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Air Traffic Management Blockchain Infrastructure for Security, Authentication, and Privacy

Current radar-based air traffic service providers may preserve privacy for military and corporate operations by procedurally preventing public release of selected flight plans, position, and state data. The FAA mandate for national adoption of Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) in 2020 does not include provisions for maintaining these same aircraft-privacy options, nor does it address the potential for spoofing, denial of service, and other well-documented risk factors. This paper presents an engineering prototype that embodies a design and method that may be applied to mitigate these ADS-B security issues. The design innovation is the use of an open source permissioned blockchain framework to enable aircraft privacy and anonymity while providing a secure and efficient method for communication with Air Traffic Services, Operations Support, or other authorized entities. This framework features certificate authority, smart contract support, and higher-bandwidth communication channels for private information that may be used for secure communication between any specific aircraft and any particular authorized member, sharing data in accordance with the terms specified in the form of smart contracts. The prototype demonstrates how this method can be economically and rapidly deployed in a scalable modular environment.

air traffic privacy & authentication↗

Air Traffic Management Blockchain Infrastructure for Security, Authentication, and Privacy

Current radar-based air traffic service providers may preserve privacy for military and corporate operations by procedurally preventing public release of selected flight plans, position, and state data. The FAA mandate for national adoption of Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) in 2020 does not include provisions for maintaining these same aircraft-privacy options, nor does it address the potential for spoofing, denial of service, and other well-documented risk factors. This paper presents an engineering prototype that embodies a design and method that may be applied to mitigate these ADS-B security issues. The design innovation is the use of an open source permissioned blockchain framework to enable aircraft privacy and anonymity while providing a secure and efficient method for communication with Air Traffic Services, Operations Support, or other authorized entities. This framework features certificate authority, smart contract support, and higher-bandwidth communication channels for private information that may be used for secure communication between any specific aircraft and any particular authorized member, sharing data in accordance with the terms specified in the form of smart contracts. The prototype demonstrates how this method can be economically and rapidly deployed in a scalable modular environment.

ADS-B cybersecurity↗

Vertiport Dynamic Density

Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) is envisioned to be another spoke in a region’s transportation system, supplementing ground-based travel with air-based travel. Eventually, air taxis will be pervasive, convenient, and affordable. As demand and operations tempo increase, congestion may arise. Several characteristics of AAM reduce the applicability of techniques used in today’s National Airspace System (NAS) to manage congestion. AAM will include both scheduled and non-scheduled, on-demand operations, challenging strategic deconfliction algorithms. Flights will be fairly short, traversing an urban area, not hundreds or thousands of miles, with corresponding low energy reserves, prohibiting excessive delays. Flight operators will need flexibility in operations, scheduling a flight only minutes before departure, or diverting to an alternate vertiport if it becomes advantageous, further adding to trajectory uncertainty that would challenge strategic deconfliction. Finally, operators will desire privacy to protect sensitive information or preserve competitive advantage, limiting early access to intent information. In this paper, we present an approach for managing congestion at vertiports by providing insight into the traffic situation to support operationally-advantageous and safe land or divert decisions. We propose a metric designed with usefulness and usability in AAM operations in mind. The metric uses the sociology concept of dynamic density (DD) that takes into consideration not only number of flights, but also the interaction of those flights with the vertiport’s limited resources, namely the landing pads and the parking spots. DD supports a Pilot in Command (PIC) with decisions about whether to proceed, expedite, delay, or divert; and supports air traffic control (ATC) and vertiport operators in airspace management and vertiport usage. We demonstrate the metric on a notional vertiport scenario. We also show that DD provides better insight into congestion and resulting flight delays than an aircraft count metric used in traditional air traffic management.

Lilly Spirkovska↗

Why We Do What We Do: Data Reuse, Open Access, and Privacy in Data Management at the Life Sciences Data Archive

As custodian of the unique and irreplaceable collections of human subject research data generated by the Human Research Program and its predecessors throughout the agency’s history, the Life Sciences Data Archive (LSDA) is charged with protecting participants’ privacy and implementing their consent decisions as it provides retrospective data for use in new studies. This active, stewardship-focused approach to data management and preservation shapes the products that LSDA provides to researchers and the responsibilities of researchers in using the data and publishing their results. This presentation reviews how federal and agency mandates shape LSDA’s data management procedures and expectations for researchers. Topics covered will include LSDA’s movement towards implementation of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) principles and how the archive’s evolving data management practices support FAIR-ness; collaboration between LSDA and the Lifetime Surveillance of Astronaut Health (LSAH) project (the repository of astronaut medical data); LSDA’s response to the challenges of performing its stewardship role and maintaining trust given the public profiles of the subjects whose data it preserves; and the ever-increasing challenges to expectations of subject privacy stemming from the growing power and ubiquity of of data analysis and aggregation tools.

