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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Protocols and methodologies for acquiring and analyzing critical-current versus longitudinal-strain data in Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+x wires

Abstract In the literature on Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+ x (Bi-2212) superconducting wires, it is evident that measurement protocols for transport critical-current I c versus longitudinal strain ϵ and definitions of the so-called ‘strain limit’ are generally dissimilar. Yet, values obtained for the ‘strain limit’ are frequently assimilated to being those of the irreversible strain limit ϵ irr , regardless of the I c degradation-criterion used to define it. In effect, ϵ irr should correspond specifically to the I c ( ϵ ) irreversibility onset , where crack formation in Bi-2212 filaments presumably starts. Because I c ( ϵ ) degradation remains progressive over a fairly wide strain range beyond ϵ irr , the different I c degradation-criteria in use do not yield to the same result and, thus, are not equivalent from metrology perspective. Indeed, in studying densified samples of a modern Bi-2212 round wire, we found ϵ irr ≈ 0.4% and ϵ 5% ≈ 0.6% ( ϵ 5% being the strain where I c degrades by 5%). In this paper, we outline and suggest I c ( ϵ )-measurement protocols and data-analysis methodologies in the hope to converge the various approaches taken for studying Bi-2212 strain properties and, thus, remove related result discrepancies. A unified approach would enable more objective data comparisons among laboratories and among different Bi-2212 conductors. It would pave the way for more rigorous studies of effects potentially associated with wire design, powder, heat treatments, and other such parameters on the conductor’s strain properties.

protocols↗
DOE OSTI2025

The classical-to-quantum crossover in the strain-induced ferroelectric transition in SrTiO3 membranes

Mechanical strain presents an effective control over symmetry-breaking phase transitions. In quantum paralelectric SrTiO3, strain can induce ferroelectric order via modification of the local Ti potential energy landscape. However, brittle bulk materials can only withstand limited strain range (~0.1%). Taking advantage of nanoscopically-thin freestanding membranes, we demonstrate an in- situ strain-induced reversible ferroelectric transition in freestanding SrTiO3 membranes. We measure the ferroelectric order by detecting the local anisotropy of the Ti 3d orbital signature using x-ray linear dichroism at the Ti-K pre-edge, while the strain is determined by x-ray diffraction. With reduced thickness, the SrTiO3 membranes remain elastic with >1% tensile strain cycles. A robust displacive ferroelectricity appears beyond a temperature-dependent critical strain. Interestingly, we discover a crossover from a classical ferroelectric transition to a quantum regime at low temperatures, which enhances strain-induced ferroelectricity. Our results offer new opportunities to strain engineer functional properties in low dimensional quantum materials and provide new insights into the role of ferroelectric fluctuations in quantum paraelectric SrTiO3.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Target Diagnostic Menu Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory SYSM-5620: Design Thinking and Systems Engineering

Target Diagnostic’s Engineering Science (TDES) currently supports over 80 diagnostic systems, all of which draw from a fixed budget that covers staff time and procurement. As the division continues to add new diagnostics, demand on these limited resources increases, yet the budget remains unchanged. Shot Responsible Individuals (RIs) have unrestricted freedom to select any number or type of diagnostics for each experiment, often by copying previous shot configurations with only minor modifications. This practice makes it easy to generate new shots but does not encourage critical evaluation of diagnostic necessity. As a result, many diagnostics are routinely included in a shot without a clear justification, and in practice, much of the data collected is not analyzed. The ever-growing arsenal of diagnostics also increases the burden on TDES personnel, requiring more staff for support, maintenance, and service. This environment creates challenges in focusing resources on diagnostics that provide the greatest value to the NIF mission and raises concerns about the continued justification for maintaining all existing systems. The static TDES budget cannot sustain the ongoing growth in demand for new diagnostic systems. Shot RIs currently face no constraints on the number or type of diagnostics they assign to each experiment, often defaulting to previous configurations without critically assessing the necessity of each diagnostic. This results in the routine inclusion of diagnostics whose data may not be analyzed or may no longer directly support the NIF mission. Consequently, TDES is required to maintain and support an expanding set of diagnostics, straining limited resources and risking inefficient use of staff and funding. There is a need for TDES to efficiently allocate limited resources by establishing a process that requires shot RIs to critically evaluate and justify the inclusion of each diagnostic in their experiments. This process should discourage the routine, unexamined inclusion of diagnostics, support the identification of underutilized or obsolete systems, and ensure that only those diagnostics providing the greatest value to the NIF mission are maintained and supported. Ultimately, this approach must enable TDES to operate within budget constraints while maximizing scientific impact and operational efficiency.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Electric field driven domain wall dynamics in BaTiO 3 nanoparticles

