speckle-tracking: a software suite for ptychographic X-ray speckle tracking
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99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
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Results for “speckle tracking”
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Wavelet-transform-based speckle vector tracking method for X-ray phase imaging
Not Available
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
WFSUITE: A PYTHON SOFTWARE SUITE FOR X-RAY WAVEFRONT SENDING AND AT-WAVELENGTH METROLOGY
SF-26-025 WFSuite is a graphical and command-line toolkit for coded-mask-based X-ray wavefront sensing and phase reconstruction at synchrotron beamlines. It integrates analysis tools for both relative and absolute speckle-based measurements. In the relative metrology module, WFSuite implements Wavelet-transform-based X-ray Speckle Tracking (WXST) and Wavelet-transform-based Speckle Vector Tracking (WSVT) methods to retrieve differential phase and wavefront distortions by comparing speckle patterns recorded with and without the test sample. In the absolute phase module, WFSuite uses coded-mask speckle patterns and replaces the measured reference with a numerically simulated one, enablingsingle-shot wavefront reconstruction using either WXST or a neural-network-based method (SPINNet).
Rebuffi, Luca [Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), ↗
High-Resolution Scanning Coded-Mask-Based X-ray Multi-Contrast Imaging and Tomography
Near-field X-ray speckle tracking has been used in phase-contrast imaging and tomography as an emerging technique, providing higher contrast images than traditional absorption radiography. Most reported methods use sandpaper or membrane filters as speckle generators and digital image cross-correlation for phase reconstruction, which has either limited resolution or requires a large number of position scanning steps. Recently, we have proposed a novel coded-mask-based multi-contrast imaging (CMMI) technique for single-shot measurement with superior performance in efficiency and resolution compared with other single-shot methods. We present here a scanning CMMI method for the ultimate imaging resolution and phase sensitivity by using a coded mask as a high-contrast speckle generator, the flexible scanning mode, the adaption of advanced maximum-likelihood optimization to scanning data, and the multi-resolution analysis. Scanning CMMI can outperform other speckle-based imaging methods, such as X-ray speckle vector tracking, providing higher quality absorption, phase, and dark-field images with fewer scanning steps. Scanning CMMI is also successfully demonstrated in multi-contrast tomography, showing great potentials in high-resolution full-field imaging applications, such as in vivo biomedical imaging.
Qiao, Zhi (ORCID:0000000233928732)↗
High-speed quantitative X-ray multi-contrast imaging with deep learning based modulated pattern analysis
The advent of X-ray multi-contrast imaging methods, providing absorption, phase, and dark-field images, holds tremendous promise for complementary and non-destructive visualization of inner structures within materials and bio-samples. However, the low efficiency in measuring and analyzing X-ray modulated patterns has hindered their application in high-resolution in situ imaging. In this work, the Enhanced Scanning Pattern-based Imaging Neural Network (ESPINNet) is introduced as a powerful tool for achieving high-speed, high-resolution quantitative imaging. ESPINNet is faster than correlation-based speckle tracking methods such as XSVT and UMPA, and provides a balanced performance in terms of resolution and speed for data collection by using fewer scanning images. In comparison with our previously developed neural network, ESPINNet introduces the capability to generate dark-field images, further enhancing its versatility. By leveraging scanning patterns, ESPINNet significantly improves resolution and measurement precision. Furthermore, its adaptability to various modulation patterns, including those produced by sandpaper, coded masks, or gratings, ensures broad applicability. These features enable real-time 2D and 3D multi-contrast imaging, positioning ESPINNet as a transformative solution for applications in materials science and biomedical research, particularly for high-speed and in situ measurements.
X-ray at-wavelength metrology↗
In-Operando Study of Shape Retention and Microstructure Development in a Hydrolyzing Sol–Gel Ink during 3D-Printing
3D printing of amorphous and crystalline ceramics is of paramount importance for the fabrication of a wide range of devices with applications across different technology fields. Printed ceramics are remarkably enabled by the sol-gel synthesis method in conjunction with continuous filament direct ink writing. During printing, multiple processes contribute to the evolution of inks including shape retention, chemical conversion, solidification, and microstructure formation. Traditionally, depending on the ink composition and printing environment, several mechanisms have been associated with the shape retention and solidification of 3D printed structures: gelation, rapid solvent evaporation, energy-driven phase transformation, and chemical-driven phase transformation. Understanding the fundamental differences between these mechanisms becomes key since they strongly influence the spatiotemporal evolution of the materials, as the out-of-equilibrium processes inherent to the extrusion, relaxation, and solidification of printed materials have significant effects on the materials properties. Herein, we investigate the shape retention mechanism and the hydrolysis-induced material conversion and microstructure formation during the 3D printing of a water reactive sol-gel ink that transforms into titanium dioxide-based ceramic. This study aims at identifying characteristic mechanisms associated with the material transformation, establishing connections between the microstructure development and the timescales associated with solidification under operando 3D-printing conditions. The investigation of this material's out-of-equilibrium pathways under processing conditions is enabled by time-resolved coherent X-ray scattering, providing simultaneous access to temporospatially resolved microstructural and dynamics information. Furthermore, we explore X-ray speckle tracking as a tool to resolve deformations of the microstructure in a printed filament associated with the deposition of consecutive filaments. Through this work, we aim at providing a fundamental understanding of the relationships behind these transformative processes in 3D printing and their timescales as the basis for achieving unprecedented control over printed materials microstructure.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Polished diamond X-ray lenses
High-quality bi-concave 2D focusing diamond X-ray lenses of apex-radius R = 100 µm produced via laser-ablation and improved via mechanical polishing are presented here. Both for polished and unpolished individual lenses and for stacks of ten lenses, the remaining figure errors determined using X-ray speckle tracking are shown and these results are compared with those of commercial R = 50 µm beryllium lenses that have similar focusing strength and physical aperture. For two stacks of ten diamond lenses (polished and unpolished) and a stack of eleven beryllium lenses, this paper presents measured 2D beam profiles out of focus and wire scans to obtain the beam size in the focal plane. These results are complemented with small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements of a polished and an unpolished diamond lens. Again, this is compared with the SAXS of a beryllium lens. The polished X-ray lenses show similar figure errors to commercially available beryllium lenses. While the beam size in the focal plane is comparable to that of the beryllium lenses, the SAXS signal of the polished diamond lenses is considerably lower.
