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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sources NASA NTRS DOE OSTI

DOE OSTI2022

INTERSECT Architecture Specification: System-of-systems Architecture (Version 0.5)

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)’s Self-driven Experiments for Science / Interconnected ScienceEcosystem (INTERSECT) architecture project, titled “An Open Federated Architecture for the Laboratory of the Future”, creates an open federated hardware/software architecture for the laboratory of the future using a novel system of systems (SoS) and microservice architecture approach, connecting scientific instruments, robot-controlled laboratories and edge/center computing/data resources to enable autonomous experiments, “self-driving” laboratories, smart manufacturing, and artificial intelligence (AI)-driven design, discovery and evaluation. The architecture project is divided into three focus areas: design patterns; SoS architecture; and microservices architecture. The design patterns area focuses on describing science use cases as design patterns that identify and abstract the involved hardware/software components and their interactions interms of control, work and data flow. The SoS architecture area focuses on an open architecture specification for the federated ecosystem that clarifies terms, architectural elements, the interactions between them and compliance. The microservices architecture describes blueprints for loosely coupled microservices, standardized interfaces, and multi-programming language support. This document is the SoS Architecture specification only, and captures the system of systems architecture design for the INTERSECT Initiative and its components. It is intended to provide a deep analysis and specification of how the INTERSECT platform will be designed, and to link the scientific needs identified across disciplines with the technical needs involved in the support, development, and evolution of a science ecosystem. PLEASE NOTE: This is a working document and reflects current discussions and design activity among the authors. There may be inconsistencies within the document as different parts evolve at a different pace. We invite comments and thoughts from the public on this and following working drafts. The first finished version of this document is scheduled for release in September 2023.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2023

Bridging Time-series Image Phenotyping and Functional–Structural Plant Modeling to Predict Adventitious Root System Architecture

Root system architecture (RSA) is an important measure of how plants navigate and interact with the soil environment. However, current methods in studying RSA must make tradeoffs between precision of data and proximity to natural conditions, with root growth in germination papers providing accessibility and high data resolution. Functional–structural plant models (FSPMs) can overcome this tradeoff, though parameterization and evaluation of FSPMs are traditionally based in manual measurements and visual comparison. Here, we applied a germination paper system to study the adventitious RSA and root phenology of Populus trichocarpa stem cuttings using time-series image-based phenotyping augmented by FSPM. We found a significant correlation between timing of root initiation and thermal time at cutting collection (P value = 0.0061, R 2 = 0.875), but little correlation with RSA. We also present a use of RhizoVision [1] for automatically extracting FSPM parameters from time series images and evaluating FSPM simulations. A high accuracy of the parameterization was achieved in predicting 2D growth with a sensitivity rate of 83.5%. This accuracy was lost when predicting 3D growth with sensitivity rates of 38.5% to 48.7%, while overall accuracy varied with phenotyping methods. Despite this loss in accuracy, the new method is amenable to high throughput FSPM parameterization and bridges the gap between advances in time-series phenotyping and FSPMs.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2023

INTERSECT Architecture Specification: System-of-Systems Architecture (V.0.9)

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2013

Land system architecture: Using land systems to adapt and mitigate global environmental change

Land systems (mosaics of land use and cover) are human environment systems, the changes in which drive and respond to local to global environmental changes, climate to macro-economy (Foley et al., 2005). Changes in land systems have been the principal proximate cause in the loss of habitats and biota globally, long contributed to atmospheric greenhouse gases, and hypothesized to have triggered climate changes in the early Holocene (Ruddiman, 2003). Land use, foremost agriculture, is the largest source of biologically active nitrogen to the atmosphere, critical to sources and sinks of carbon, and a major component in the hydrologic cycle (e.g., Bouwman et al., 2011). Changes in land systems also affect regional climate (Feddema et al., 2005; Pielke, 2005), ecosystem functions, and the array of ecosystem services they provide. Land systems, therefore, are a central feature of how humankind manages its relationship with nature-intended or not, or whether this relationship proceeds sustainably or not.

