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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1991

Statistical design for microwave systems

This paper presents an introduction to statistical system design. Basic ideas needed to understand statistical design and a method for implementing statistical design are presented. The nonlinear characteristics of the system amplifiers and mixers are accounted for in the given examples. The specification of group delay, signal-to-noise ratio and output power are considered in these statistical designs.

Cooke, Roland↗
NASA NTRS2015

Case Studies for the Statistical Design of Experiments Applied to Powered Rotor Wind Tunnel Tests

The application of statistical Design of Experiments (DOE) to helicopter wind tunnel testing was explored during two powered rotor wind tunnel entries during the summers of 2012 and 2013. These tests were performed jointly by the U.S. Army Aviation Development Directorate Joint Research Program Office and NASA Rotary Wing Project Office, currently the Revolutionary Vertical Lift Project, at NASA Langley Research Center located in Hampton, Virginia. Both entries were conducted in the 14- by 22-Foot Subsonic Tunnel with a small portion of the overall tests devoted to developing case studies of the DOE approach as it applies to powered rotor testing. A 16-47 times reduction in the number of data points required was estimated by comparing the DOE approach to conventional testing methods. The average error for the DOE surface response model for the OH-58F test was 0.95 percent and 4.06 percent for drag and download, respectively. The DOE surface response model of the Active Flow Control test captured the drag within 4.1 percent of measured data. The operational differences between the two testing approaches are identified, but did not prevent the safe operation of the powered rotor model throughout the DOE test matrices.

Overmeyer, Austin D.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Statistical design study of lunar ceramic

Fabrication of a lunar ceramic was conducted according to a statistically designed experiment. The method of cold pressing was used since the consumption of electrical energy is kept to a minimum (a priority in the lunar environment). This traditional fabrication technique also provides an initial data source on which further investigations can be based. Results obtained from using two percent binder, a cold pressing pressure of 276 MPa, and 24 hours sintering time yielded the greatest compressive strength of 247 MPa. Analysis of each variable's influence on the compressive strength is also presented.

Effinger, Mike↗
DOE OSTI2025

Statistical Design of Experiments Enables Rapid Exploration of Perfluorobutane Sulfonate Degradation

The phase-out of long-chain PFAS has led to the proliferation of highly recalcitrant short-chain analogs, and mineralization technologies for these short-chain PFAS are needed to mitigate their deleterious effects on environmental and human health. In this study, we utilize a statistical design of experiments, specifically, response surface methodology, to rapidly evaluate the electrochemical degradation of the short-chain PFAS, perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS). We evaluate the impacts of the three primary electrochemical parameters (concentration of PFBS, concentration of supporting electrolyte, and applied current) over multiple orders of magnitude on the three primary reaction outcomes of electrochemical PFBS degradation (incomplete PFBS decomposition, complete PFBS mineralization as fluorine, and anodic energy consumption). Our results correspond with literature and clearly identify the well-known tradeoff between energy consumption and complete mineralization. Intriguingly, partial PFBS decomposition and energy consumption demonstrate nonlinear dependencies in the current/supporting electrolyte concentration space and the current/PFBS concentration space, respectively. These findings highlight the utility of the response surface methodology model to efficiently interrogate a large parameter space, identifying both common results and less-obvious interactions between electrochemical parameters and their influences on reaction outcomes.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS1991

The application of statistically designed experiments to resistance spot welding

State-of-the-art Resistance Spot Welding (RSW) equipment has the potential to permit realtime monitoring of operations through advances in computerized process control. In order to realize adaptive feedback capabilities, it is necessary to establish correlations among process variables, welder outputs, and weldment properties. The initial step toward achieving this goal must involve assessment of the effect of specific process inputs and the interactions among these variables on spot weld characteristics. This investigation evaluated these effects through the application of a statistically designed experiment to the RSW process. A half-factorial, Taguchi L sub 16 design was used to understand and refine a RSW schedule developed for welding dissimilar aluminum-lithium alloys of different thickness. The baseline schedule had been established previously by traditional trial and error methods based on engineering judgment and one-factor-at-a-time studies. A hierarchy of inputs with respect to each other was established, and the significance of these inputs with respect to experimental noise was determined. Useful insight was gained into the effect of interactions among process variables, particularly with respect to weldment defects. The effects of equipment related changes associated with disassembly and recalibration were also identified. In spite of an apparent decrease in equipment performance, a significant improvement in the maximum strength for defect-free welds compared to the baseline schedule was achieved.

