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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records

Opportunities for supersonic performance gains through non-linear aerodynamics

This paper contains a number of examples wherein basic aerodynamic shapes are shown to achieve improved performance when non-linear effects are taken into account. Analytical, numerical, and experimental results have all been used to demonstrate this conclusion. Improvements in both zero lift drag and drag due to lift have been identified. The results show that the exploitation of these non-linear aerodynamic effects may be a key ingredient of future supersonic aircraft.

Mason, W. H.↗

Performance Gains of Propellant Management Devices for Liquid Hydrogen Depots

This paper presents background, experimental design, and preliminary experimental results for the liquid hydrogen bubble point tests conducted at the Cryogenic Components Cell 7 facility at the NASA Glenn Research Center in Cleveland, Ohio. The purpose of the test series was to investigate the parameters that affect liquid acquisition device (LAD) performance in a liquid hydrogen (LH2) propellant tank, to mitigate risk in the final design of the LAD for the Cryogenic Propellant Storage and Transfer Technology Demonstration Mission, and to provide insight into optimal LAD operation for future LH2 depots. Preliminary test results show an increase in performance and screen retention over the low reference LH2 bubble point value for a 325 2300 screen in three separate ways, thus improving fundamental LH2 LAD performance. By using a finer mesh screen, operating at a colder liquid temperature, and pressurizing with a noncondensible pressurant gas, a significant increase in margin is achieved in bubble point pressure for LH2 screen channel LADs.

Hartwig, Jason W.↗

Performance gains by using heated natural-gas fuel in an annular turbojet combustor

A full-scale annular turbojet combustor was tested with natural gas fuel heated from ambient temperature to 800 K (980 F). In all tests, heating the fuel improved combustion efficiency. Two sets of gaseous fuel nozzles were tested. Combustion instabilities occurred with one set of nozzles at two conditions: one where the efficiency approached 100 percent with the heated fuel; the other where the efficiency was very poor with the unheated fuel. The second set of nozzles exhibited no combustion instability. Altitude relight tests with the second set showed that relight was improved and was achievable at essentially the same condition as blowout when the fuel temperature was 800 K (980 F).

Marchionna, N. R.↗

Solar thermal upper stage: Economic advantage and development status

A solar thermal upper stage (STUS) is envisioned as a propulsive concept for the future. The STUS will be used for low Earth orbit (LEO) to geostationary-Earth orbit (GEO) transfer and for planetary exploration missions. The STUS offers significant performance gains over conventional chemical propulsion systems. These performance gains translate into a more economical, more efficient method of placing useful payloads in space and maximizing the benefits derived from space activity. This paper will discuss the economical advantages of an STUS compared to conventional chemical propulsion systems, the potential market for an STUS, and the recent activity in the development of an STUS. The results of this assessment combined with the performance gains, will provide a strong justification for the development of an STUS.

Adams, Alan M.↗

Using Transparent Informed Prefetching (TIP) to reduce file read latency

As processor performance gains continue to outstrip Input/Output gains, I/O performance is becoming critical to overall system performance. File read latency is the most significant bottleneck for high performance I/O. Other aspects of I/O performance benefit from recent advances in disk bandwidth and throughput resulting from disk arrays, and in write performance derived from buffered write behind and the Log-structured File System. The access gap problem limiting improvements in read latency is exacerbated by distributed file systems operating over networks with diverse bandwidth. Focus is on extending the power of caching and prefetching to reduce file read latencies by exploiting hints from high-levels of a system. Such Transparent Informed Prefetching, TIP, and its benefits are described. It is argued that hints that disclose high level knowledge are a means for transferring optimization information across, without violating, module boundaries. How TIP can be used to convert the high throughput of new technologies such as disk arrays and log-structured file systems into low latency for applications is discussed. Our preliminary experiments show reductions in wall - clock execution time of 13 percent and 20 percent for a multiple module compilation tool (make) accessing data on a local disk and remote Coda file server, respectively, and a reduction of 30 percent for a text search (grep) remotely accessing many small files.