Turner, B L↗

DOE OSTI2021

System architecture and method of processing data therein

A system architecture encoded on a non-transitory computer readable medium, the system architecture includes a first protocol. The first protocol is configured to receive a plurality of outputs from an ICS used in controlling an industrial system. The first protocol is configured to receive a plurality of inputs from a physical module. The physical module includes at least one of a component, a sensor, or the ICS. Additionally, the system architecture includes a second protocol, wherein the second protocol is configured to validate the plurality of inputs from the first protocol. Moreover, the system architectures includes a third protocol, wherein the third protocol is configured to validate the plurality of outputs from the first protocol. Further, the system architecture includes a fourth protocol, wherein the fourth protocol is configured to manage the ICS based on the second protocol and the third protocol.

Abdel-Khalik, Hany S.↗

DOE OSTI2024

System architecture and method of processing data therein

Abdel-Khalik, Hany S.↗

DOE OSTI2024

Battery-ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage system architecture for mild-hybrid power systems

A mild-hybrid energy storage system architecture is provided, comprising: a battery; an ultracapacitor connected in parallel with the battery; a passive battery pre-charge circuit connected between a terminal of the battery and a DC bus; a battery main contactor connected in parallel with the battery pre-charge circuit between the terminal of the battery and the DC bus; a passive ultracapacitor pre-charge circuit connected between a terminal of the ultracapacitor and the DC bus; an ultracapacitor main contactor connected in parallel with the ultracapacitor pre-charge circuit between the terminal of the ultracapacitor and the DC bus; and a control module configured to independently control operation of the battery pre-charge circuit, the battery main contactor, the ultracapacitor pre-charge circuit and the ultracapacitor main contactor.

Varigonda, Subbarao↗

DOE OSTI2011

Designing a Distributed Systems Architecture Testbed for Real-Time Power Grid Systems

Power engineers who are striving to improve real-time attribute of power grid applications are ill equipped with software engineering methods and tools that allow them to rigorously evaluate their designs, taken into account data communication, geographic locations, and high performance computing capacity. This paper presents a technical approach to designing a testbed for embedding real-time monitoring and computation functionalities into the power grid system. The approach focuses on integrating the parallel computational models with the data management infrastructure for near-real time power grid state estimation. We study and summarize various forces and requirements that drive the design decisions in the distributed systems architecture. Given the continental scale of the power grid, it is important for the testbed to be extensible and scalable within a complex topology of physical entities, controlled by an overlaid network of power utilities and regulatory balancing authorities. This paper outlines the technical steps, and software toolkits to develop this testbed.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

DOE OSTI2018

System Architecture Directions for Post-SoC/32-bit Networked Sensors

The emergence of low-power 32-bit Systems-on-Chip (SoCs), which integrate a 32-bit MCU, radio, and flash, presents an opportunity to re-examine design points and trade-offs at all levels of the system architecture of networked sensors. To this end, we develop a post-SoC/32-bit design point called Hamilton, showing that using integrated components enables a ~$7 core and shifts hardware modularity to design time. We study the interaction between hardware and embedded operating systems, identifying that (1) post-SoC motes provide lower idle current (5.9 μA) than traditional 16-bit motes, (2) 32-bit MCUs are a major energy consumer (e.g., tick increases idle current >50 times), comparable to radios, and (3) thread-based concurrency is viable, requiring only 8.3 μs of context switch time. We design a system architecture, based on a tickless multithreading operating system, with cooperative/adaptive clocking, advanced sensor abstraction, and preemptive packet processing. Its efficient MCU control improves concurrency with ~30% less energy consumption. Together, these developments set the system architecture for networked sensors in a new direction.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2022

Root system architecture and environmental flux analysis in mature crops using 3D root mesocosms

Current methods of root sampling typically only obtain small or incomplete sections of root systems and do not capture their true complexity. To facilitate the visualization and analysis of full-sized plant root systems in 3-dimensions, we developed customized mesocosm growth containers. While highly scalable, the design presented here uses an internal volume of 45 ft 3 (1.27 m 3 ), suitable for large crop and bioenergy grass root systems to grow largely unconstrained. Furthermore, they allow for the excavation and preservation of 3-dimensional root system architecture (RSA), and facilitate the collection of time-resolved subterranean environmental data. Sensor arrays monitoring matric potential, temperature and CO 2 levels are buried in a grid formation at various depths to assess environmental fluxes at regular intervals. Methods of 3D data visualization of fluxes were developed to allow for comparison with root system architectural traits. Following harvest, the recovered root system can be digitally reconstructed in 3D through photogrammetry, which is an inexpensive method requiring only an appropriate studio space and a digital camera. We developed a pipeline to extract features from the 3D point clouds, or from derived skeletons that include point cloud voxel number as a proxy for biomass, total root system length, volume, depth, convex hull volume and solidity as a function of depth. Ground-truthing these features with biomass measurements from manually dissected root systems showed a high correlation. We evaluated switchgrass, maize, and sorghum root systems to highlight the capability for species wide comparisons. We focused on two switchgrass ecotypes, upland (VS16) and lowland (WBC3), in identical environments to demonstrate widely different root system architectures that may be indicative of core differences in their rhizoeconomic foraging strategies. Finally, we imposed a strong physiological water stress and manipulated the growth medium to demonstrate whole root system plasticity in response to environmental stimuli. Hence, these new “3D Root Mesocosms” and accompanying computational analysis provides a new paradigm for study of mature crop systems and the environmental fluxes that shape them.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2013