Hafley, Robert A.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Application of the immobilized low-activity waste glass corrosion model to the static dissolution of 24 statistically-designed alkali-borosilicate waste glasses

Glass corrosion models that capture the complex mechanisms of the glass-water reaction enable the prediction of nuclear waste glass durability in disposal scenarios. Parameterization of such models is challenging because of the need to capture changes in corrosion behavior with time, reaction conditions, and glass composition. In this report we describe and employ the immobilized low activity waste (ILAW) glass corrosion model (IGCM) in geochemical simulations of static dissolution tests, at two temperatures (40 °C and 90 °C), for a matrix of 24 enhanced low activity waste (eLAW) glasses statistically designed to cover a processable composition space defined by 8 major glass components (Al 2 O 3 , B 2 O 3 , CaO, Na 2 O, SiO 2 , SnO 2 , ZrO 2 , and Others as defined in the text). The IGCM includes a first-order chemical affinity term and an ion-exchange term that represents the net exchange of Na+ ions in the pristine glass with protons in aqueous solution. Constant, time-dependent, and time- and pH-dependent functional forms of the ion-exchange term are evaluated to reproduce the change in corrosion behavior with time in saturated, static dissolution tests. The agreement with measured aqueous concentrations of the main glass components (B, Na, and Si) improved significantly upon addition of a time-dependent term, which therefore constitutes a simple representation of the glass-water reaction progress. Due to the limited changes in pH in the static dissolution tests, past a short initial period of rapid increase, addition of a pH dependent term did not appreciably improve the fits, indicating that comprehensive model parameterization requires more than one type of glass corrosion test to capture a wide range of solution chemistries. IGCM parameters were found to be dependent on glass composition, and the parameter sets generated in this work will enable the development of composition–parameter correlation models that offer the promise of predicting IGCM parameters, and thus glass corrosion behavior, solely based on glass composition.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2021

Seeded Stage III glass dissolution behavior of a statistically designed glass matrix

The glass dissolution rate of some glasses accelerates after prolonged time spent at a slow, residual glass dissolution rate. This phenomenon is referred to as Stage III behavior. Here, the acceleration in glass dissolution rate linked to Stage III behavior is significant and may be the most impactful to long-term performance of glass in a repository. This work is aimed at understanding the effect of glass composition on Stage III behavior to add a level of technical defensibility to glass disposal. To this end, a set of twenty-four glass compositions were statistically designed, where eight glass components (SiO 2 , B 2 O 3 , Al 2 O 3 , CaO, Na 2 O, SnO 2 , ZrO 2 , and Others) have been independently varied in order to study the individual effects of each. These glasses have been subjected to static dissolution tests at 90 °C in deionized water and then seeded with zeolite Na-P2 28 days into the testing to induce Stage III behavior. The response of the glasses to the zeolite seeds fell into four primary types: 1) no response to seeds; 2) an immediate linear sustained acceleration in the rate; 3) an immediate linear acceleration in the rate followed by a decrease; and, 4) a progressive acceleration in the rate that is concurrent with the addition of the seeds. The main glass components observed to influence these behaviors were CaO, Al 2 O 3 , B 2 O 3 , and ZrO 2 , where: 1) CaO influenced which glasses showed a Stage III response to seeds (high CaO: Types 2, 3, and 4) or did not respond to seeds (low CaO: Type 1), 2) Al 2 O 3 and B 2 O 3 influenced which glasses showed a sustainable Stage III response (high Al 2 O 3 : Types 2 and 4) versus transitory response (low Al 2 O 3 and high B 2 O 3 : Type 3), and 3) ZrO 2 concentration influenced whether glasses showed a linear (high ZrO 2 : Type 2) versus progressive (low ZrO 2 : Type 4) response to seeds.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Understanding and improving anode performance in an alkaline membrane electrolyzer using statistical design of experiments