Patterson, R. H.↗

Numerical Assessment of Four-Port Through-Flow Wave Rotor Cycles with Passage Height Variation

The potential for improved performance of wave rotor cycles through the use of passage height variation is examined. A Quasi-one-dimensional CFD code with experimentally validated loss models is used to determine the flowfield in the wave rotor passages. Results indicate that a carefully chosen passage height profile can produce substantial performance gains. Numerical performance data are presented for a specific profile, in a four-port, through-flow cycle design which yielded a computed 4.6% increase in design point pressure ratio over a comparably sized rotor with constant passage height. In a small gas turbine topping cycle application, this increased pressure ratio would reduce specific fuel consumption to 22% below the un-topped engine; a significant improvement over the already impressive 18% reductions predicted for the constant passage height rotor. The simulation code is briefly described. The method used to obtain rotor passage height profiles with enhanced performance is presented. Design and off-design results are shown using two different computational techniques. The paper concludes with some recommendations for further work.

Paxson, D. E.↗

Roles of bandgrading, lifetime, band alignment, and carrier concentration in high-efficiency CdSeTe solar cells

CdSeTe alloying has significantly increased the efficiency of CdTe-based solar technology. Here, computational modeling compares how different CdSeTe bandgrading, carrier lifetimes, band alignment, and carrier concentrations contribute to transport, recombination, and performance. We find that the gain in photocurrent caused by bandgap narrowing alone is insufficient to describe experimental efficiency gains. Performance can be increased by adjusting CdSeTe compositions and bandgrading depths. However, these performance gains are small relative to the contributions of enhanced lifetime by Se alloying, which can explain record cell efficiency gains with minimal open-circuit voltage loss despite significant bandgap narrowing. Similarly, CdSeTe band alignment shifts can significantly increase performance if front interface recombination is prevalent. For a wide range of CdSeTe grading profiles, the hole density is a critical component to achieve efficiencies exceeding 25%.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

TunIO: An AI-powered Framework for Optimizing HPC I/O

I/O operations are a known performance bottleneck of HPC applications. To achieve good performance, users often employ an iterative multistage tuning process to find an optimal I/O stack configuration. However, an I/O stack contains multiple layers, such as high-level I/O libraries, I/O middleware, and parallel file systems, and each layer has many parameters. These parameters and layers are entangled and influenced by each other. The tuning process is time-consuming and complex. In this work, we present TunIO, an AI-powered I/O tuning framework that implements several techniques to balance the tuning cost and performance gain, including tuning the high-impact parameters first. Furthermore, TunIO analyzes the application source code to extract its I/O kernel while retaining all statements necessary to perform I/O. It utilizes a smart selection of high-impact configuration parameters of the given tuning objective. Finally, it uses a novel Reinforcement Learning (RL)-driven early stopping mechanism to balance the cost and performance gain. Experimental results show that TunIO leads to a reduction of up to ≈73% in tuning time while achieving the same performance gain when compared to H5Tuner. It achieves a significant performance gain/cost of 208.4 MBps/min (I/O bandwidth for each minute spent in tuning) over existing approaches under our testing.

Rajesh, Neeraj↗

Trellis coding with asymmetric modulations

Through the asymmetric design of signal constellations, it often becomes possible to obtain a performance gain over conventional symmetric constellations combined with trellis coding. Attention is given to the joint design of n/(n+1) trellis codes and asymmetric 2 exp (n+1)-point signal constellations having no bandwidth expansion relative to an uncoded 2 exp n-point symmetric signal set. The asymptotic performance gains due to coding and asymmetry are explained in terms of the minimum free Euclidean distance of the trellis; examples are given which show the performance gain due to the asymmetry of the signal set. Since asymmetry does not affect bandwidth or power requirements, these improvements come at little or no cost.

Divsalar, Dariush↗

Concatenated Coding Using Trellis-Coded Modulation

In the late seventies and early eighties a technique known as Trellis Coded Modulation (TCM) was developed for providing spectrally efficient error correction coding. Instead of adding redundant information in the form of parity bits, redundancy is added at the modulation stage thereby increasing bandwidth efficiency. A digital communications system can be designed to use bandwidth-efficient multilevel/phase modulation such as Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Phase Shift Keying (PSK), Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK) or Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM). Performance gain can be achieved by increasing the number of signals over the corresponding uncoded system to compensate for the redundancy introduced by the code. A considerable amount of research and development has been devoted toward developing good TCM codes for severely bandlimited applications. More recently, the use of TCM for satellite and deep space communications applications has received increased attention. This report describes the general approach of using a concatenated coding scheme that features TCM and RS coding. Results have indicated that substantial (6-10 dB) performance gains can be achieved with this approach with comparatively little bandwidth expansion. Since all of the bandwidth expansion is due to the RS code we see that TCM based concatenated coding results in roughly 10-50% bandwidth expansion compared to 70-150% expansion for similar concatenated scheme which use convolution code. We stress that combined coding and modulation optimization is important for achieving performance gains while maintaining spectral efficiency.

