Crystallographic snapshots of ternary complexes of thermophilic secondary alcohol dehydrogenase from
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Dinh, Tung↗
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Structural complexity of snapshots of two-dimensional Fermi-Hubbard systems
The development of quantum gas microscopy for two-dimensional optical lattices has provided an unparalleled tool to study the Fermi-Hubbard model (FHM) with ultracold atoms. Spin-resolved projective measurements, or snapshots, have played a significant role in quantifying correlation functions, theory verification, and thus the uncovering of underlying physical phenomena such as antiferromagnetism at commensurate filling on bipartite lattices and other charge and spin correlations, as well as dynamical properties at various densities. Here we employ a recent concept, the multiscale structural complexity, and show that when computed for the snapshots (of single spin species, local moments, or total density) it can provide a theory-free property, immediately accessible to experiments. Specifically, after benchmarking results for Ising and $XY$ models, we study the structural complexity of snapshots of the repulsive FHM in the two-dimensional square lattice as a function of doping and temperature. We generate projective measurements using determinant quantum Monte Carlo and compare their complexities against those from the experiment. We demonstrate that these complexities are linked to relevant physical observables such as the entropy and double occupancy. Their behaviors capture the development of correlations and relevant length scales in the system. Furthermore, we provide an open-source code in python which can be implemented into data analysis routines in experimental settings for the square lattice.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
Energy Snapshot - Belize
This profile provides a snapshot of the energy landscape of Belize, a Central American country bordering Mexico to the north, Guatemala to the west and south, and the Caribbean Sea to the east. Although not an island nation, Belize is included in this energy snapshot series because it is a member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), an alliance of 15 Caribbean nations in the region.
44 EE - Strategic Programs, Energy Transition Init↗
SNAPSHOT USA 2020: A second coordinated national camera trap survey of the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic
Managing wildlife populations in the face of global change requires regular data on the abundance and distribution of wild animals, but acquiring these over appropriate spatial scales in a sustainable way has proven challenging. Here, in this study, we present the data from Snapshot USA 2020, a second annual national mammal survey of the USA. This project involved 152 scientists setting camera traps in a standardized protocol at 1485 locations across 103 arrays in 43 states for a total of 52,710 trap-nights of survey effort. Most (58) of these arrays were also sampled during the same months (September and October) in 2019, providing a direct comparison of animal populations in 2 years that includes data from both during and before the COVID-19 pandemic. All data were managed by the eMammal system, with all species identifications checked by at least two reviewers. In total, we recorded 117,415 detections of 78 species of wild mammals, 9236 detections of at least 43 species of birds, 15,851 detections of six domestic animals and 23,825 detections of humans or their vehicles. Spatial differences across arrays explained more variation in the relative abundance than temporal variation across years for all 38 species modeled, although there are examples of significant site-level differences among years for many species. Temporal results show how species allocate their time and can be used to study species interactions, including between humans and wildlife. These data provide a snapshot of the mammal community of the USA for 2020 and will be useful for exploring the drivers of spatial and temporal changes in relative abundance and distribution, and the impacts of species interactions on daily activity patterns. There are no copyright restrictions, and please cite this paper when using these data, or a subset of these data, for publication.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Inferring Stochastic Rates from Heterogeneous Snapshots of Particle Positions
Many imaging techniques for biological systems—like fixation of cells coupled with fluorescence microscopy—provide sharp spatial resolution in reporting locations of individuals at a single moment in time but also destroy the dynamics they intend to capture. In this study, these snapshot observations contain no information about individual trajectories, but still encode information about movement and demographic dynamics, especially when combined with a well-motivated biophysical model. The relationship between spatially evolving populations and single-moment representations of their collective locations is well-established with partial differential equations (PDEs) and their inverse problems. However, experimental data is commonly a set of locations whose number is insufficient to approximate a continuous-in-space PDE solution. Here, motivated by popular subcellular imaging data of gene expression, we embrace the stochastic nature of the data and investigate the mathematical foundations of parametrically inferring demographic rates from snapshots of particles undergoing birth, diffusion, and death in a nuclear or cellular domain. Toward inference, we rigorously derive a connection between individual particle paths and their presentation as a Poisson spatial process. Using this framework, we investigate the properties of the resulting inverse problem and study factors that affect quality of inference. One pervasive feature of this experimental regime is the presence of cell-to-cell heterogeneity. Rather than being a hindrance, we show that cell-to-cell geometric heterogeneity can increase the quality of inference on dynamics for certain parameter regimes. Altogether, the results serve as a basis for more detailed investigations of subcellular spatial patterns of RNA molecules and other stochastically evolving populations that can only be observed for single instants in their time evolution.
