Neutrino detection without neutrino detectors: Discovering collider neutrinos at FASER with electronic signals only
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72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
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Supernova Neutrino Detection in the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment
The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is a dual-site experiment for long-baseline neutrino oscillation studies and for neutrino astrophysics and nucleon decay searches. The Far Detector of DUNE will consist of four 10 kt liquid argon time-projection-chambers (LAr TPC) placed in the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) at 1300 km distance from the neutrino beam at Fermilab. The underground location of the Far Detector, at 4300 m.w.e. depth, is essential to be able to study rare and low-energy processes. DUNE will have a unique sensitivity to the electron neutrino flavor component of the core collapse of a massive star. With a large mass DUNE will be able to detect core collapse events in the Milky Way and its neighborhood. The present document reviews some recent progress on detection and reconstruction of supernova burst neutrinos in DUNE, including the contribution of the light detection system.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
The modified correlation mass method for detecting neutrino mass from astrophysical neutrino bursts
A modified correlation mass method for calculating the value of a possible neutrino mass from neutrino bursts of astrophysical origin is proposed which can more sensitively detect small neutrino masses than previous methods. Application of the method to the neutrinos detected from SN 1987 A yields a value of 3.6 + or - 0.3 eV for the neutrino mass energy with a confidence level of 97 percent. Assuming a neutrino mass of 3.6 eV, and transforming all of the detected neutrino events back to the point of emission, it is shown that bursts are composed of a short initial pulse (which lasts for about 0.1 sec and contains 30-40 percent of the total neutrinos) and an extended emission lasting for about 10 sec.
Chan, Kwing L.↗
Solar neutrino detection in liquid xenon detectors via charged-current scattering to excited states
We investigate the prospects for real-time detection of solar neutrinos via the charged-current neutrino-nucleus scattering process in liquid xenon time projection chambers. We use a nuclear shell model, benchmarked with experimental data, to calculate the cross sections for populating specific excited states of the cesium nuclei produced by neutrino capture on Xe 131 and Xe 136 . The shell model is further used to compute the decay schemes of the low-lying 1 + excited states of Cs 136 , for which there is sparse experimental data. We explore the possibility of tagging the characteristic deexcitation γ rays/conversion electrons using two techniques: spatial separation of their energy deposits using event topology and their time separation using delayed coincidence. The efficiencies in each case are evaluated within a range of realistic detector parameters. We find that the topological signatures are likely to be dominated by radon backgrounds, but that a delayed-coincidence signature from long-lived states predicted in Cs 136 may enable background-free detection of CNO neutrino interactions in next-generation experiments with smaller uncertainty than current measurements. We also estimate the sensitivity as a function of exposure for detecting the solar-temperature-induced line shift in Be 7 neutrino emission, which may provide a new test of solar models.
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
The System for on-Axis Neutrino Detection at the DUNE Near Detector complex
The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment Near Detector complex aims at constraining the systematic uncertainties and deconvolving the neutrino beam flux and cross-section models. The System for on-Axis Neutrino Detection (SAND) is the Near Detector component permanently on-axis. SAND is based on the 0.6 T superconducting magnet and electromagnetic calorimeter previously used in the KLOE experiment. The 40 m3 magnetic volume will be filled with an active target/tracker system. One considered option foresees an upstream liquid Argon active target (about 1.5 t) and a Straw Tube Tracker (about 5 t). In this talk the design of SAND will be described and its performances discussed in view of the SAND primary goals, namely the beam monitoring and neutrino flux measurements.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
Solar Neutrino Detection with a Pixelated Liquid-Argon Time Projection Chamber