We report a detailed investigation into the response of single BaTiO 3 (BTO) nanocrystals under applied electric fields (E-field) using Bragg coherent diffraction imaging. Our study reveals pronounced domain wall migration and expansion of a sample measure under applied electric field. The changes are most prominent at the surface of the nanocrystal, where the lack of external strain allows greater domain wall mobility. The observed domain shifts are correlated to the strength and orientation of the applied E-field, following a side-by-side domain model from Suzana []. Notably, we identified a critical electric field strength of 3 MV/m, which leads to irreversible structural changes, suggesting plastic deformation. The findings highlight how surface effects and intrinsic defects contribute to the enhanced dielectric properties of BTO at the nanoscale, in contrast to bulk materials, where strain limits domain mobility. These findings deepen our understanding of nanoscale dielectric behavior and inform the design of advanced nanoelectronic devices. Published by the American Physical Society 2025

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2026

Development of a Framework and Methodology for an Advanced Reactor Materials Environmental Effects Design Guide

Advanced non-light-water reactor components may operate at elevated temperature while experiencing cyclic loading, significant neutron irradiation, and exposure to reactor coolant. ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section III, Division 5, provides design rules for elevated-temperature service but does not include specific procedures to account for environmental effects on material properties. This report develops an initial framework and methodology for an Environmental Effects Design Guide (EEDG) focused on neutron irradiation; coolant-environment effects are reserved for future work. The proposed approach treats irradiation as a property-based overlay on the existing Division 5 design process, with two routes: a sparse-data route applying two reduction factors — FCR on creep-rupture strength and FF on fatigue life — for the creep-fatigue evaluations that typically control the design of advanced high-temperature reactor components, and a fuller framework developing the property-to-rule chain across the four Division 5 checks (primary load, strain limits and ratcheting, creep-fatigue, and buckling), together with swelling and weldments as scope items. Both routes are scoped by an in-pile qualification that restricts the use of post-irradiation-examination-derived properties in regimes where an in-pile mechanism could control the design outcome. Illustrative outputs derived on a compiled annealed Type 316 database — FCR ≈ 0.78–0.86 and FF ≈ 0.4 — demonstrate the calculation method within that specific dataset. The framework is an initial, testable design-rule concept; it identifies a practical path for preliminary design evaluations under sparse data and the material data and testing needed to develop the framework further.

Barua, Bipul (ORCID:0000000247184113)↗
DOE OSTI2026

Defect-Limited Carrier Lifetime in Epitaxially Strained Germanium-On-Silicon Heterostructures

Epitaxially strained germanium-on-silicon (Ge-on-Si) heterostructures are central to next-generation photonic and electronic devices, yet their performance remains strongly constrained by defect-limited carrier lifetimes. In this work, we investigate the impact of defects on the carrier lifetime in relaxed Ge-on-Si and strained Ge-on-Si heterostructures. High-resolution X-ray diffraction quantifies the strain-state in Ge and reveals signatures of strain relaxation due to lattice mismatch. Cross-sectional and plan-view transmission electron microscopy analyses enable direct visualization of interfacial defects and quantification of threading dislocation densities (TDDs) within the Ge layer. However, the presence of a dense misfit dislocation network obscures the threading dislocation signatures, preventing reliable TDD determination by plan-view transmission electron microscopy in strained-Ge (..epsilon..-Ge). To assess the defect density in this case, etch-pit density measurements were performed, providing an alternative means of quantifying the TDDs in the ..epsilon..-Ge layer. Carrier lifetime measurements by microwave-reflection photoconductive decay reveal a clear relationship with TDDs ranging from 5 x 103 cm-2 to 2 x 1010 cm-2, confirming Shockley-Read-Hall recombination as the limiting mechanism at lower defect densities, with TDD-dominated recombination at higher defect densities. The Ge-on-Si relaxed heterostructure exhibited lifetimes much lower (~12 ns) than the lattice-matched Ge on gallium arsenide (GaAs) (~158 ns) heterostructure. Introducing controlled tensile strain reduces defect formation, suppresses strain-relaxation pathways, and leads to measurable improvements in minority carrier lifetime from 12 ns to 171 ns. These results establish a direct relation between defect suppression and carrier recombination dynamics in both relaxed Ge-on-Si grown directly on Si and strained Ge-on-Si heterostructures incorporating compound-semiconductor buffer layers, offering a materials-driven pathway for engineering Ge with improved carrier lifetime for photonic applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Aeromonas in South Asia: genomic insights into an environmental pathogen and reservoir of antimicrobial resistance