The behavior of the oxygen-evolving positive electrode (i.e. anode) in the anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer (AEMEL) is complex and influenced by several factors. Very few studies have been performed to understand oxygen evolution reaction (OER) behavior by optimizing the individual factors that influence performance. Here, this study highlights the effects of catalyst loading, catalyst selection, porous transport layer (PTL) type and conductive additive content. The influence of each factor is elucidated through a design of experiments (DoE) approach with a full statistical analysis. Electrochemical data, alongside Pareto charts, parametric trends and their mutual interactions are discussed. This DoE approach is also helpful in making useful predictions and discovering new combinations to be tested. The end result was a high-performance AEMEL able to operate at a current density of 1.0 A/cm 2 at 1.80 V with IrOx OER and PtNi hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts using 0.3 M KOH fed to the anode. Even lower operating voltage was observed with PbRuOx catalyst at the anode, 1.64 V @ 1.0 A/cm 2 , though the cell decay rate was higher. Lastly, a IrOx/PtNi cell was stably operated continuously for 30 days (720 h) at 1.0 A/cm 2 . This study can serve as a guide for optimal electrode design with insights into component-performance compromises, which can aid in making design choices and performing techno-economic analyses.

08 HYDROGEN↗
NASA NTRS2003

Taguchi statistical design and analysis of cleaning methods for spacecraft materials

In this study, we have extensively tested various cleaning protocols. The variant parameters included the type and concentration of solvent, type of wipe, pretreatment conditions, and various rinsing systems. Taguchi statistical method was used to design and evaluate various cleaning conditions on ten common spacecraft materials.

Taguchi cleaning spacecraft materials↗
DOE OSTI2022

Identification of high-dielectric constant compounds from statistical design

Abstract The discovery of high-dielectric materials is crucial to increasing the efficiency of electronic devices and batteries. Here, we report three previously unexplored materials with very high dielectric constants (69 < ϵ < 101) and large band gaps (2.9 < E g (eV) < 5.5) obtained by screening materials databases using statistical optimization algorithms aided by artificial neural networks (ANN). Two of these new dielectrics are mixed-anion compounds (Eu 5 SiCl 6 O 4 and HoClO) and are shown to be thermodynamically stable against common semiconductors via phase diagram analysis. We also uncovered four other materials with relatively large dielectric constants (20 < ϵ < 40) and band gaps (2.3 < E g (eV) < 2.7). While the ANN training-data are obtained from the Materials Project, the search-space consists of materials from the Open Quantum Materials Database (OQMD)—demonstrating a successful implementation of cross-database materials design. Overall, we report the dielectric properties of 17 materials calculated using ab initio calculations, that were selected in our design workflow. The dielectric materials with high-dielectric properties predicted in this work open up further experimental research opportunities.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1995

Statistical Design in Isothermal Aging of Polyimide Resins

Recent developments in research on polyimides for high temperature applications have led to the synthesis of many new polymers. Among the criteria that determines their thermal oxidative stability, isothermal aging is one of the most important. Isothermal aging studies require that many experimental factors are controlled to provide accurate results. In this article we describe a statistical plan that compares the isothermal stability of several polyimide resins, while minimizing the variations inherent in high-temperature aging studies.

Sutter, James K.↗
NASA NTRS1984

The effects of Cr, Co, Al, Mo and Ta on the cyclic oxidation behavior of a prototype cast Ni-base superalloy based on a 2(5) composite statistically designed experiment

A series of cast Ni-base superalloys were systematically varied at selected levels of Co, Cr, Mo, Ta, and Al. The elemental levels varied were Mo, 0 to 4 percent; Cr, 6 to 18 percent; Co, 0 to 20 percent, Ta, 0 to 8 percent; and Al, 3.25 to 6.25 percent. The cyclic oxidation resistance was determined from specific weight change data as a function of time for 1 hr cycles in static air at 1100 C. The significant terms in decreasing order of their importance were Al, Ta, Cr2, Al-Cr, Cr-Co, Co2, Al-Mo, Cr-Mo, Al-Al, and Mo-Ta. The Al term alone accounted for close to 82 percent of the explained variability. The estimating equation showed that the Al level was the most important and should be at its 6.25 wt % maximum value. The Mo and Ta levels should also be at their maximum 4 and 8 wt % respectively. The cobalt composition should be as low as possible, i.e., 0 wt%. The Cr level optimum varies depending on the other 4 levels. The X-ray diffaction results indicate the most protective scales are alumina/aluminate spinel stabilizized with a tri-rutile oxide high in Ta and Mo.

Barrett, C. A.↗