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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1992

Tensile strain measurements of ceramic fibers using scanning laser acoustic microscopy

A noncontacting technique using scanning laser acoustic microscopy for making in situ tensile strain measurements of small diameter fibers was implemented for the tensile strain analysis of individual Nicalon SiC fibers (nominal diameter 15 microns). Stress versus strain curves for the fibers were plotted from the experimental data. The mean elastic modulus of the fibers was determined to be 185.3 GPa. Similar measurements were made for Carborundum SiC fibers (nominal diameter 28 microns) and Saphikon sapphire fibers (nominal diameter 140 microns), yielding and elastic modulus of 401 and 466.8 GPa, respectively.

Kent, Renee M.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Tensile strain measurements of ceramic fibers using scanning laser acoustic microscopy

A noncontacting technique using scanning laser acoustic microscopy for making in situ tensile strain measurements of small diameter fibers was implemented for the tensile strain analysis of individual Nicalon SiC fibers (nominal diameter 15 microns). Stress vs strain curves for the fibers were plotted from the experimental data. The mean elastic modulus of the fibers was determined to be 185.3 GPa. Similar measurements were made for Carborundum SiC fibers (nominal diameter 28 microns) and Saphikon sapphire fibers (nominal diameter 140 microns).

Kent, Renee M.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Investigating Transverse Ply Thickness and Cracking Effects on the Tensile Strain to Failure of Thin-ply, Cross-ply Carbon Composites using X-ray Computed Tomography

The effect of 90°-ply thickness on the fibre direction tensile failure strain of cross-ply laminates was investigated by designing four different cross-ply composite laminate configurations with 90° blocks of varying numbers of plies adjacent to a central block of 0° plies. The range of 90° block thicknesses evaluated included conventional ply thicknesses to allow for comparisons with conventional ply geometries. The central 0° ply block was subjected to primarily longitudinal tension with a small component of transverse tension due to the layup and thermal residual stresses. Advanced instrumentation, including acoustic emission and X-ray computed tomography, was used to detect and visualize damage accumulation in the specimens. It was found that decreasing the thickness of the 90° ply blocks reduced transverse matrix microcracking up to the point where no full-width transverse cracks developed prior to ultimate failure. A small degradation of the fibre direction failure strain in the central 0° plies was found as the 90°-layer thickness increased in the laminates, which corresponded with the development of edge/transverse cracks.

Tamas Rev↗
NASA NTRS2014

Slow Strain Rate Tensile Testing to Assess the Ability of Superalloys to Resist Environment-Assisted Intergranular Cracking

Intergranular fatigue crack initiation and growth due to environmental degradation, especially at notched features, can often limit the fatigue life of disk superalloys at high temperatures. For clear comparisons, the effects of alloy composition on cracking in air needs to be understood and compared separately from variables associated with notches and cracks such as effective stress concentration, plastic flow, stress relaxation, and stress redistribution. The objective of this study was to attempt using simple tensile tests of specimens with uniform gage sections to compare the effects of varied alloy composition on environment-assisted cracking of several powder metal and cast and wrought superalloys including ME3, LSHR, Udimet 720, ATI 718Plus alloy, Haynes 282, and Inconel 740. Slow and fast strain-rate tensile tests were found to be a useful tool to compare propensities for intergranular surface crack initiation and growth. The effects of composition and heat treatment on tensile fracture strain and associated failure modes were compared. Environment interactions were determined to often limit ductility, by promoting intergranular surface cracking. The response of various superalloys and heat treatments to slow strain rate tensile testing varied substantially, showing that composition and microstructure can significantly influence environmental resistance to cracking.