Aeromonads are an ecologically versatile group of bacteria that cause infections in aquatic animals and are recognised as emerging human pathogens. Despite this, our understanding of Aeromonas diversity, especially the relationship between clinical and environmental strains, remains limited. Here, we present a genomic analysis of the Aeromonas genus, comprising 1853 genomes, and a detailed comparison of clinical and environmental strains from South Asia, including 996 newly sequenced genomes from Bangladesh and India. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that Aeromonas is a highly diverse genus, with no distinct clade separating clinical and environmental isolates. We identified 28 Aeromonas species and 905 novel sequence types, comprising 72.5% of the genomes. Notably, we show a high incidence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes across all isolates, including against front and last-line antibiotics. Finally, we highlight frequent misidentification of Aeromonas as Vibrio cholerae, which is relevant to cholera-endemic regions where both genera co-exist and are associated with diarrhoeal disease. Our study underscores Aeromonas as an important environmental AMR reservoir and emerging multi-species pathogen capable of spilling over into human populations.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

Multi-modal characterization of nitrate reduction nano-catalysts with periodic strain distribution

Strain engineering serves as a pivotal strategy to optimize catalytic activity in electrocatalysis. However, the catalyst sizes under industrial conditions are usually large and even beyond nanometer regime. The critical methodological limitations on strain imaging of such catalysts with both large field of view and high spatial resolution obscure the mechanistic understanding of strain-performance correlations. Here, we present an optimized four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM) method to acquire strain mapping of both bulk and surface across particles up to 500 nm with 0.6 nm spatial resolution and 0.55% precision. We observe the ripple-like periodic strain coupled with elemental fluctuations inside a perovskite-type hydroxide CuCoSn(OH) 6 and find it correlated to electrocatalytic nitrate reduction (NO 3 – RR) absorption energy to achieve the 92.6% Faradaic efficiency and long-term test over 1000 h at membrane electrode assembly (MEA) for ammonia electrosynthesis. This universal framework design offers a practical method that not only develops an advanced measurement combining multi-modal characterization techniques but also reveals the intrinsic structure-property constitutive law of industry-level catalysts.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2026

Peptoid-Based Nanosheets Exhibiting Broad Antiviral Activity Against Enveloped RNA Viruses

Enveloped RNA viruses, such as Influenza A (H1N1) and Sindbis virus, pose persistent global health threats due to their high mutation rates, efficient transmission, and frequent drug resistance. By mimicking host cell membrane receptors, multivalent virus inhibitors can block viral attachment, making them promising broad-spectrum antiviral agents. However, most of existing antivirals are often limited by strain specificity, short-lived efficacy, and toxicity. Here, we introduce a broad-spectrum antiviral platform based on highly tunable and biocompatible two-dimensional nanomembranes (2DNMs) self-assembled from amphiphilic peptoids, operating via a non-genomic, mutation-insensitive mechanism. By varying peptoid sequence, we design and synthesize over twenty different 2DNMs with various surface charge and high density of viral-attachment ligands (VALs). The self-assembled architecture of these stable 2DNMs provides cooperative noncovalent multivalent binding to virus particles that result in effective inhibition of viral infection. Screening of variants identified three leads that potently suppressed Influenza A (H1N1) and Sindbis virus infection across median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50), plaque, RT–qPCR, and immunofluorescence assays, while maintaining >90% cell viability. These nanosheets significantly reduced infectious titers, viral RNA replication, and intracellular viral protein expression, indicating inhibition at early stages of viral entry and propagation. The sequence programmability, chemical robustness, and mutation-insensitive antiviral activity distinguish 2DNMs from traditional antivirals and positions them as a versatile materials platform for antiviral coatings, protective barriers, and prophylactic biomedical applications.