This thesis presents a study of low-energy solar neutrino detection using large-scale LArTPCs, focussing on novel pixelated readout technologies. Solar neutrinos offer a unique probe of fundamental neutrino properties and solar physics, but their detection in the MeV range is challenged by backgrounds. We investigate two complementary technologies: SoLAr, which integrates LArPix-based pixelated charge collection with Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) in a hybrid anode design for simultaneous charge and light detection; and Q-Pix, a triggerless pixelated readout architecture based on charge integrate-reset circuits with local clocks, where Reset Time Differences encode ionisation waveforms via time-to-charge conversion. Two SoLAr prototypes were developed and operated, demonstrating VUV-sensitive SiPM performance in liquid argon and accurate charge-light signal matching with a charge detection threshold of $\sim 100 \mathrm{keV}$. We also implement a complete simulation and reconstruction framework, incorporating realistic detector geometry, electron transport, readout response, and detailed signal and background models, including intrinsic argon and radon progeny, as well as site-specific $\gamma$-ray and neutron fluxes. For Q-Pix, we demonstrate that with a pixel size of $4\times 4$ mm$^2$ and a reset threshold of 1 fC ($\sim 0.1475$ MeV), full-scale operation produces data volumes below 1 PB per 10 ktonne-year. For SoLAr, assuming a shielded DUNE-like detector and 100 ktonne-year exposure, we project uncertainties of $0.90\times 10^{-5}$ eV$^2$ on $\Delta m^2_{21}$ and 0.033 on $\sin^2\theta_{12}$, improving to $0.46\times 10^{-5}$ eV$^2$ and 0.025 with 400 kilotonne-year. At this higher exposure, we also obtain a day–night flux asymmetry at the level of $( -5.6 \pm 3.6 ) \%$. Combining Monte Carlo modelling, hardware validation, and advanced reconstruction techniques, this work establishes a path toward next-generation ktonne-scale LArTPCs as observatories for precision solar neutrino physics.
Ruiz Ferreira, Guilherme [Manchester U.] (ORCID:00↗
Preliminary Investigation of Supernova Neutrino Detection Backgrounds in MicroBooNE
MicroBooNE provides a testbed for studying MeV-scale activity relevant to supernova neutrino detection in LArTPCs. This work focuses on classifying isolated mm-scale energy depositions ( blips ), in contrast to longer track depositions with lengths of ~O(10cm), as possible νₑ CC or elastic scatter candidates from a supernova burst. Cosmogenic blip backgrounds are characterized using CRT-tagged muons and spatial correlations with decay products. Selection cuts are defined for rejecting Tl-208 decay radiogenic blip backgrounds and cosmogenic blip backgrounds; they are based on blip energy and distance from nearby cosmic muon tracks. Results affirm strategies for background rejection and signal efficiency in future low-energy searches, including DUNE.
Binau, Amelia [Indiana U.]↗
SAND - System for on-Axis Neutrino Detection - in the DUNE Near Detector Complex
The DUNE experiment aims to precisely measure the long baseline neutrino oscillation parameters. The DUNE Far Detector consists of four liquid argon time-projection chambers (total LAr mass of 17 kton for each cryostat), that will be installed at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in South Dakota, 1300 km from the proton beam target. The Near Detector complex, located at Fermilab, is fundamental for limiting the systematic uncertainties, due to the neutrino/antineutrino flux and to the cross-section. It comprises three complementary detectors: ND-Lar, ND-Gar and SAND (System for on-Axis Neutrino Detection). ND-Lar and ND-Gar can move off-axis, while SAND is the only detector permanently on-axis, whose primary goal is to monitor the beam and to measure the flux. In this talk, the SAND design and the expected performances will be described together with its role within the Near Detector complex for the DUNE physics program.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
High-performance Generic Neutrino Detection in a LArTPC near the Earth's Surface with the MicroBooNE Detector
Large Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers (LArTPCs) are being increasingly adopted in neutrino oscillation experiments because of their superb imaging capabilities through the combination of both tracking and calorimetry in a fully active volume. Active LArTPC neutrino detectors at or near the Earth's surface, such as the MicroBooNE experiment, present a unique analysis challenge because of the large flux of cosmic-ray muons and the slow drift of ionization electrons. We present a novel Wire-Cell-based high-performance generic neutrino-detection technique implemented in MicroBooNE. The cosmic-ray background is reduced by a factor of 1.4$\times10^{5}$ resulting in a 9.7% cosmic contamination in the selected neutrino candidate events, for visible energies greater than 200~MeV, while the neutrino signal efficiency is retained at 88.4% for $\nu_{\mu}$ charged-current interactions in the fiducial volume in the same energy region. This significantly improved performance compared to existing reconstruction algorithms, marks a major milestone toward reaching the scientific goals of LArTPC neutrino oscillation experiments operating near the Earth's surface.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
Standard Candles for Supernova Neutrino Detection at DUNE
The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) far detector is sensitive to $\mathcal{O}(10)$ MeV electron neutrinos through $ν_e$ charged-current reaction with argon. This capability is a unique window into the $ν_e$ component of a Galactic core-collapse supernova flux. Extracting the properties of the supernova spectrum is, however, limited by the poorly-known $ν_e$-Ar cross section. We propose a data-driven strategy that leverages $^8$B solar neutrinos and muon-decay-at-rest neutrinos as standard candles for this process. These calibration samples constrain both the low-energy and high-energy components of the cross section relevant for supernova detection. Our method reduces the reliance on nuclear models, which can bias the extraction of the spectral parameters by as much as 300$\%$.