Thompson, Michael W.↗

A parallel p ‐adaptive discontinuous Galerkin method for the Euler equations with dynamic load‐balancing on tetrahedral grids

Abstract A novel p ‐adaptive discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method has been developed to solve the Euler equations on three‐dimensional tetrahedral grids. Hierarchical orthogonal basis functions are adopted for the DG spatial discretization while a third order TVD Runge‐Kutta method is used for the time integration. A vertex‐based limiter is applied to the numerical solution in order to eliminate oscillations in the high order method. An error indicator constructed from the solution of order and is used to adapt degrees of freedom in each computational element, which remarkably reduces the computational cost while still maintaining an accurate solution. The developed method is implemented with under the Charm++ parallel computing framework. Charm++ is a parallel computing framework that includes various load‐balancing strategies. Implementing the numerical solver under Charm++ system provides us with access to a suite of dynamic load balancing strategies. This can be efficiently used to alleviate the load imbalances created by p ‐adaptation. A number of numerical experiments are performed to demonstrate both the numerical accuracy and parallel performance of the developed p ‐adaptive DG method. It is observed that the unbalanced load distribution caused by the parallel p ‐adaptive DG method can be alleviated by the dynamic load balancing from Charm++ system. Due to this, high performance gain can be achieved. For the testcases studied in the current work, the parallel performance gain ranged from 1.5× to 3.7×. Therefore, the developed p ‐adaptive DG method can significantly reduce the total simulation time in comparison to the standard DG method without p ‐adaptation.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

A Novel Steam Condenser with Loop Thermosyphons and Film-Forming Agents for Improved Heat Transfer Efficiency and Durability

In this DOE/NETL BAA program, Advanced Cooling Technologies, Inc. (ACT), with Suez Water Technologies & Solutions (Suez), developed film-forming amine coatings applied to condenser surfaces that incorporated loop thermosyphons to enhance steam surface condenser performance and efficiency for coal-fired power plants. The condensation phenomenon resulting from these coatings promotes efficient dropwise condensation without additional thermal resistance through the use of film-forming amines (FFA). The loop thermosyphon technology was being developed to supplant current pumped cooling water systems to reduce operations and maintenance issues, reduce energy use, and promote high thermal performance. Both of ACT’s advanced coating and loop thermosyphon technologies were developed for application to wet cooling and indirect dry cooling systems. Internal steam condensation and subsequent heat dissipation complete the thermodynamic power cycle used by power plant cooling systems. The successful 3-year project period delved into understanding the experimental performance gain using film-forming amines applied to flat and tubular condenser surfaces under realistic operating conditions. The performance gain was used to create a technoeconomic analysis to more clearly understand the market value for power plants using FFA coatings to achieve dropwise condensation on condenser surfaces. A tall (50 ft.) loop thermosyphon was designed, fabricated, and tested to optimize the performance characteristics by tuning the working fluid charge and determining the temperature drop across the loop at different heat loads. Commercialization opportunities were explored to transition the loop thermosyphon work into the building HVAC market.

20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗

Performance evaluation of antenna arrays with noisy carrier reference

The performance evaluation of coherent receivers with noisy carrier references and multiple antennas is presented. The received signal is assumed to be residual carrier BPSK, with a PLL used for extracting the carrier. Explicit relationships between the error probabilities and the various system parameters are given. Specific results are given for the performance gain of combined carrier referencing over baseband only combining when the channel alignment process is ideal. A simple asymptotic expression for the performance gain is determined when the number of antennas used is increased without bound. Examples using Deep Space Network receivers illustrate the performance of each arraying structure.