Influenza A virus↗
DOE OSTI2025

Engineering Clostridium thermocellum for production of 2,3-butanediol from cellulose

Clostridium thermocellum is a promising host for consolidated bioprocessing due to its ability to directly ferment cellulose into fuels and chemicals. However, natural product formation in this organism is limited. Here, we report engineering C. thermocellum for the production of 2,3-butanediol (23BD), a valuable industrial chemical. We functionally expressed a thermophilic 23BD pathway in this organism resulting in a 23BD titer of 19.7 mM from cellulose, representing a metabolic yield of 24%. We used a cell-free systems biology approach to identify limiting steps in the 23BD pathway, revealing that exogenous 23BD dehydrogenase (BDH) activity was essential for production, while native acetolactate synthase (ALS) and acetolactate decarboxylase (ALDC) activities were present but limiting in the parent strain. This approach also revealed redox balance limitations. We demonstrated that this improved understanding of redox balance limitations could be used to increase 23BD titer in vivo, showing that adding acetate could be used to increase 23BD yield. This work establishes a foundation for developing C. thermocellum into a robust platform for 23BD production directly from cellulose and highlights the utility of cell-free systems for guiding metabolic engineering in non-model organisms.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Search for continuous gravitational wave signals from luminous dark photon superradiance clouds with LVK O3 observations

Superradiance clouds of kinetically mixed dark photons around spinning black holes can produce observable multimessenger electromagnetic and gravitational wave signals. The cloud generates electric fields of up to a teravolt-per-meter, which leads to a cascade production of charged particles, yielding a turbulent quasiequilibrium plasma around the black hole, and resulting in electromagnetic fluxes ranging from supernova to pulsar-like luminosities. For stellar mass black holes, such systems resemble millisecond pulsars and are expected to emit pulsating radio waves and continuous gravitational waves (CWs) within the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA (LVK) sensitivity band. We select 44 sources with approximately coincident frequencies or positive frequency drifts from existing pulsar catalogs as potential candidates of long-lasting superradiance clouds around old Galactic black holes. For a subset of 34 sources that are well measured and have not been previously targeted, we perform the first search for CW emission in LVK data from the third observing run. We find no evidence of a CW signal and place 95% confidence level upper limits on the emitted strain amplitude. We interpret these results, together with limits from previous searches, in terms of the underlying dark photon theory by performing an analysis of the expected signals from superradiance clouds from Galactic black holes. Finally, we find that, even for moderately spinning black holes, the absence of an observed CW signal disfavors a discrete set of dark photon masses between about 10 −13 and 10 −12 eV/c 2 and kinetic mixing couplings in the range of 10 −9 –10 −7 , subject to assumptions about the properties of the black hole population and the cloud’s electromagnetic emission.

astronomical black holes↗
NASA NTRS1999

Dynamics and Structure of Weakly-Strained Flames In Normal- and Micro-Gravity

Strained laminar flames have been systematically studied, as the understanding of their structure and dynamic behavior is of relevance to turbulent combustion. Most of these studies have been conducted in opposed-jet, stagnation-type flow configurations. Flame studies in stagnation flows also allow for the determination of fundamental flame properties such as laminar flame speeds and extinction states that can be also conveniently modeled in detail. Studies at high strain rates are important in quantifying and understanding the response of vigorously-burning flames under conditions in which the transport time scales become comparable to the chemical time scales. Studies of weakly-strained flames can be of particular interest for all stoichiometries. For example, the laminar flame speeds for any equivalence ratio, phi, can be accurately determined by using the counterflow technique only if measurements are obtained at very low strain rates. Furthermore, near-limit flames can be only stabilized by weak strain rates. Previous studies have shown that weakly-burning flames are particularly sensitive to chain mechanisms, thermal radiation, and unsteadiness. The stabilization and study of weakly-strained flames is complicated by the presence of buoyancy that can render the flames unstable to the point of extinction. Such instabilities are caused either by the induced natural convection or the fact that higher density fluid can find itself on top of a lower density fluid. Thus, the use of microgravity (mu-g) becomes essential in order to provide meaningful insight into this important combustion regime. In view of the foregoing considerations, the main objectives of the program are to: (1) Experimentally determine the laminar flame speed at near-zero strain rates; (2) Experimentally determine the extinction limits of near-limit flames; (3) Experimentally determine the response of near-limit flames to unsteadiness and heat loss; (4) Introduce Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (DPIV) in microgravity; (5) Conduct detailed numerical simulations of the experiments; and (6) Provide physical insight into the underlying physico-chemical mechanisms.