Cheng, Ting [Fermilab]↗
Low-energy solar neutrino detection utilizing advanced germanium detectors
We explore the possibility to use advanced germanium (Ge) detectors as a low-energy solar neutrino observatory by means of neutrino-nucleus elastic scattering. A Ge detector utilizing internal charge amplification for the charge carriers created by the ionization of impurities is a novel technology with experimental sensitivity for detecting low-energy solar neutrinos. Ge internal charge amplification (GeICA) detectors will amplify the charge carriers induced by neutrino interacting with Ge atoms through the emission of phonons. It is those phonons that will create charge carriers through the ionization of impurities to achieve an extremely low energy threshold of ~0.01 eV. We demonstrate the phonon absorption, excitation, and ionization probability of impurities in a Ge detector with impurity levels of 3 × 10 10 cm -3 , 9 × 10 10 cm -3 , and 2 × 10 11 cm -3 . We present the sensitivity of such a Ge experiment for detecting solar neutrinos in the low-energy region. We show that, if GeICA technology becomes available, then a new opportunity arises to observe pp and 7 Be solar neutrinos. Such a novel detector with only 1 kg of high-purity Ge will give ~10 events per year for pp neutrinos and ~5 events per year for 7 Be neutrinos with a detection energy threshold of 0.01 eV.
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
Supernova neutrino detection in NOvA
The NOvA long-baseline neutrino experiment uses a pair of large, segmented, liquid-scintillator calorimeters to study neutrino oscillations, using GeV-scale neutrinos from the Fermilab NuMI beam. These detectors are also sensitive to the flux of neutrinos which are emitted during a core-collapse supernova through inverse beta decay interactions on carbon at energies of &calO;(10 MeV). This signature provides a means to study the dominant mode of energy release for a core-collapse supernova occurring in our galaxy. We describe the data-driven software trigger system developed and employed by the NOvA experiment to identify and record neutrino data from nearby galactic supernovae. This technique has been used by NOvA to self-trigger on potential core-collapse supernovae in our galaxy, with an estimated sensitivity reaching out to 10 kpc distance while achieving a detection efficiency of 23% to 49% for supernovae from progenitor stars with masses of 9.6 M⊙ to 27 M⊙, respectively.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
Memory-triggered supernova neutrino detection
Here, we demonstrate that observations of the gravitational memory from core collapse supernovae at future deci-Hz interferometers enable time-triggered searches of supernova neutrinos at Mt-scale detectors. Achieving a sensitivity to characteristic strains of at least $\sim 10^{–25}$ at $f ≃ 0.3$ $\mathrm{Hz}$ —e.g., by improving the noise of DECIGO by one order of magnitude—will allow robust time triggers for supernovae at distances $D \sim 40–300$ $\mathrm{Mpc}$, resulting in a nearly background-free sample of $\sim 3–70$ neutrino events per Mt per decade of operation. This sample would bridge the sensitivity gap between rare galactic supernova bursts and the cosmological diffuse supernova neutrino background, allowing detailed studies of the neutrino emission of supernovae in the local Universe.
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
Background Studies for Acoustic Neutrino Detection at the South Pole
The detection of acoustic signals from ultra-high energy neutrino interactions is a promising method to measure the flux of cosmogenic neutrinos expected on Earth. The energy threshold for this process depends strongly on the absolute noise level in the target material. The South Pole Acoustic Test Setup (SPATS), deployed in the upper part of four boreholes of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory, has monitored the noise in Antarctic ice at the geographic South Pole for more than two years down to 500m depth. The noise is very stable and Gaussian distributed. Lacking an in-situ calibration up to now, laboratory measurements have been used to estimate the absolute noise level in the 10 to 50 kHz frequency range to be smaller than 20mPa. Using a threshold trigger, sensors of the South Pole Acoustic Test Setup registered acoustic events in the IceCube detector volume and its vicinity. Acoustic signals from refreezing IceCube holes and from anthropogenic sources have been used to test the localization of acoustic events. An upper limit on the neutrino flux at energies E > 10(exp 11) GeV is derived from acoustic data taken over eight months.