Yan, T. Y.↗

An efficient technique for the performance evaluation of antenna arrays with noisy carrier reference

An efficient computational technique is developed to evaluate the performance of coherent receivers with noisy carrier reference and multiple antennas. The received signal is assumed to be uncoded residual carrier BPSK (binary phase shift keying), with a PLL (phase locked loop) used for extracting the carrier. Explicit relationships between the error probabilities and the various system parameters are given. Specific results are given for the performance gain of combined carrier referencing over baseband only combining when the channel alignment process is ideal. A simple asymptotic expression for the performance gain is determined when the number of antennas used is increased without bound. An example using a Block 3 Deep Space Network PLL illustrates the performance of each arraying structure. The technique used is applicable to the performance evaluation for other receivers having similar decision statistics.

Yan, T. Y.↗

Overview of NASA Multi-dimensional Stirling Convertor Code Development and Validation Effort

A NASA grant has been awarded to Cleveland State University (CSU) to develop a multi-dimensional (multi-D) Stirling computer code with the goals of improving loss predictions and identifying component areas for improvements. The University of Minnesota (UMN) and Gedeon Associates are teamed with CSU. Development of test rigs at UMN and CSU and validation of the code against test data are part of the effort. The one-dimensional (1-D) Stirling codes used for design and performance prediction do not rigorously model regions of the working space where abrupt changes in flow area occur (such as manifolds and other transitions between components). Certain hardware experiences have demonstrated large performance gains by varying manifolds and heat exchanger designs to improve flow distributions in the heat exchangers. 1-D codes were not able to predict these performance gains. An accurate multi-D code should improve understanding of the effects of area changes along the main flow axis, sensitivity of performance to slight changes in internal geometry, and, in general, the understanding of various internal thermodynamic losses. The commercial CFD-ACE code has been chosen for development of the multi-D code. This 2-D/3-D code has highly developed pre- and post-processors, and moving boundary capability. Preliminary attempts at validation of CFD-ACE models of MIT gas spring and "two space" test rigs were encouraging. Also, CSU's simulations of the UMN oscillating-flow fig compare well with flow visualization results from UMN. A complementary Department of Energy (DOE) Regenerator Research effort is aiding in development of regenerator matrix models that will be used in the multi-D Stirling code. This paper reports on the progress and challenges of this

Tew, Roy C.↗

Success in tutoring electronic troubleshooting

Two years ago Dr. Sherrie Gott of the Air Force Human Resources Laboratory described an avionics troubleshooting tutor being developed under the Basic Job Skills Research Program. The tutor, known as Sherlock, is directed at teaching the diagnostic procedures necessary to investigate complex test equipment used to maintain F-15 fighter aircraft. Since Dr. Gott's presentation in 1987, the tutor has undergone field testing at two Air Force F-15 flying wings. The results of the field test showed that after an average of 20 hours on the tutor, the 16 airmen in the experimental group (who average 28 months of experience) showed significant performance gains when compared to a control group (having a mean experience level of 37 months) who continued participating in the existing on-the-job training program. Troubleshooting performance of the tutored group approached the level of proficiency of highly experienced airmen (averaging approximately 114 months of experience), and these performance gains were confirmed in delayed testing six months following the intervention. The tutor is currently undergoing a hardware and software conversion form a Xerox Lisp environment to a PC-based environment using an object-oriented programming language. Summarized here are the results of the successful field test. The focus is on: (1) the instructional features that contributed to Sherlock's success; and (2) the implementation of these features in the PC-based version of the avionics troubleshooting tutor.

Parker, Ellen M.↗

Wind tunnel results of the low-speed NLF(1)-0414F airfoil

The large performance gains predicted for the Natural Laminar Flow (NLF)(1)-0414F airfoil were demonstrated in two-dimensional airfoil tests and in wind tunnel tests conducted with a full scale modified Cessna 210. The performance gains result from maintaining extensive areas of natural laminar flow, and were verified by flight tests conducted with the modified Cessna. The lift, stability, and control characteristics of the Cessna were found to be essentially unchanged when boundary layer transition was fixed near the wing leading edge. These characteristics are very desirable from a safety and certification view where premature boundary layer transition (due to insect contamination, etc.) must be considered. The leading edge modifications were found to enhance the roll damping of the Cessna at the stall, and were therefore considered effective in improving the stall/departure resistance. Also, the modifications were found to be responsible for only minor performance penalties.

Murri, Daniel G.↗