Hai Zhang↗
DOE OSTI2026

A finite viscoelastic constitutive model for low to high strain rate response of elastomers with application of strain rate-induced glass transition

Amorphous elastomers exhibit significant rate-stiffening and unique viscous flow characteristics across a wide range of strain rates, often undergoing glass transition above a strain rate threshold. We have developed a thermodynamically-consistent and micromechanically-inspired constitutive model for soft elastomeric materials to capture the rate-dependent stress-strain behavior and hysteresis when subjected to low to high strain rates. Here, our proposed constitutive model encapsulates the viscous flow of materials through molecular motion at low strain rates and local rearrangement and alignment of the molecules trying to overcome the intermolecular resistance at high strain rates, essentially covering the glass transition. We applied our constitutive model to uniaxial compression experiments performed at low and high strain rates for polyborosiloxane (PBS) to identify the material parameters, and subsequently, performed numerical simulations of single and multi-cycle compression, stress relaxation, and small amplitude oscillatory tension-compression. Our analyses indicate that the model predicts higher total energy dissipation with increasing strain rate; however, dissipation associated with molecular relaxation decreases (forming a cusp) because, beyond a crossover strain rate, intermolecular rearrangement and alignment become dominant, which is consistent with the onset of the glass transition. For cyclic loading-unloading, we observed that dissipation over a cycle remains constant at low strain rates but decreases non-monotonically at high strain rates before becoming constant, with the peak stress over the cycle becoming higher, which can be interpreted as more loading being carried elastically by the polymer network as the intermolecular rearrangement process occurs. Additionally, our model was able to predict the qualitative nature of the storage modulus and loss modulus in the limit of small strain over a wide range of frequency sweeps.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Mechanochemically responsive polymer enables shockwave visualization

Abstract Understanding the physical and chemical response of materials to impulsive deformation is crucial for applications ranging from soft robotic locomotion to space exploration to seismology. However, investigating material properties at extreme strain rates remains challenging due to temporal and spatial resolution limitations. Combining high-strain-rate testing with mechanochemistry encodes the molecular-level deformation within the material itself, thus enabling the direct quantification of the material response. Here, we demonstrate a mechanophore-functionalized block copolymer that self-reports energy dissipation mechanisms, such as bond rupture and acoustic wave dissipation, in response to high-strain-rate impacts. A microprojectile accelerated towards the polymer permanently deforms the material at a shallow depth. At intersonic velocities, the polymer reports significant subsurface energy absorption due to shockwave attenuation, a mechanism traditionally considered negligible compared to plasticity and not well explored in polymers. The acoustic wave velocity of the material is directly recovered from the mechanochemically-activated subsurface volume recorded in the material, which is validated by simulations, theory, and acoustic measurements. This integration of mechanochemistry with microballistic testing enables characterization of high-strain-rate mechanical properties and elucidates important insights applicable to nanomaterials, particle-reinforced composites, and biocompatible polymers.