Supervisory Control System Architecture for Advanced Small Modular Reactors

This technical report was generated as a product of the Supervisory Control for Multi-Modular SMR Plants project within the Instrumentation, Control and Human-Machine Interface technology area under the Advanced Small Modular Reactor (SMR) Research and Development Program of the U.S. Department of Energy. The report documents the definition of strategies, functional elements, and the structural architecture of a supervisory control system for multi-modular advanced SMR (AdvSMR) plants. This research activity advances the state-of-the art by incorporating decision making into the supervisory control system architectural layers through the introduction of a tiered-plant system approach. The report provides a brief history of hierarchical functional architectures and the current state-of-the-art, describes a reference AdvSMR to show the dependencies between systems, presents a hierarchical structure for supervisory control, indicates the importance of understanding trip setpoints, applies a new theoretic approach for comparing architectures, identifies cyber security controls that should be addressed early in system design, and describes ongoing work to develop system requirements and hardware/software configurations.

Cetiner, Sacit M.↗

DOE OSTI2016

An Evaluation of Alternative Waste Management System Architectures - 16338

The Nuclear Fuels Storage and Transportation Planning Project (NFST), under the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Energy, Office of Fuel Cycle Technologies, is conducting analyses to inform future decisions regarding an integrated waste management system with a current focus on commercial spent nuclear fuel (SNF). This work builds on results from previous systems architecture studies within NFST. System-level analyses of the overall interface between at-reactor, consolidated storage, and ultimate disposition, along with the development of supporting logistic simulation tools, were initiated in 2012. This paper highlights recent results of the NFST systems architecture analysis efforts initiated in 2012. Waste management design choices are evaluated with respect to the impact on the entire system. This includes an analysis of alternative strategies for allocating receipt of SNF from reactor sites, storage options for SNF at an interim storage facility (ISF), and thermal limits restricting the transportation of canisters from an ISF to a mined geological repository (MGR). (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2011

Electrical system architecture having high voltage bus

An electrical system architecture is disclosed. The architecture has a power source configured to generate a first power, and a first bus configured to receive the first power from the power source. The architecture also has a converter configured to receive the first power from the first bus and convert the first power to a second power, wherein a voltage of the second power is greater than a voltage of the first power, and a second bus configured to receive the second power from the converter. The architecture further has a power storage device configured to receive the second power from the second bus and deliver the second power to the second bus, a propulsion motor configured to receive the second power from the second bus, and an accessory motor configured to receive the second power from the second bus.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2012

Used Fuel Management System Architecture Evaluation, Fiscal Year 2012

In the 1990s the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) completed a number of system analyses investigating consolidated interim storage as a part of the waste management solution. These analyses are “dated” and do not reflect the present situation regarding at-reactor used nuclear fuel (UNF) management, alternatives for away from reactor management of used nuclear fuel, and alternatives for the ultimate disposal of UNF. The Blue Ribbon Commission for America’s Nuclear Future and the Nuclear Waste Technical Review Board have also pointed out the need for such analyses. The Used Fuel Management System Architecture Evaluation effort provides the DOE and others with information regarding the various alternatives for managing UNF generated by the current fleet of light water reactors operating in the U.S. The objectives are to: • Provide quantitative information with respect to a broad range of UNF management alternatives and considerations • Develop an integrated approach to evaluating storage, transportation, and disposal options, with emphasis on flexibility • Evaluate impacts of storage choices on UNF storage, handling, and disposal options • Identify alternative strategies and evaluate with respect to cost and flexibility • Consider a broad range of factors including repository emplacement capability, thermal constraints, repackaging needs, storage and transportation alternatives, and impacts on utility operations. In Fiscal Year 2012 system-level analyses of the overall interface between at-reactor, consolidated storage, and ultimate disposition along with the development of supporting logistic simulation tools were initiated. The objective of the Fiscal Year 2012 effort was two-fold: 1) develop methodologies, approaches, and tools (capability development), and 2) evaluate select UNF disposition scenarios (capability demonstration). The scenarios chosen for evaluation and the assumptions, inputs, and boundary conditions selected allowed for an initial set of analyses to gain insight regarding integrated system dynamics and an understanding of trends. This initial set of analyses also points to where additional system architecture analyses should focus.

