tropospheric humidity, as measured by the Microwave Limb Sounder, and the impact of the humidity on the greenhouse effect in the midlatitudes.
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Wind taken from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) scatterometer (NSCAT) is compared with the operational analysis from European Center for Medium-Range Forecast (ECMWF) for the entire duration (about 9 months) of the NSCAT mission.
The anomalous warming along the equator is part of the developing El Nino condition and is related to the westerly wind anomalies and the relaxation of the trade-winds over the equatorial Pacific.
The major differences between monthly-mean ocean-surface wind fields derived from the observations of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Scatterometer (NSCAT) and produced by the operational numerical weather prediction (NWP) model of the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts are found in coastal and equatorial regions, where the sharp changes are smoothed over in NWP products.
Unlike the El Nino and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) episodes of the 1980s, anomalous equatorial warming events in the 1990s are more frequent, last for shorter periods, and are less intense.
Monsoons are the seasonal changes of winds forced by continent-ocean temperature contrast. Their annual onset, intensity, and retreat vary greatly, and the variation has strong economic impact and may cause severe human suffering.
The ocean and the atmosphere are dynamically coupled by the transport of momentum which is driven by the wind shear at the sea surface. However, in situ wind measurements are relatively sparse over most of the world's ocean and are largely limited to the locations of shipping routes.
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Satellite scatterometers are microwave radars capable of measuring near-surface vector winds (both speed and direction) over the oceans under all weather conditions. The data generated from these instruments are used in scientific studies of upper ocean circulation, tropospheric dynamics, air -sea interaction, and climate change.
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First European Remote Sensing Satellite (ERS-1) scatterometer winds data were used to estimate surface pressure, one of the indicators of cyclone intensity.
The availability of coincident observations from four.
The report describes use of a spaceborne microwave.
Daily variations of wind and solar forcing derived from satellite data were compared with sea surface temperature and temperature tendency during the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere - Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment.
Data from an array of bottom pressure gauges and a string of current meters in the vicinity of 47 deg N, 139 deg W, are used to examine the deep-ocean variability forced by ocean surface wind stress curl from August 1987 to June 1988. Bottom geostrophic currents are computed from the pressure gauge array, and these correspond well to the long-period directly measured currents at 3000 m. The supratidal-period bottom pressure variations are coherent at 95% confidence with the wind stress curl in period bands of 3-4 days and 15-60 days but removed in distances of 400 and 700 km to the northwest and the southeast, respectively. A linear, two-layer hydrodynamic model is used to examine the theoretical forcing produced by random-phased surface wind fields for the conditions of the eastern north Pacific and the 15- to 60-day-period observed response is reproduced credibly. To model 3- to 15-day variations, more realistic models are required.
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