Heat resistant alloys↗
NASA NTRS2014

Use of Slow Strain Rate Tensile Testing to Assess the Ability of Several Superalloys to Resist Environmentally-Assisted Intergranular Cracking

Intergranular fatigue crack initiation and growth due to environmental degradation, especially at notched features, can often limit the fatigue life of disk superalloys at high temperatures. For clear comparisons, the effects of alloy composition on cracking in air needs to be understood and compared separately from variables associated with notches and cracks such as effective stress concentration, plastic flow, stress relaxation, and stress redistribution. The objective of this study was to attempt using simple tensile tests of specimens with uniform gage sections to compare the effects of varied alloy composition on environment-assisted cracking of several powder metal and cast and wrought superalloys including ME3, LSHR, Udimet 720(TradeMark) ATI 718Plus(Registered TradeMark) alloy, Haynes 282(Trademark), and Inconel 740(TradeMark) Slow and fast strain-rate tensile tests were found to be a useful tool to compare propensities for intergranular surface crack initiation and growth. The effects of composition and heat treatment on tensile fracture strain and associated failure modes were compared. Environment interactions were determined to often limit ductility, by promoting intergranular surface cracking. The response of various superalloys and heat treatments to slow strain rate tensile testing varied substantially, showing that composition and microstructure can significantly influence environmental resistance to cracking.

fatigue(materials)↗
NASA NTRS1999

Consequences of Atomic Oxygen Interaction With Silicone and Silicone Contamination on Surfaces in Low Earth Orbit

The exposure of silicones to atomic oxygen in low Earth orbit causes oxidation of the surface, resulting in conversion of silicone to silica. This chemical conversion increases the elastic modulus of the surface and initiates the development of a tensile strain. Ultimately, with sufficient exposure, tensile strain leads to cracking of the surface enabling the underlying unexposed silicone to be converted to silica resulting in additional depth and extent of cracking. The use of silicone coatings for the protection of materials from atomic oxygen attack is limited because of the eventual exposure of underlying unprotected polymeric material due to deep tensile stress cracking of the oxidized silicone. The use of moderate to high volatility silicones in low Earth orbit has resulted in a silicone contamination arrival at surfaces which are simultaneously being bombarded with atomic oxygen, thus leading to conversion of the silicone contaminant to silica. As a result of these processes, a gradual accumulation of contamination occurs leading to deposits which at times have been up to several microns thick (as in the case of a Mir solar array after 10 years in space). The contamination species typically consist of silicon, oxygen and carbon. which in the synergistic environment of atomic oxygen and UV radiation leads to increased solar absorptance and reduced solar transmittance. A comparison of the results of atomic oxygen interaction with silicones and silicone contamination will be presented based on the LDEF, EOIM-111, Offeq-3 spacecraft and Mir solar array in-space results. The design of a contamination pin-hole camera space experiment which uses atomic oxygen to produce an image of the sources of silicone contamination will also be presented.

Banks, Bruce A.↗
NASA NTRS2002

Computational Simulation of the High Strain Rate Tensile Response of Polymer Matrix Composites

A research program is underway to develop strain rate dependent deformation and failure models for the analysis of polymer matrix composites subject to high strain rate impact loads. Under these types of loading conditions, the material response can be highly strain rate dependent and nonlinear. State variable constitutive equations based on a viscoplasticity approach have been developed to model the deformation of the polymer matrix. The constitutive equations are then combined with a mechanics of materials based micromechanics model which utilizes fiber substructuring to predict the effective mechanical and thermal response of the composite. To verify the analytical model, tensile stress-strain curves are predicted for a representative composite over strain rates ranging from around 1 x 10(exp -5)/sec to approximately 400/sec. The analytical predictions compare favorably to experimentally obtained values both qualitatively and quantitatively. Effective elastic and thermal constants are predicted for another composite, and compared to finite element results.

Goldberg, Robert K.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Tensile strain-rate sensitivity of tungsten/niobium composites at 1300 to 1600 K

The tensile behavior of continuous tungsten fiber reinforced niobium composites (W/Nb), fabricated by an arc-spray process, was studied in the 1300 to 1600 K temperature range. The tensile properties of the fiber and matrix components as well as of the composites were measured and were compared to rule of mixtures (ROM) predictions. The deviation from the ROM was found to depend upon the chemistry of the tungsten alloy fibers, with positive deviations for ST300/Nb (i.e., stronger composite strength than the ROM) and negative or zero deviations for 218/Nb.