Nutt, Mark↗

DOE OSTI2019

SkyBAAM Large-Scale Fieldable Deposition Platform System Architecture

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is currently developing a concrete deposition system for infrastructure-scale printed objects. This system, called SkyBAAM, uses a cable driven motion platform to manipulate the print head. This work focuses on the general aspects of the system architecture, including arrangement of the cable driven platform, general high-level control methodology, and system accuracy, along with concrete deposition methods. Results and demonstration prints will be shown.

Chesser, Phillip↗

DOE OSTI2023

A temporal analysis and response to nitrate availability of 3D root system architecture in diverse pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) accessions

Introduction Roots have a central role in plant resource capture and are the interface between the plant and the soil that affect multiple ecosystem processes. Field pennycress ( Thlaspi arvense L.) is a diploid annual cover crop species that has potential utility for reducing soil erosion and nutrient losses; and has rich seeds (30-35% oil) amenable to biofuel production and as a protein animal feed. The objective of this research was to (1) precisely characterize root system architecture and development, (2) understand plastic responses of pennycress roots to nitrate nutrition, (3) and determine genotypic variance available in root development and nitrate plasticity. Methods Using a root imaging and analysis pipeline, the 4D architecture of the pennycress root system was characterized under four nitrate regimes, ranging from zero to high nitrate concentrations. These measurements were taken at four time points (days 5, 9, 13, and 17 after sowing). Results Significant nitrate condition response and genotype interactions were identified for many root traits, with the greatest impact observed on lateral root traits. In trace nitrate conditions, a greater lateral root count, length, density, and a steeper lateral root angle was observed compared to high nitrate conditions. Additionally, genotype-by-nitrate condition interaction was observed for root width, width:depth ratio, mean lateral root length, and lateral root density. Discussion These findings illustrate root trait variance among pennycress accessions. These traits could serve as targets for breeding programs aimed at developing improved cover crops that are responsive to nitrate, leading to enhanced productivity, resilience, and ecosystem service.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2025

Phenome‐to‐genome insights for evaluating root system architecture in field studies of maize

Abstract Understanding the genetic basis of root system architecture (RSA) in crops requires innovative approaches that enable both high‐throughput and precise phenotyping in field conditions. In this study, we evaluated multiple phenotyping and analytical frameworks for quantifying RSA in mature, field‐grown maize in three field experiments. We used forward and reverse genetic approaches to evaluate >1700 maize root crowns, including a diversity panel, a biparental mapping population, and maize mutant and wild‐type alleles at two known RSA genes,DEEPER ROOTING 1(DRO1) andRootless1(Rt1). We show the utility of increasing the dimensionality of traditional two‐dimensional (2D) techniques, referred to as the “2D multi‐view” method, to improve the capture of whole root system information for mapping genetic variation influencing RSA. Comparison of univariate and multivariate genome‐wide association study (GWAS) approaches revealed that multivariate traits were effective at dissecting complex RSA phenotypes and identifying pleiotropic quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Overall, three‐dimensional (3D) root models generated from X‐ray computed tomography and digital phenotyping captured a larger proportion of RSA trait variations compared to other methods of root phenotyping, as evidenced by both genome‐wide and single‐gene analyses. Among the individual root traits, root pulling force emerged as a highly heritable estimate of RSA that identified the largest number of shared QTLs with 3D phenotypes. Our study shows that integrating complementary phenotyping technologies helps to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the genetic architecture of RSA in field‐grown maize.

Genetics & Heredity↗

DOE OSTI2014

SDOE 650: System Architecture and Design

The proposed system is a test system that verifies the cables functionality in the expected environments defined in the ES. Verification methods include test, inspect, demonstrate, and analyze. Since we are defining the architecture for a test system we will focus on the customer expectations and requirements that will be satisfied or verified via testing

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