47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
Real-time X-ray phase-contrast imaging using SPINNet—a speckle-based phase-contrast imaging neural network
X-ray phase-contrast imaging has become indispensable for visualizing samples with low absorption contrast. In this regard, speckle-based techniques have shown significant advantages in spatial resolution, phase sensitivity, and implementation flexibility compared with traditional methods. However, the computational cost associated with data inversion has hindered their wider adoption. By exploiting the power of deep learning, we developed a speckle-based phase-contrast imaging neural network (SPINNet) that significantly improves the imaging quality and boosts the phase retrieval speed by at least 2 orders of magnitude compared to existing methods. To achieve this performance, we combined SPINNet with a coded-mask-based technique, an enhanced version of the speckle-based method. Using this scheme, we demonstrate the simultaneous reconstruction of absorption and phase images on the order of 100 ms, where a traditional correlation-based analysis would take several minutes even with a cluster. In addition to significant improvement in speed, our experimental results show that the imaging and phase retrieval quality of SPINNet outperform existing single-shot speckle-based methods. Furthermore, we successfully demonstrate SPINNet application in x-ray optics metrology and 3D x-ray phase-contrast tomography. Our result shows that SPINNet could enable many applications requiring high-resolution and fast data acquisition and processing, such as in situ and in operando 2D and 3D phase-contrast imaging and real-time at-wavelength metrology and wavefront sensing.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Dissecting the Quadruple Binary Hyad vA 351 Masses for Three M Dwarfs and a White Dwarf
We extend results first announced by Franz et al., that identified vA 351 = H346 in the Hyades as a multiple star system containing a white dwarf. With Hubble Space Telescope Fine Guidance Sensor fringe tracking and scanning, and more recent speckle observations, all spanning 20.7 years, we establish a parallax, relative orbit, and mass fraction for two components, with a period, P=2.70 yr and total mass 2.1 M{sub ⊙}. With ground-based radial velocities from the McDonald Observatory Otto Struve 2.1 m Telescope Sandiford Spectrograph, and Center for Astrophysics Digital Speedometers, spanning 37 years, we find that component B consists of BC, two M dwarf stars orbiting with a very short period (P{sub BC}=0.749 days), having a mass ratio M{sub C}/M{sub B} = 0.95. We confirm that the total mass of the system can only be reconciled with the distance and component photometry by including a fainter, higher-mass component. The quadruple system consists of three M dwarfs (A, B, C) and one white dwarf (D). We determine individual M dwarf masses M{sub A} = 0.53 ± 0.10 M{sub ⊙}, M{sub B} = 0.43 ± 0.04 M{sub ⊙}, and M{sub C} = 0.41 ± 0.04 M{sub ⊙}. The white dwarf mass, 0.54 ± 0.04 M{sub ⊙}, comes from cooling models, an assumed Hyades age of 670 Myr, and consistency with all previous and derived astrometric, photometric, and radial velocity results. Velocities from Hα and He i emission lines confirm the BC period derived from absorption lines, with similar (He i) and higher (Hα) velocity amplitudes. We ascribe the larger Hα amplitude to emission from a region each component shadows from the other, depending on the line of sight.
47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
TIC 278956474: Two Close Binaries in One Young Quadruple System Identified by TESS
We have identified a quadruple system with two close eclipsing binaries in Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) data. The object is unresolved in Gaia and appears as a single source at parallax 1.08 ± 0.01 mas. Both binaries have observable primary and secondary eclipses and were monitored throughout TESS Cycle 1 (sectors 1–13), falling within the TESS Continuous Viewing Zone. In one eclipsing binary (P = 5.488 days), the smaller star is completely occluded by the larger star during the secondary eclipse; in the other (P = 5.674 days) both eclipses are grazing. Using these data, spectroscopy, speckle photometry, spectral energy distribution analysis, and evolutionary stellar tracks, we have constrained the masses and radii of the four stars in the two eclipsing binaries. The Li i equivalent width indicates an age of 10–50 Myr and, with an outer period of 858{sub −5}{sup +7} days, our analysis indicates this is one of the most compact young 2 + 2 quadruple systems known.