Yun, H. M.↗
NASA NTRS2008

Design Guidelines for In-Plane Mechanical Properties of SiC Fiber-Reinforced Melt-Infiltrated SiC Composites

In-plane tensile stress-strain, tensile creep, and after-creep retained tensile properties of melt-infiltrated SiC-SiC composites reinforced with different fiber types were evaluated with an emphasis on obtaining simple or first-order microstructural design guidelines for these in-plane mechanical properties. Using the mini-matrix approach to model stress-strain behavior and the results of this study, three basic general design criteria for stress and strain limits are formulated, namely a design stress limit, a design total strain limit, and an after-creep design retained strength limit. It is shown that these criteria can be useful for designing components for high temperature applications.

Morscher, Gregory N.↗
NASA NTRS1999

Electro-mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes: Effect of Small Tensile and Torsional Strains

We present a simple picture to calculate the bandgap ($E_g$) of carbon nanotubes (CNT) in the presence of uniform torsional and tensile strain ($\sigma$). We find that under tensile strain, $ absolute value of dE_g/d\sigma$ of zig-zag tubes is approximately equal to $3t_0$, where $t_0$ is the hopping parameter. Further, $ absolute value of dE_g/d\sigma$ decreases as the chirality changes to armchair, where it takes the value zero. The sign of $dE_g/d\sigma$ follows the $(N_x-N_y) *mod 3$(equal to - 1, 0 and +1) rule. In contrast to the above, we show that under torsional strain, $absolute value of dE_g/d\sigma$ of armchair tubes is approximately equal to $3t_0$ and continually decreases as the chirality changes to zig-zag, where is takes a small value. The sign of $dE_g/d\sigma$ again follows the $(N_x-N_y)*mod 3$ rule. Finally, we predict a change in the sign of $dE_g/d\sigma$ as function of strain, corresponding to a change in the value of $q$ that corresponds to the bandgap minimum.

Anantram, M. P.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Scanning electron acoustic microscopy of residual stresses in ceramics - Theory and experiment

The paper presents a three-dimensional mathematical model of signal generation and contrast in brittle materials and uses the model to simulate the effect of residual stress fields on the scanning electron acoustic microscopy (SEAM)-generated electron acoustic signal. According to the model, a positive (tensile) strain produces an increase in the output signal, whereas a negative (compressive) strain produces a decrease in the ouput signal. Dark field contrast conditions occur at a chopping frequency at which V2 - V1 is greater than 0 (where V2 = V is the SEAM output in a region of residual stresses, and V1 is the output in a stress-free region of the sample). Under ideal conditions (maximum contrast) V1 approaches zero. It was found that tensile strains of the order 0.2-0.3 percent, possible in brittle materials, would produce a variation of the acoustic output signal of the order 10 nV (about 1 percent), well within the image contrast and signal processing capability of the SEAM electronics.

Cantrell, John H.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Bithermal Low-Cycle Fatigue Behavior of a NiCoCrAlY-Coated Single Crystal Superalloy

Specimens of a single crystal superalloy, PWA 1480, both bare and coated with a NiCoCrAlY alloy, PWA 276, were tested in low-cycle fatigue at 650 and 1050 C, and in bithermal thermomechanical fatigue tests. In the two bithermal test types, tensile strain was imposed at one of the two temperatures and reversed in compression at the other. In the high-strain regime, lives for both bithermal test types approached that for the 650 C isothermal test on an inelastic strain basis, all being controlled by the low ductility of the superalloy at 650 C. In the low-strain regime, coating cracking reduced life in the 650 C isothermal test. The bithermal test imposing tension at 650 C, termed out-of-phase, also produced rapid surface cracking, but in both coated and bare specimens. Increased crack growth rates also occurred for the out-of-phase test. Increased lives in vacuum suggested that there is a large environmental contribution to damage in the out-of-phase test due to the 1050 C exposure followed by tensile straining at the low temperature.