Abbasi, R.↗
Background Studies for Acoustic Neutrino Detection at the South Pole
The detection of acoustic signals from ultra-high energy neutrino interactions is a promising method. to measure the flux of cosmogenic neutrinos expected on Earth. The energy threshold for this process depends strongly on the absolute noise level in the target material. The South Pole Acoustic Test Setup (SPATS). deployed in the upper part of four boreholes of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory, has monitored the noise in Antarctic ice at the geographic South Pole for more than two years down to 500 m depth. The noise is very stable and Gaussian distributed, Lacking an in situ calibration up to now, laboratory measurements have been used to estimate the absolute noise level in the 10-50 kHz frequency range to be smaller than 20 mPa. Using a threshold trigger. sensors of the South Pole Acoustic Test Setup registered acoustic events in the IceCube detector volume and its vicinity. Acoustic signals from refreezing IceCube holes and from anthropogenic sources have been used to test the localization of acoustic events. An upper limit on the neutrino flux at energies E(sub v) > 10(exp 11) GeV is derived from acoustic data taken over eight months.
Abbasi, R.↗
Search for Correlations of High-energy Neutrinos Detected in IceCube with Radio-bright AGN and Gamma-Ray Emission from Blazars
The IceCube Neutrino Observatory sends realtime neutrino alerts with a high probability of being astrophysical in origin. We present a new method to correlate these events and possible candidate sources using 2089 blazars from the Fermi-LAT 4LAC-DR2 catalog and with 3413 active galactic nuclei (AGNs) from the Radio Fundamental Catalog. No statistically significant neutrino emission was found in any of the catalog searches. The result suggests that a small fraction, <1%, of the studied AGNs emit neutrinos that pass the alert criteria, and is compatible with prior evidence for neutrino emission presented by IceCube and other authors from sources such as TXS 0506 + 056 and PKS 1502 + 106. We also present cross-checks to other analyses that claim a significant correlation using similar data samples.
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
Observation of Low-Lying Isomeric States in 136 Cs: A New Avenue for Dark Matter and Solar Neutrino Detection in Xenon Detectors
We report on new measurements establishing the existence of low-lying isomeric states in 136 Cs using γ rays produced in 136 Xe(p,n) 136 Cs reactions. Here, two states with O(100) ns lifetimes are placed in the decay sequence of the 136 Cs levels that are populated in charged-current interactions of solar neutrinos and fermionic dark matter with 136 Xe. Xenon-based experiments can therefore exploit a delayed-coincidence tag of these interactions, greatly suppressing backgrounds to enable spectroscopic studies of solar neutrinos and dark matter.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
Low energy neutrino detection with a compact water-based liquid scintillator detector
In this study, the conceptual design and physics simulations of a near-field Water-based Liquid Scintillator (WbLS) detector placed 100 m from the Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant (ANPP), currently under construction and aiming at being Turkey’s first nuclear power plant, is presented. The ANPP is an excellent opportunity for neutrino studies and the development of an R &D program for neutrino detectors in Turkey. The Reactor Neutrino Experiments of Turkey (RNET) program includes a compact detector with a 2.5-ton volume of WbLS and a ~ 30% photo-coverage, and the program is planned to be expanded with a medium-size 30-ton detector that will be an international testbed for WbLS and new detector technologies through low energy neutrino studies. In the following, the focus will be on the smaller ~2.5 ton detector, instrumented with 8-in. high quantum efficiency PMTs and two layers of cosmic veto paddles, covering all sides of the detector, to track and veto cosmic particles. Inverse Beta Decay (IBD) events from electron anti-neutrinos generated in the reactor core are simulated using the RAT-PAC simulation package and several liquids with different percentages of Liquid Scintillator (LS) and Gadolinium (Gd) are investigated.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