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
Correcting for digital image correlation speckle inversion at high temperature using color cameras
Digital image correlation (DIC) is a popular, noncontacting technique to measure full-field deformation by using cameras to track the motion of an applied surface pattern. Because it is noncontacting, DIC can be performed for extreme temperature applications (e.g., hot-fire rocket testing of carbon composite rocket nozzles) under harsh conditions during which bonded gauges are damaged. Speckle pattern inversion is a phenomenon that sometimes occurs while performing high-temperature DIC. During speckle pattern inversion, portions of the surface pattern that were initially darker at room temperature (e.g., graphite) may emit more light due to blackbody radiation than the portions that were initially paler, thereby producing images in which the pattern appears inverted at high temperature relative to the initial pattern at room temperature. This phenomenon can prevent the correlation algorithm from being able to resolve the displacements between images. This work compares three methods to mitigate speckle pattern inversion: (A) the subtraction method, a recently-published technique in which two high-temperature images are subtracted to remove unwanted light; (B) the filtering method, a popular technique in which optical bandpass filters screen out unwanted light; and (C) the histogram rescaling method, a proposed new method that pairs a color camera with a blue light source and uses information from the green sensor of the camera to correct against inversion in the blue sensor through postprocessing. The histogram rescaling method is shown to successfully eliminate speckle pattern inversion and has the added advantages that it does not require quasi-static loading to be able to compensate for speckle pattern inversion, nor does it impose thick-glass distortions caused by the optical filter.
Rowley, Lindsey J.↗
Title Coherent X-ray Studies of Surface Growth and Patterning Processes
X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (XPCS) is being developed as a tool to study nanoscale dynamics of fluctuations during thin film growth and surface patterning. XPCS examines the evolution of the X-ray scattering speckle pattern in reciprocal space to reveal dynamics information not accessible through any other means. Unlike low-coherence conventional X-ray scattering, which incoherently averages over different regions of a sample, coherent X-ray scattering is sensitive to the detailed structure of a given sample at that moment in time. In thin film growth processes, heterodyning, which occurs due to coherent mixing of two scattered signals, can be used to investigate the relationship between surface growth velocity and defect propagation. And, for polycrystalline thin film growth, the spatial coherence of the X-ray beam can substitute for the missing spatial coherence of the growth process to track layered growth in detail, even in a growth regime in which there are no conventional growth oscillations of the X-ray intensity. This has opened the door for detailed dynamics studies of individual atomic layers during real-world growth and patterning, not just in perfect single-crystal growth cases, which greatly expands the applicability of in-situ X-ray scattering methods. Step-flow dynamics in mounded polycrystalline growth has been studied separately for two thin film organic semiconductors deposited by thermal deposition in a vacuum environment, C60 and diindenoperylene (DIP). Highly oriented polycrystalline thin films are readily obtained in both systems, where mounds are composed of crystalline monolayer-height steps and terraces in a so-called wedding cake morphology. The formation of mounds is understood to be due to significant Ehrlich-Schwoebel step edge barriers that inhibit molecules from hopping down from one layer to the one below. The mounds exhibit local step flow, which can be monitored using coherent X-ray scattering. This is made possible due to heterodyning between scattering from the average mounds and the moving steps, which becomes visible in XPCS analysis. The effect of desorption, i.e. re-evaporation of deposited molecules is found to be important for understanding these processes. The impact of this work is to enable testing of models of step dynamics, the shape of mounds, and merging of mounds to form continuous thin films. Highly ordered polycrystalline thin films deposited on inexpensive substrates have applications in thin film solar cells and other organic electronic devices. In a separate set of experiments, speckle analysis during self-organized ion beam nanopatterning reveals memory stretching back to the beginning of patterning in the early stages and enables measurement of the velocity of self-organized patterns across surfaces providing the possibility of stringent new tests of the theory of pattern formation and motion.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Statistical Estimation of Strain Using Spatial Correlation Functions
Ex-situ estimation of strains from deformed micrographs is not possible as there are no persistent features which can be tracked. Two point spatial statistics enable the rigorous quantification of spatial patterns in heterogeneous media. In this paper, we propose a novel method for estimating strains directly from dissimilar micrographs using a continuum mechanics approach. Rather than operating directly on images from sequential frames, as is done in digital image correlation, we operate on different microstructure realizations. This is made possible by comparing the spatial autocorrelation maps of deformed and undeformed micrographs rather than direct comparison of images. Additionally, a Bayesian framework is proposed for quantifying uncertainty. We first illustrate the efficacy of this method on speckle pattern images from digital image correlation experiments. Then, we demonstrate that the method is capable of operating on dissimilar micrographs using deformed synthetic binary microstructures. Finally, we present a case study on polycrystalline additively manufactured 316L deformed via tension. The proposed method works well and we discuss implications and limitations of the presented work.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