Gayda, J.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Bithermal low-cycle fatigue behavior of a NiCoCrAlY-coated single crystal superalloy

Specimens of a single crystal superalloy, PWA 1480, both bare and coated with a NiCoCrAlY alloy, PWA 276, were tested in low-cycle fatigue at 650 and 1050 C, and in bithermal thermomechanical fatigue tests. In the two bithermal test types, tensile strain was imposed at one of the two temperatures and reversed in compression at the other. In the high-strain regime, lives for both bithermal test types approached that for the 650 C isothermal test on an inelastic strain basis, all being controlled by the low ductility of the superalloy at 650 C. In the low-strain regime, coating cracking reduced life in the 650 C isothermal test. The bithermal test imposing tension at 650 C, termed out-of-phase, also produced rapid surface cracking, but in both coated and bare specimens. Increased crack growth rates also occurred for the out-of-phase test. Increased lives in vacuum suggested that there is a large environmental contribution to damage in the out-of-phase test due to the 1050 C exposure followed by tensile straining at the low temperature.

Gayda, J.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Tensile stress-strain behavior of boron/aluminum laminates

The tensile stress-strain behavior of five types of boron/aluminum laminates was investigated. Longitudinal and transverse stress-strain curves were obtained for monotonic loading to failure and for three cycles of loading to successively higher load levels. The laminate strengths predicted by assuming that the zero deg plies failed first correlated well with the experimental results. The stress-strain curves for all the boron/aluminum laminates were nonlinear except at very small strains. Within the small linear regions, elastic constants calculated from laminate theory corresponded to those obtained experimentally to within 10 to 20 percent. A limited amount of cyclic loading did not affect the ultimate strength and strain for the boron/aluminum laminates. The laminates, however, exhibited a permanent strain on unloading. The Ramberg-Osgood equation was fitted to the stress-strain curves to obtain average curves for the various laminates.

Sova, J. A.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Tensile stress-strain behavior of graphite/epoxy laminates

The tensile stress-strain behavior of a variety of graphite/epoxy laminates was examined. Longitudinal and transverse specimens from eleven different layups were monotonically loaded in tension to failure. Ultimate strength, ultimate strain, and strss-strain curves wee obtained from four replicate tests in each case. Polynominal equations were fitted by the method of least squares to the stress-strain data to determine average curves. Values of Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio, derived from polynomial coefficients, were compared with laminate analysis results. While the polynomials appeared to accurately fit the stress-strain data in most cases, the use of polynomial coefficients to calculate elastic moduli appeared to be of questionable value in cases involving sharp changes in the slope of the stress-strain data or extensive scatter.

Garber, D. P.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Thin film strain transducer

Previous attempts to develop an appropriate sensor for measuring the stress or strain of high altitude balloons during flight are reviewed as well as the various conditions that must be met by such a device. The design, development and calibration of a transducer which promises to satisfy the necessary design constraints are described. The thin film strain transducer has a low effective modulus so as not to interfere with the strain that would naturally occur in the balloon. In addition, the transducer has a high sensitivity to longitudinal strain (7.216 mV/V/unit strain) which is constant for all temperature from room temperature to -80 C and all strains from 5 percent compression to 10 percent tensile strain. At the same time, the sensor is relatively insensitive (0.27 percent) to transverse forces. The device has a standard 350 ohm impedance which is compatible with available bridge balance, amplification and telemetry instrumentation now available for balloon flight. Recommendations are included for improved coatings to provide passive thermal control as well as model, tethered and full scale flight testing.

Rand, J. L.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Analysis of the tensile stress-strain behavior of elastomers at constant strain rates. I - Criteria for separability of the time and strain effects

A theoretical analysis of the tensile stress-strain relation of elastomers at constant strain rate is presented which shows that the time and the stress effect are separable if the experimental time scale coincides with a segment of the relaxation modulus that can be described by a single power law. It is also shown that time-strain separability is valid if the strain function is linearly proportional to the Cauchy strain, and that when time-strain separability holds, two strain-dependent quantities can be obtained experimentally. In the case where time and strain effect are not separable, superposition can be achieved only by using temperature and strain-dependent shift factors.

Hong, S. D.↗