59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
Snapshot multifocal light field microscopy
Light field microscopy (LFM) is an emerging technology for high-speed wide-field 3D imaging by capturing 4D light field of 3D volumes. However, its 3D imaging capability comes at a cost of lateral resolution. In addition, the lateral resolution is not uniform across depth in the light field dconvolution reconstructions. To address these problems, here, we propose a snapshot multifocal light field microscopy (MFLFM) imaging method. The underlying concept of the MFLFM is to collect multiple focal shifted light fields simultaneously. We show that by focal stacking those focal shifted light fields, the depth-of-field (DOF) of the LFM can be further improved but without sacrificing the lateral resolution. Also, if all differently focused light fields are utilized together in the deconvolution, the MFLFM could achieve a high and uniform lateral resolution within a larger DOF. We present a house-built MFLFM system by placing a diffractive optical element at the Fourier plane of a conventional LFM. The optical performance of the MFLFM are analyzed and given. Both simulations and proof-of-principle experimental results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness and benefits of the MFLFM. We believe that the proposed snapshot MFLFM has potential to enable high-speed and high resolution 3D imaging applications.
He, Kuan↗
Energy Snapshot: Trinidad and Tobago
This fact sheet provides a snapshot of the energy landscape of Trinidad and Tobago, a two-island nation located off the coast of Venezuela.
Trinidad, Tobago, eti, snapshot,islands↗
Energy Snapshot - Anguilla
This profile provides a snapshot of the energy landscape of Anguilla, a British overseas territory in the Caribbean.
44 EE - Strategic Programs, Energy Transition Init↗
Energy Snapshot – Turks and Caicos
This profile presents a snapshot of the electricity generation and reduction technologies available to Turks and Caicos - a British overseas territory consisting of two groups of islands located southeast of the Bahamas.
44 EE - Strategic Programs, Energy Transition Init↗
Energy Snapshot – Haiti
This profile provides a snapshot of the energy landscape of Haiti, an independent nation that occupies the western portion of the island of Hispaniola in the northern Caribbean Sea.
44 EE - Strategic Programs, Energy Transition Init↗
Energy Snapshot – Puerto Rico
This profile provides a snapshot of the energy landscape of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico - a U.S. territory located about 60 miles east of the Dominican Republic and directly west of the U.S. Virgin Islands.
44 EE - Strategic Programs, Energy Transition Init↗
Energy Snapshot – U.S. Virgin Islands
This profile provides a snapshot of the energy landscape of the U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI) - St. Thomas, St. John, and St. Croix. The Virgin Islands archipelago makes up the northern portion of the Lesser Antilles and the western island group of the Leeward Islands, forming the border between the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea.
44 EE - Strategic Programs, Energy Transition Init↗
Energy Snapshot - St. Vincent and The Grenadines
This profile provides a snapshot of the energy landscape of St Vincent and the Grenadines - islands between the Caribbean Sea and North Atlantic Ocean, north of Trinidad and Tobago.
44 EE - Strategic Programs, Energy Transition Init↗
Energy Snapshot - Palau
This profile provides a snapshot of the energy landscape of Palau, an independent island nation geographically located in the Micronesia region. Over 97% of the island's electricity production is dependent on imported fossil fuels, primarily diesel. Palau is aiming for 45% renewable energy generation by 2025, and is striving to overcome technological, financial, and institutional capacity challenges to meet this goal.
44 EE - Strategic Programs, Energy Transition Init↗
Energy Snapshot - Guam
This profile provides a snapshot of the energy landscape of Guam, an island territory of the United States located in the western Pacific Ocean. Like many island nations, Guam is highly dependent on imported fossil fuels - nearly all the island's electricity is generated using imported petroleum products. This leaves it vulnerable to global oil price fluctuations that can directly impact the cost of electricity.
44 EE - Strategic Programs, Energy Transition Init↗
Energy Snapshot - St. Kitts and Nevis
This profile provides a snapshot of the energy landscape of the Federation of St. Christopher (St. Kitts) and Nevis - two islands located in the Leeward Islands in the West Indies.
44 EE - Strategic Programs, Energy Transition Init↗
Energy Snapshot - Dominican Republic
This profile provides a snapshot of the energy landscape of the Dominican Republic, a Caribbean nation that shares the island of Hispaniola with Haiti to the west.
44 EE - Strategic Programs, Energy Transition Init↗
Energy Snapshot - Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
This profile provides a snapshot of the energy landscape of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), a commonwealth in political union with the United States that is located in the northern Pacific Ocean. CNMI's electricity rates for residential customers range from $0.21 to $0.35 U.S. dollars (USD) per kilowatt-hour (kWh), above the average U.S. residential rate of $0.13 USD/kWh.
44 EE - Strategic Programs, Energy Transition Init↗