Science & Technology - Other Topics↗
DOE OSTI2025

Biosensor-driven strain engineering reveals key cellular processes for maximizing isoprenol production in Pseudomonas putida

Synthetic biology generates vast combinatorial designs, yet high-throughput analytical methods to screen them are poorly matched to interrogate this search space. We address this challenge by developing a biosensor-driven, growth-coupled selection strategy in Pseudomonas putida for isoprenol, a potential aviation fuel precursor. We found and characterized a noncanonical signaling pathway, revealing a functional and physical complex between a hybrid histidine kinase and an alcohol dehydrogenase, whose activity is tuned by heterodimerization. Leveraging this biosensor in a pooled CRISPRi library selection, we identified key host limitations. Iterative combinatorial strain engineering derived from these hits yielded a 36-fold titer increase to ~900 milligrams per liter. Integrated omics analysis revealed that metabolic rewiring toward amino acid catabolism was crucial for this improvement. This observation was found to be beneficial by technoeconomic analysis. Our modular workflow provides a powerful strategy for optimizing complex heterologous pathways and uncovering emergent host biology.

CRISPRi↗
DOE OSTI2024

A Simplified Model of Adenine-Induced Chronic Kidney Disease Using SKH1 Mice

Commonly used adenine-induced chronic kidney disease (CKD) murine models often employ C57BL/6 mice; however, this strain has inherent limitations due to its natural resistance to developing key pathological features of CKD, such as tubulointerstitial fibrosis and inflammation. There have been attempts to overcome these barriers by using multiple concentrations of adenine-supplemented diets or by performing prolonged experiments up to 20 weeks. Here, we demonstrate that SKH1 Elite mice develop clinically relevant CKD phenotypes (e.g., polyuria, proteinuria, inflammation, and renal fibrosis) over the course of only 6 weeks of low-dose (0.15%) adenine supplementation. As a docile, immunocompetent, and hairless strain, SKH1 Elite mice offer several logistical advantages over C57BL/6 mice, including ease of handling and the ability to study dermal conditions, which are often secondary to CKD.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Structure and evolution of photosystem I in the early-branching cyanobacterium Anthocerotibacter panamensis

Thylakoid-free cyanobacteria are thought to preserve ancestral traits of early-evolving organisms capable of oxygenic photosynthesis. However, and until recently, photosynthesis studies in thylakoid-free cyanobacteria were only possible in the model strain Gloeobacter violaceus , limiting our understanding of photosynthesis evolution. Here, we report the isolation, biochemical characterization, cryo-EM structure, and phylogenetic analysis of photosystem I (PSI) from a recently discovered thylakoid-free cyanobacterium, Anthocerotibacter panamensis , a distant relative of the genus Gloeobacter . We find that A. panamensis PSI exhibits a distinct carotenoid composition and has one conserved low-energy chlorophyll site, which was lost in G. violaceus . Furthermore, PSI in thylakoid-free cyanobacteria has changed at the sequence level to a degree comparable to that of other strains, yet its subunit composition and oligomeric form might be identical to that of the most recent common ancestor of cyanobacteria. This study therefore provides a glimpse into the ancient evolution of photosynthesis.

Jiang, Han-Wei (ORCID:0000000234008698)↗
DOE OSTI2026

Hydrogen embrittlement and mechanical response of 304L steel with ZrC additions

While stainless steels are widely used for hydrogen storage infrastructure, they can still be vulnerable to hydrogen embrittlement justifying the need to further improve their hydrogen resiliency. Here, we investigate the potential for transition metal carbide additions to improve the hydrogen compatibility of austenitic stainless steels. ZrC nanoparticles were dispersed in contents of 0.01–10 wt% in 304 L stainless steel powder, mixed via high energy ball milling, and subsequently consolidated using direct current sintering. To assess hydrogen compatibility, the tensile properties of similarly processed 304 L without ZrC nanoparticles were compared to 304 L with the ZrC additions; both materials were evaluated prior to and after hydrogen exposure (non-charged and H-precharged, respectively). Depending upon the ZrC phase fraction, the yield strengths varied from ∼325 to 560 MPa in the non-charged condition and from ∼375 to 550 MPa in the H-precharged condition. Strain at failure varied from ∼5 to 90 % and from ∼5 to 35 % in the non-charged and hydrogen-precharged conditions, respectively. Results from stress-strain profiles demonstrate limited efficacy of ZrC as a method to mitigate hydrogen embrittlement entirely but does demonstrate the potency of ZrC inclusions as strengthening addition to 304 L alloys without a loss of ductility.

08 HYDROGEN↗