Data↗

Why We Do What We Do: Data Reuse, Open Access and Privacy in Data Management at the Life Sciences Data Archive

As custodians of the unique and irreplaceable collections of human subject research data generated by the Human Research Program and its predecessors throughout the agency’s history, the Life Sciences Data Archive (LSDA) is charged with protecting participants’ privacy and implementing their consent decisions as it provides retrospective data for use in new studies. This active, stewardship-focused approach to data management and preservation shapes the products that LSDA provides to researchers and the responsibilities of researchers in using the data and publishing their results. This presentation reviews how federal and agency mandates shape LSDA’s data management procedures and expectations for researchers. Topics covered will include LSDA’s movement towards implementation of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) principles and the archive’s evolving data management practices; collaboration between LSDA and the Lifetime Surveillance of Astronaut Health (LSAH) project (the repository of astronaut medical data); LSDA’s response to the challenges of performing its stewardship role and maintaining trust given the public profiles of the subjects whose data it preserves; and the ever-increasing challenges to expectations of subject privacy stemming from the growing power and ubiquity of data analysis and aggregation tools.

data management↗

The Field Guide to NASA’s Life Sciences Data Repositories

For over 30 years, NASA has invested in life sciences research both in space and on the ground. Data accessibility is an important tool for researchers, and NASA has committed to preserving this vital resource for ongoing use. The Life Sciences Data Archive’s multi-center collaboration between NASA’s Johnson Space Center, Ames Research Center, and Kennedy Space Center is geared toward preserving unique and high-value data from a wide variety of disciplines, data collection methods, and species within NASA’s Life Sciences Portal (NLSP). The data generated by the Human Research Program (HRP) require a systematic approach to data preservation that accounts for diverse data sources, formats, physical storage requirements, and security and privacy protections. This poster presentation will provide a guide to the repositories where the various types of human, non-human animal, plant, and microbial data NASA generates are archived and tips for navigating these data collections. Topics will include where different types of data, metadata, and biospecimens are archived or preserved, how the federated repositories work together as a data preservation ecosystem, and how researchers can access each repository’s collections.

Robert S Beaton↗

A Field Guide to NASA’s Life Sciences Data Repositories

For over 30 years, NASA has invested in life sciences research both in space and on the ground. Data accessibility is an important tool for researchers, and NASA has committed to preserving this vital resource for ongoing use. The Life Sciences Data Archive’s multi-center collaboration between NASA’s Johnson Space Center, Ames Research Center, and Kennedy Space Center is geared toward preserving unique and high-value data from a wide variety of disciplines, data collection methods, and species within NASA’s Life Sciences Portal (NLSP). The data generated by the Human Research Program (HRP) require a systematic approach to data preservation that accounts for diverse data sources, formats, physical storage requirements, and security and privacy protections. This poster presentation will provide a guide to the repositories where the various types of human, non-human animal, plant, and microbial data NASA generates are archived and tips for navigating these data collections. Topics will include where different types of data, metadata, and biospecimens are archived or preserved, how the federated repositories work together as a data preservation ecosystem, and how researchers can access each repository’s collections.

LSDA↗

Network-Capable Application Process and Wireless Intelligent Sensors for ISHM

Intelligent sensor technology and systems are increasingly becoming attractive means to serve as frameworks for intelligent rocket test facilities with embedded intelligent sensor elements, distributed data acquisition elements, and onboard data acquisition elements. Networked intelligent processors enable users and systems integrators to automatically configure their measurement automation systems for analog sensors. NASA and leading sensor vendors are working together to apply the IEEE 1451 standard for adding plug-and-play capabilities for wireless analog transducers through the use of a Transducer Electronic Data Sheet (TEDS) in order to simplify sensor setup, use, and maintenance, to automatically obtain calibration data, and to eliminate manual data entry and error. A TEDS contains the critical information needed by an instrument or measurement system to identify, characterize, interface, and properly use the signal from an analog sensor. A TEDS is deployed for a sensor in one of two ways. First, the TEDS can reside in embedded, nonvolatile memory (typically flash memory) within the intelligent processor. Second, a virtual TEDS can exist as a separate file, downloadable from the Internet. This concept of virtual TEDS extends the benefits of the standardized TEDS to legacy sensors and applications where the embedded memory is not available. An HTML-based user interface provides a visual tool to interface with those distributed sensors that a TEDS is associated with, to automate the sensor management process. Implementing and deploying the IEEE 1451.1-based Network-Capable Application Process (NCAP) can achieve support for intelligent process in Integrated Systems Health Management (ISHM) for the purpose of monitoring, detection of anomalies, diagnosis of causes of anomalies, prediction of future anomalies, mitigation to maintain operability, and integrated awareness of system health by the operator. It can also support local data collection and storage. This invention enables wide-area sensing and employs numerous globally distributed sensing devices that observe the physical world through the existing sensor network. This innovation enables distributed storage, distributed processing, distributed intelligence, and the availability of DiaK (Data, Information, and Knowledge) to any element as needed. It also enables the simultaneous execution of multiple processes, and represents models that contribute to the determination of the condition and health of each element in the system. The NCAP (intelligent process) can configure data-collection and filtering processes in reaction to sensed data, allowing it to decide when and how to adapt collection and processing with regard to sophisticated analysis of data derived from multiple sensors. The user will be able to view the sensing device network as a single unit that supports a high-level query language. Each query would be able to operate over data collected from across the global sensor network just as a search query encompasses millions of Web pages. The sensor web can preserve ubiquitous information access between the querier and the queried data. Pervasive monitoring of the physical world raises significant data and privacy concerns. This innovation enables different authorities to control portions of the sensing infrastructure, and sensor service authors may wish to compose services across authority boundaries.

Figueroa, Fernando↗